The lUCN Species Survival Commission 1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre PADU - MGs COPY DO NOT REMOVE lUCN The World Conservation Union lo-^2^ 1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals lUCN WORLD CONSERVATION Tile World Conservation Union species susvival commission monitoring centre WWF i 1 Suftanate of Oman BirdLife INTERNATIONAL NYZ5 TTieWlLDUFE CONSERVATION SOCIET'' fdreningen 9h: Chicago Zoulog k. J SnuicTy PEOPLE'S TRISr KX ENIUNGMEDSPEaES lUCN - The World Conservation Union lUCN - The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organisations in a unique world partnership: some 770 members in all, spread across 123 countries. As a union, I UCN exists to serve its members - to represent their views on the world stage and to provide them with the concepts, strategies and technical support they need to achieve their goals. Through its six Commissions, lUCN draws together over 5000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups. A central secretariat coordinates the lUCN Programme and leads initiatives on the conservation and sustainable use of the world's biological diversity and the management of habitats and natural resources, as well as providing a range of services. The Union has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation Strategies, and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it supervises. Operations are increasingly decentralised and are carried forward by an expanding network of regional and country offices, located principally in developing countries. I UCN - The World Conservation Union seeks above all to work with its members to achieve development that is sustainable and that provides a lasting Improvement in the quality of life for people all over the world. World Conservation Monitoring Centre The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCI^C) is a joint venture between the three partners who developed the World Conservation Strategy and its successor, Caring for the Earth: lUCN - The World Conservation Union, UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme., and WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Its mission is to support conservation and sustainable development through the provision of information on the world's biological diversity. WCMC has developed a global overview database that includes threatened plant and animal species, habitats of conservation concern, critical sites, protected areas of the world, and the utilisation and trade in wildlife species and products. Drawing on this database, WCMC provides an information service to the conservation and development communities, governments and the United Nations agencies, scientific institutions, the business and commercial sector, and the media. WCMC produces a wide variety of specialist outputs and reports based on analyses of its data. It Is also actively involved in building the capabilities of other institutions, particularly In developing countries, for promoting and planning their own biological resources. 1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals Compiled by the World Conservation l\/lonitoring Centre Cambridge, UK in association with the lUCN Species Survival Commission and BirdLife International Edited by Brian Groombridge Guest Essay by Georgina Mace and Foreword by George Rabb lUCN - The World Conservation Union 1993 The designations of geographical entities in this boolc, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of lUCN or WCMc'conceming the legal status of any country, territory, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 1994 lUCN Red Use of Threatened Animals was made possible by the generous support of: BirdLife International Chicago Zoological Society DEJA, Inc. National Wildlife Federation Svenska Naturskyddsforeningen (Swedish Society for the Conservation of Nature) NYZS The Wildlife Conservation Society People's Trust for Endangered Species Peter Scott lUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund (Sultanate of Oman) World Conservation Monitoring Centre World Wide Fund for Nature Published by: Copyright: Citation: ISBN: Cover photo: Cover design by: Printed by: Available from: lUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK lUCN The World Conservation Union WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE (1993) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior permission from the copyright holder Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Groombridge B. (Ed.)(1993). 1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, lUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Ivi + 286pp. 2-8317-0194-5 Bufo periglenes (Golden Toad): Michael and Patricia Fogden lUCN Publications Services Unit Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd., UK lUCN Publications Services Unit 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK or lUCN Communications and Corporate Relations Division Rue Mauvemey 28, CH-1 196 Gland, Switzeriand The text of this book is printed on Fineblade Cartridge 90gsm low-chlorine paper CONTENTS FOREWORD vu INTRODUCTION F*urpose viii Structisre of the 1994 Red List viii Sources of status information and opinion ix The extent of status assessment x Sources of taxonomic information x Taxonomy and conservation xii Threatened animals: commentary xiv Acknowledgements xix References xx EXPLANATORY NOTES Notes on the Usts and tables xxiv lUCN threatened species categories xxix TABLES Table 1 . Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category xxxi Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group xxxv Table 3. Threatened species: coimtry totals by status category xl Table 4. Threatened species: summary by group and status category xiv Table 5. Threatened species: totals by group in 1990 and 1994 xiv Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group xlvi GUEST ESSAY The status of proposals to redefine the lUCN threatened species categories xlviii THE 1994 lUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED ANIMALS List 1: Threatened species 1 List 2: Extinct species 189 List 3: Threatened genera (etc) 211 List 4: Threatened and extinct subspecies 215 List 5: Commercially Threatened 237 INDEX 241 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/1994iucnredlisto94groo FOREWORD Periodically, the Red List forces us to take stock of where we are in our knowledge of the conservation status of species. Our knowledge has changed in expression through the years, as lUCN's small book The Road to Extinction'. pubUshed in 1987 testifies. For some while, members of lUCN's Species Survival Commission have been considering the redefinition of the categories of threatened status of species in order to make them more reaUstic measures. The essay by Georgina Mace that follows is an up-to-date report on this process. We anticipate that the next Red List will reflect the adoption of new and redefined categories by lUCN. In the meantime we look to cooperation from all parties as systematic re-examination of the status of taxonomic groups and surveys of regional and national biotas proceed. To inform conservation actions we will need ever better specification of the population and distributional status of species the world over from people in touch with the real situations of these species. In closing her essay, Dr Mace calls attention to other dimensions, both biological and human, that should be taken into account as we determine the best responses to the threats of extinction. One need is to link a quantitative grid of population and distribution criteria such as outlined in her essay to an assessment of the relative importance of a species. The evolutionary and ecological values of a species should be factored into our prioritization of conservation action. Weighting and decision making systems such as that developed by Williams, Vane-Wright, and Humphries, lend themselves to this purpose." The integration of such systems will, however, require cooperation by systematists and ecologists with conservation biologists to a degree not previously envisaged. Given that we can foresee a three-dimensional assessment of conservation status from a biological standpoint, it remains to factor in the human dimensions. From simple human population impact relationships on a species or its ecosystem to complexities of constunptive and non-consumptive uses of species, we need conservationists to foster collaboration by demographers, economists, and sociologists. The human domain in which issues of extinction generally will be settled is political, at local, national, and international levels. There a balance has to be struck among ethical, financial, socioeconomic, and biological considerations. We need the most cogent information to bring to the decisions in this realm, and we need it organized to best effect. To these ends, the conservation community must encourage the rapid development of systems for not only better categorizing the conservation status of species, but also for deteimining logical priorities for conservation action more comprehensively than we have in the past. In signing off this foreword, it is a pleasure to acknowledge and commend the diUgence of WCMC staff, in particular Dr Brian Groombridge, in compiling this new Red List. They have made i' a much more informative catalogue than previous editions, incorporating tabular formats developed for Global Biodiversity (WCMC. 1992)\ and have extended themselves in trying to minimize nomenclatorial confusions and choose appropriate taxonomies. I commend it to all concerned with the status of faimas worldwide, for the List makes obvious that all of us should be concemed by its magnitude and meaning for the existence of our fellow creatures. George B. Rabb Chairman, Species Survival Commission lUCN - The World Conservation Union ' Rtter, R., and Fitter. M. (Eds.). 1987. The Road to Extinction. lUCN. Gland. ^ Williams, P.H., Vane-Wright, R.I., and Humphries, CJ. (in press). Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas. In, J. LaSalle and I.D. Gauld, (Eds.). Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. ' World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. Chapman and Hall, London. VU INTRODUCTION PURPOSE The lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals includes lists of those species and subspecies known or suspected to be threatened with extinction, and those known or believed to have become extinct in the wild. The Red List complements the lUCN and lUCN/ICBP Red Data Books and the lUCN-SSC Action Plans, which contain more detailed information; it is published periodically, usually at two-year intervals. The Red List is compiled and maintained for lUCN by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) with the advice of the lUCN-SSC Specialist Groups and the assistance, with regard to birds, of BirdLife International (formerly ICBP). The present edition differs greatly from its predecessors. The contents have been rearranged, the size and layout have been redesigned to make the book easier to use, and more distribution information is given, usually including a full list of range states. We have endeavoured to update or correct iirformation on nomenclature and distribution, to change categories as appropriate, and to add species that have been recognised as globally threatened since the last edition (a few species previously listed but now not considered threatened have been removed). For the first time in the Red List a more complete list of species known or believed to have become extinct in the wild since around 1600 AD is provided. STRUCTURE OF THE 1994 RED LIST The Usts are arranged taxonomicaily. For each threatened species, the scientific name, lUCN status category and countries of occurrence are given (for widespread and strictly marine species a general description of the range is provided instead of a Ust of countries). For many species common names are indicated, usually in English but sometimes in other languages. Previous editions of the Red List contained a single list. In order to improve clarity in the present edition we have divided the material as follows: List 1: THREATENED SPECIES, comprising the central catalogue of threatened species, including species suspected to be threatened (category K); List 2: EXTINCT SPECIES, including those species categorised by lUCN as Ex or Ex? together with other species that have become exunct since around 1600 AD but have not previously been categorised in the Red List; List 3: THREATENED GENERA (etc), comprising entries for genera and other higher taxa used in previous editions that were not resolved to species level; List 4: THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES, including all threatened subspecies whatever their category and extinct subspecies; List 5: COMMERCIALLY THREATENED species. The reader is referred to the Explanatory Notes below for fimher discussion of the content of these Usts. and of the tables derived from them. Our intention in making this rearrangemem has been to provide the most sound basis possible for the next edition of the Red List, in which use of the new lUCN system of categorisation is envisaged. At the time of wntmg (late 1993) this is nearing its final formulation (see the Guest Essay for fimher discussion) vm SOURCES OF STATUS INFORMATION AND OPINION The threatened species lists are based on information provided by numerous scientists and naturalists working in the field. The core of the present Red List consists of species known or suspected to be threatened, as identified over many years during production by lUCN, WCMC and BirdLife International of earlier Red Data Books and Red Lists. In this revised edition of the Red List we have incorporated information from two main sources: • the lUCN-SSC taxonomic and regional Specialist Groups; • national Red Data Books or equivalent Ustings. The Specialist Groups were notified of this revision process in February 1993 and the majority of groups responded, either with recommendations for no change, or with extensive new hstings and re- categorisations. Compilation was completed in early October 1993. We have added many threatened species from national Red Data Books available to us whenever we were able to determine that the species in question is endemic to that country, or virtually endemic, and so by definition globally threatened at the species level. Most such additions have been among the reptiles, amphibians or fishes; few invertebrates have been added from these sources because it has rarely been possible in the time available to determine which are single country endemics. No subspecies have been entered from national sources. BirdLife International have, as in previous editions, been responsible for the basic list of bird species considered threatened, and for their categorisation. We have in a few cases modified the nomenclatiu-e of genera and species to accord with Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993). A new global assessment and listing of threatened birds is in an advanced stage of preparation by Birdlife International, and rather than attempt a partial and provisional revision of the bird secuon of this present Red List, which would soon be outdated by the new bird list, it has jointly been decided to retain substantially the same species treated in Birds to Watch (the 1988 ICBP world list of threatened birds). These species were subsequently given an lUCN category in the 1990 lUCN Red List. This 1990 publication, revised to take account of Threatened Birds of the Americas (Collar et al., 1992), has provided the basis for the present list. We have therefore not added any threatened and endemic bird species from national sources, or changed any categories, even in the many instances where this would have been possible. There are a few minor differences between the present list and Birds to Watch in addition to those consequent upon publication of Threatened Birds of the Americas (see Explanatory Notes: List 1). The national Red Data Books and other nauonal sources from which species have been extracted are listed in the References below. We have reviewed a large number of such sources but not all; several that have been reviewed contain no species that we were able to identify as nationally endemic; these soinces are not listed. Most national Red Data Books or similar works have used lUCN status categories and, where this is so, we have entered the same category. Where other systems have been used, we have used the equivalent lUCN category where the category given was defined unambiguously; otherwise, we have used the 'Insufficiently Known' (K) category, unless sufficient background documentation was provided to allow us to assign a category independently. We have not added species from national lists which provide no category or documentation unless supporting information was available from another source. The use of muhiple soiu-ces of information entails the risk of taxonomic inconsistency; we have tried to verify the nomenclature and distribution given in national soinces, but it remains possible that a few species may have been listed twice under different names, or taxa may have been listed at an inappropriate rank. Our task during this revision has been primarily to gather and collate mformation, and to produce the listings. We have not attempted a comprehensive review of the existing list beyond revisions suggested by Specialist Groups, nor have we been responsible for critically reviewing proposals from the Specialist Groups, or the listings given in national Red Data Books (other than the general conditions noted above). This kind of thorough review will of necessity be undertaken when the new revised lUCN status categories come into use. We have unilaterally added a few species which were not proposed by a Specialist Group or were not derived from a national Red Data Book. An example is the recently-described Vu Quang bovid Pseiidoryx nghetinhensis (Vu Van Dung et at., 1993), which, in view of its very small estimated population size and very restricted known range, we have listed as Endangered. In a very few cases we have unilaterally changed existing or proposed category designations, or removed species previously listed, where the existing criteria for a particular category, or for Usting at all. were beyond dispute not satisfied. This has usually been on the basis of new evidence or opinion. In the absence of such evidence, we have left categories unchanged even where they might not withstand challenge. In one or two marginal cases, rather than risk removing a species prematurely, we have revised the existing category to indicate a lesser degree of threat, or less certainty (to Insufficiently Known). THE EXTENT OF STATUS ASSESSMENT The Red List is a global catalogue of those species that have been assessed in some degree and which meet, or are suspected to meet, the current criteria for threatened status. It is not comprehensive, because not all species have been collected and described, and the conservation status of all described species has not been evaluated. The proportion of each phylum or class that has received such assessment differs greatly between groups. Virtually all bird species have been subject to at least provisional assessment. Probably a little more than half of mammal species have been considered, although a large number of insectivores, rodents and micro- bats remain unassessed. Our best estimates suggest that around 20% of reptiles, 12% of amphibians, probably less than 10% of fishes, and an insignificant proportion of invertebrate animals have been assessed (although many species in certain invertebrate groups, such as dragonflies, butterflies and molluscs have been considered). Informal estimates of the proportion of species assessed, and the proportion threatened, in vertebrate higher taxa are shown graphically in Figtu'e 1 . It has not consistently been past practice in compiling Red Data Books or Red Lists to attempt to include each and every species that could be assigned to the categories Insufficiently Known or Rare. Such species will require attention in future if the goal is to increase the nimiber of higher taxa that have been thoroughly assessed. One very large subset of these species is comprised of those known only from their type locality (in many instances, the type material was collected many decades ago). For example, of the 4,014 nominal species of amphibian listed in Frost (1985), around 7(X) are reportedly known only from the type locality. Each one of these is at least Insufficiently Known or Rare, on present information, and should be categorised as Indeterminate (ie. possibly Endangered) if habitat change has been extensive in the vicinity of the type locality. There will be no exact equivalent of the current Rare category in the proposed new category system, and 'type locality only' species are likely to be classed as Insufficiently Known until better data are available (this does not denote threatened status in the new system). SOURCES OF TAXONOMIC INFORMATION The conflicting interests of promoting stability, following the latest or best systemadc opinion, and the preferences of particular SSC Specialist Groups, have resulted in some compromises. The following paragraphs note the main taxonomic sources used. We have whenever possible used recent global checklists of species for both nomenclature and sequence of taxa. There is a good deal of merit in following the practice of the world list of amphibians edited by Frost (1985), where orders, families, genera Mammals Birds Reptiles — ■ . ^1 n Not assessed Assessed and threatened Assessed and not threatened Amphibians Fishes Figure 1. Pie charts to show the approximate percentage of species in major vertebrate groups that have been assessed for threatened status, together with the proportion of those assessed that are considered threatened or not threatened. and species are all listed alphabetically. We did not adopt this for the present revision because many users are very familiar with the traditional and supposed evolutionary sequence in mammals and birds. Familiarity also caused us to adopt the conservative higher taxonomy of Morony, Bock and Farrand (1975) rather that the somewhat radical system of Sibley and Monroe (1990), although we have followed the latter source at the species level. Throughout the Red List, familiar synonyms (and sometimes other nomenclatiu"al comments) are given in parentheses. Mammals The names and sequence of orders and families, and the species content of families follows Wilson and Reeder (1993). Genera and species are alphabetical within families. Species nomenclature generally also follows this source, except when a Specialist Group has expressed a very strong preference for another system, or has used nomenclature different from Wilson and Reeder and we have been unable to resolve consequent ambiguities about the population content of species and their distribution. Principal departures from Wilson and Reeder, relatively few in number, are found in the primates and bovids. Birds Nomenclature for genera and species follows Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993). The names and sequence of orders and families, and the species content of families follows the more familiar system of Morony, Bock and Fairand (1975). Reptiles Turtles and tortoises generally follow Iverson (1992). The chief exception is Chelonia agassizii; recent work on mitochondrial DNA (K. Bjomdal, in lift.) has shown treatment at species rank separate from Chelonia mydas. which many conservationists had adopted, to be inappropriate. Crocodilians follow King and Burke (1992). Names in common use, including by Specialist Groups or in national sources, have been employed for other groups of reptiles: there is as yet no standard world species checklist for lizards, amphisbaenians or snakes. Amphibians Nomenclature and sequence consistently follow Frost (1985). Fishes The names and sequence of orders and families, and the species content of families follows Eschmeyer (1990). Genera and species are alphabetical within families. Names in common use, including by Specialist Groups or in national sources, have been employed at the species level: there is as yet no published standard world species checklist for fishes. We have changed some family names given in contributions from the SSC Freshwater Fish Specialist Group in order to conform with the taxonomy of Eschmeyer. In particular, the Australasian Rainbowfish are given subfamily rank by Eschmeyer (Atherinidae: Melanotaeniinae) but family rank (Melanotaenidae) by local ichthyologists. Similarly, we have followed Eschmeyer in treating the Pseudomugilidae of Australasian sources, and the Austroglanidae used by Southem African sources, as subfamilies of Atherinidae and Bagridae, respectively. Invertebrates Parker (1982) has in general been followed for nomenclature at family level and above. Molluscs, which follow Vaughan (1989) for genera and above, are the primary exception. In one or two cases a contributor has recorrunended against use of a name in Parker (1982); for example, in view of current shifts in systematic opinion no family name is given for the terrestrial nemertean worms. A variety of sources, mostly listed in the references below, or cited therein, have been used for insects and other invertebrate groups. TAXONOMY AND CONSERVATION The interaction of taxonomy and conservation raises many issues, including the problem of identifying the units of conservation concem, and the divergence between the need for stability of nomenclature and the pursuit of systematic excellence. In general, a threatened species tends to be given higher priority than a threatened subspecies, largely on the assumption (founded on the biological species concept) that a more distinct element of biodiversity is at risk. It is entirely legitimate, on both theoretical and pragmatic grounds, for the species to be the basic currency in global conservation action and biodiversity assessment. We have deliberately focused attention on threatened species in this Red List. Nevertheless, some difficulties must be recognised. Firstly, although the species is concepnially a real and fundamental unit in the biological hierarchy, there is no universal and operational definition of what constimtes 'a species'. The properties deemed sufficient to justify full species status vary among taxonomists working on the same group of animals. They also of necessity vary between groups (because they possess different features that can be identified as taxonomic characters), so that a species in a family of large mammals is not the precise equivalent of a species in a family of beeUes. A second difficulty is that there is an opportunity for taxonomy to take on a strategic element, and for more populations to be recognised as species than might otherwise be the case. These factors give rise to the basic truism that the delineation of species boundaries and the taxonomic rank of populations will have a fundamental impact on the conduct and efficiency of conservation actions. Similarly, they ensure that for the foreseeable funne there will be a large margin of error associated with staustical treatment of biodiversity measures and listings of threatened and extinct species. This should be recalled when considering the various tabulations provided in this book. Conservationists, particularly those involved in conservauon legislation and control of illegal trade, require xu stability of nomenclature to help avoid misunderstandings, both unintentional and otherwise. This need underlies the widespread move toward use of 'standard taxonomy' by CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). One risk of this approach is that it become difficult to take account quickly enough of new systematic evidence and opinion. Taxonomists generate nomenclature and classifications based on current systematic philosophy, hypotheses, and research tools, which ensures a degree of instability. Comparison of the first and second editions of the familiar Mammal Species of the World is of interest (the former volimie was adopted by CITES as the standard taxonomy of mammals). A total of 4,170 species were listed in the first edition of Mammal Species of the World (Honacki et ai, 1982) and 4,629 in the second (Wilson and Reeder, 1993); a net increase of 459 species. Only in the South American marsupial Orders Didelphimorphia (63 instead of 76), Paucituberculata (five instead of seven) and in Hyracoidea (six instead of seven) are there fewer species listed in 1993 than in 1982. The size of the net increase is somewhat surprising, given that mammals are a relatively well known group, but perhaps the most interesting point is that new species descriptions, of which 172 are recorded, comprise the lesser proportion of a> E 3 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 -20 ED New species descriptions Net gain or loss of species owing to other taxonomic changes MiQ^HM -1 I I L. 1 I I I i-5f ■.■Sf i<> <<> ^* J' J^ // ' # Figure 2. Changing concepts of species richness in mammals: 459 more species arc recognised in the second (1093) edition of Mammals of Ihe World than in the Drst (1982). Graph to show both (a) the number of new species descriptions and (b) net gain or loss of species largely or entirely because of changes in the taxonomic rank of populations. Note that taxonomic splitting has had greater effect on the overall increase in species number than new species descriptions. Based on data in Wilson and Reeder (1993); graph does not show Orders with trivial or no change. this total. The remaining 287 species of the total added in the second ediuon must be the result of taxonomic splitting (or largely so, if there is difference in the extent to which extinct species are listed, or some similar factor). Some of these changes are portrayed graphically in Figure 2. This very marked trend may be correlated with the fact that the second edition explicitly takes a far less consensual approach than the first, and so reflects closely the views of a relatively small number of mammalogists. The Orders Rodentia, Primates and Artiodactyla have increased most in species content, with in each case around 75% resulting from taxonomic splitting (and many of these primates appear in this Red List). Primates, with an additional 52 species, have undergone by far the largest percentage increase of any mammal Order (except for Notoryctemorphia, erected for Notoryctes which now has two species instead of one). Clearly, changes in opinion on species boundaries such that populations formerly given subspecies rank (or perhaps not recognised as formal taxa) come to be treated as full species, have had a major impact on our world view of mammalian diversity and will in turn have repercussions for the users of this taxonomy, including the conservation commimity. Some level of taxonomic change is both inevitable and desirable, if new methods and new studies are to xni be pursued, but taxonomists sometimes appear oblivious to the needs of users of taxonomies. As just one example, sources in Wilson and Reeder (1993) note that the dormouse genus Glis Brisson 1762 is invalid and the earliest valid replacement is Myoxus Gray 1821. Adoption of this name, not used for decades, requires changing the family name from Gliridae to Myoxidae, and denies mammalogists Glis gll.s. a name both familiar and euphonious. The pragmatic taxonomist would not have agonised over the validity or otherwise of eighteenth century names, but kept his own counsel, or petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve the familiar name under Article 79 of the Code. The case of the second Sphenodon (Tuatara), discussed by Daugherty et al (1990) exemplifies some practical consequences of changes in taxonomic rank of populations. This genus is of exceptional zoological interest as the only survivor of the Order Rhychocephalia, otherwise known by a wide diversity of fossil forms mainly of Triassic age. Since 1904 all extant Tuatara populations had been recognised as comprising the single species Sphenodon punctatus, restricted to offshore islands of New Zealand, although in neglected nineteenth centiuy literature one additional extant species and one recently extinct were recognised. Recent analysis of allozymes and morphology reported by Daugherty et al demonstrated that the form originally described at species level but traditionally put in the synonymy of S. puiiclatus is indeed sufficiently distinct to require full species status as Sphenodon guntheri. The practical consequences are that while the Tuatara was perceived as monotypic, the 'species' appeared relatively abundant, although localised and at risk. Some 25% of island populations are known have become extinct during the past century, and S. guntheri could very easily have disappeared with Uttle or no notice being taken. Now guntheri is recognised as the second Tuatara species it immediately takes on a very high priority for conservation, particularly because it is restricted to 1.7 ha of scrub on North Brother Island, its single world locality. Given the general goal of maintaining biological diversity, it is in theory desirable to identify and promote the wise management of all genetically distinct populations; the existing scheme of biological taxonomy seems not in practice the best tool for identifying and cataloguing such populations, and was surely never intended to be. While a subspecific name can often serve as a useful label, and may reflect substantial genetic differences between geographically isolated populations on islands or moimtain tops, where there is no correlated geographic isolation it may be a poor indicator of the magnitude of intraspecific genetic differentiation. Subspecific taxa seem too often based on small samples, arbitrary division of clinal variation, and superficial characters of pelage colour, squamation and suchlike (discussed for reptiles by Thorpe, 1980, 1984), to be universally a useful surrogate for assessment of the extent of geographic isolation and use of more direct markers of genetic differentiation. THREATENED ANIMALS: COMMENTARY Statistical data derived from the 1994 Red List are presented in Tables 1-6. Some preliminary remarks on these are provided below; the intention is to note some feaUires of interest while fiirther analysis of these and related data is pending. The tables include threatened full species only, together with the extinct ftill species treated in Table 6. Subspecies and commercially threatened (CT) species are excluded. The species assigned to genera in List 3 have usually also been taken into account, but this has not been possible in all cases. It is vital to keep in mind that these data are shaped by many factors. Some groups of species have been assessed more completely than others; some countries have carried out national assessments and produced national Red Data Books. These species and these countries will be represented in the lists more fully or more accurately than others. Further, there is significant variation in the way status categories have been inteipreted and applied, and uncertainty over species boundaries and the taxonomic level of populations. However, although these data are not globally comprehensive, and have some margin of error arising fi-om misclassificaUon of enuties into taxa or status categories, they are the best and most complete set of data available. XIV \<>' A^^^fM^4^^y o"<^^^<>^A^ ;a(S»'^.»' 100 800 600 400 - 200 ^*5^'^;^>^«^" '■-v;"-*' .• 5^<'<^•'<^'<^<■•^-'^^^ ^^' .^^'^ Figure 3. Bar graphs to show the 12 countries with the highest number of threatened sf)ecies in each major taxonomic group. Note that this includes species suspected to be threatened (K) as well as those known to be threatened (E, V, R and I). The asterisk * in the mammal graph denotes three countries with an equal score (Argentina, Laos, Thailand). Table 1 summarises the number of species in each threat category for each Order of animals in the Red List. Virtually all animals are invertebrates, and most threatened animals are invertebrates, but the total number of invertebrates listed as threatened (2,754) is a scarcely perceptible proportion of the estimated global species richness of invertebrates. This last has been estimated conservatively at around ten million species, of which perhaps one-tenth have been described (Hammond, in WCMC, 1992). This relatively very low representation of invenebrates seems probably to be more a reflection of the low level of information on the range and status of such animals, than an indication of a generally low risk of extinction, but this must be property assessed on a group by group basis. Almost all the invertebrate species listed are molluscs or insects, in about equal proportion. Around half the insects are beetles, nearly half are butterflies and moths, most of the remainder are damsel- and dragonflies. Many of these animals can be monitored in the field without insuperable difficulty; molluscs because of the hard shells of most species, and the insects because many are relatively conspicuous diurnal winged forms. Among the vertebrates, fishes and birds have similar numbers of species listed as threatened (977 and 971 respectively); these totals comprise about 4% of fish species but 10% of birds. This disparity is certainly due to a difference in the extent to which these two groups have been assessed. Many more fishes appear in this edition of the Red List than previously because more ichthyofaimas have been evaluated. One clear lesson to have emerged from this compilation is that wherever surveys are made, more fishes are found to be threatened, usually by introduced non-native fish species or habitat modification. A total of 741 mammal species are considered threatened; this represents almost 16% of the 4,629 species now recognised. This is the highest proportion of the total species content for any of the higher taxa considered. Mammals and birds have a similar number of Endangered category species, 177 and 188 respectively, representing 3.8% and 1.9% of all the species in each group. Reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates have 47, 32, 158 and 582 Endangered species, representing 0.7%, 0.7%, 0.6% and at the very most 0.05% of species in each group. Two very small mammal Orders have all extant species listed as threatened: the two elephants and four sirenians. Most Perissodactyla, 12 of 18 species, are threatened. In terms of number alone, seven Orders have more than 50 threatened species listed. These are, in descending sequence: Rodentia 118, Primates 113, Camivora 99, Artiodactyla 81, Cetacea 77. Insectivora 73 and Chiroptera 72. If Insufficiently Known taxa are excluded, there are five Orders with more than 50 species listed: Primates 105, Rodentia 87, Artiodactyla 75, Chiroptera 64 and Camivora 63. It is interesting to note that the top three Orders are also those that have undergone most taxonomic splitting (Figure 2). If the five values are calculated as a percentage of described species in each Order, the sequence is: Primates 45%, Artiodactyla 34%, Camivora 23%, Chiroptera 6.9% and Rodentia 4.3%. Primates, with 43, have by far the highest number of Endangered species among mammal Orders; Artiodactyla are second with 31, about twice as many as any of the remaining Orders. It remains to be seen whether continuing conservation assessment of other mammal groups, which generate less popular concem, will shift the balance of these figures, or whether they are an accurate measure of relative extinction risk. Tables 2 and 3 give country-based data on threatened animals. Figure 3 shows countries widi the highest number of threatened (E, V, R, I) and possibly-threatened (K) species combined in each higher taxonomic group. It is difficult objectively to disentangle the factors that contribute to these rankings. Certainly the extent to which countries have canried out national faunal surveys and conservation assessments is a major determinant, as is the extent to which lUCN-SSC Specialist Groups have been active. Species richness, land area and the magnitude of faunal depletion are other key factors. Indonesia, Brazil, China and India are among the five countries with the most threatened mammals and birds. They are all also large, ecologically diverse and species-rich countries, and hold a large number of species in the better-assessed groups. Australia, USA and South Africa also figure prominently in Figure 3; these are similarly large and species-rich, and their faunas have been subject to detailed study and assessment. However, while the relationships involved are complex, there is no reason to suspect that the ranking of countries in this compilation is not a reasonable working indication of the overall geopolitical location of species at risk of extinction. Table 5 summarises the number of species in each major taxonomic group Usted as threatened in the 1990 and 1994 Red Lists. All groups except birds have many more species listed in 1994 than in 1990: approximately 1500 more species overall are listed in the present edition. This can not be interpreted directly as an overall increase in the risk of extinction. Among reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates, virtually all the increase can be attributed either to recent assessment of groups not or incompletely evaluated before, or to the inclusion in this edition of species from national Red Data Books and lists. Much the same appears true for mammals. For example, many more cetaceans and bats are listed following publication, respectively, of a Red Data Book and an Action Plan for these groups (Klinowska, 1991; Mickleburgh et al., 1992). In several instances, and virtually only among mammals, species previously evaluated and not considered threatened have been moved to one of the threatened status categories; this may reflect the collection of new data, a deterioration in status, or inconsistency in the application of categories. Only the total for birds is lower in 1994 than in 1990. This reduction is mainly because a nimiber of birds are no longer considered threatened sensu lUCN following reassessment during preparation of the Threatened Birds of the Americas Red Data Book (Collar et al., 1992); changes to the taxonomic rank of a few populations have reduced the total of those listed at species level. Mammals Birds Reptiles ^1 Island species Amphibians Fishes ^1 Others Invertebrates Figure 4. Pie charts to show approximate numbers of threatened species restricted to islands as opposed to 'others' - those occurring on continents or continents plus islands. Madagascar, Japan (main group), Bornec, Sumatra and Java have not been counted as islands for the purposes of this estimation. Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Invertebrates Terrestrial | | Aquatic: freshwater Aquatic: marine Figure 5. Pie charts to show approximate numbers of threatened species present in terrestrial or aquatic habitats. Aquatic species include cetaceans and a few other mammals, walerbirds, seabirds, sea turtles and water snakes, most amphibians, invertebrates with an aquatic stage in the life cycle, and of course all fishes. The aquatic species are divided into freshwater and marine. xvu A high, but not the greater, proportion of threatened species are restricted to islands; see Figure 4 (islands, for the purposes of this very broad overview, exclude Madagascar, Borneo, Japan, Siunatra but include most others). A high proportion of threatened species are aquatic; see Figure 5. These comprise both fully aquatic forms and those, including most of the amphibians and many invertebrates, with an obligatory aquatic stage in the life cycle. Few of the aquatic forms listed are marine species; cetaceans comprise the majority of these. There is good reason to believe that historical records of extinctions since around 1600 AD are heavily biased geographically and taxonomically. The data that are available indicate that around 75% of recorded extinctions in this period have occurred on islands; almost all bird and mollusc extinctions have been recorded on islands. Very few species extinctions have been recorded in continental tropical forest habitats, where mass extinction events have been predicted to be imderway. The patchy and similarly biased time- series data that can be assembled indicate that island extinctions in this period began some 200 years earlier than continental extinctions, and that rates in both areas have increased rapidly from around the middle of the last century to the middle of the present century. Extended discussion of extinct species and rates of extinction is provided in WCMC (1992: chapter 16). XVlll ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The assistance of many people has been essential during the compilation of this document. We thank in particular the many SSC Specialist Group chairpersons and other members, and the many other field scientists who have provided data and opinions for this revision, usually adding to an already heavy workload. We hope not to have overlooked anyone in the list below, and trust that those who have made especially valuable contributions will not object to our alphabetical sequence. Particular thanks are due to Georgina Mace for agreeing to prepare the Guest Essay for this edition, an essay that will ensure that a wide audience gains insight into the new status categories and the considerations that went into their revision. The successful execution of this project was dependent on the timely liaison carried out by Simon Stuart (Head, Species Survival Programme), for which we are also grateful. D. Agosti, R. Albuquerque de Matos, G.R. Allen, R. Alonso, C. Andrews, G. Archibald, J.M. Ayres, G. Bauer, C. Bibby, K. Bjomdal, A. Bogan, P. Bouchet, J. Bratton, M. Brooks, W.C. Brown, A.A. Burbidge, E. Cameron, R. Cameron, J.A. Campbell, R.R. Campbell, H. Campos, R. Chung, D. Clarke, H.G. Cogger, A.F. Coimbra-Filho, N. Collar, K. Corbett, D. Corke, J. Cortes, R. Cowie, A.J. Crivelli, R. Crombie, I. Das, M. Day, S. Dowell, R. East, S.K. Eltringham, F. Encamacidn, A.A. Eudey, S.F. Ferrari, C. FitzGibbon, G. Fonseca, G. Foster, P. Foster-Turley, P.J. Garson, A. Gascoigne, R. Gerald, J. Gerlach, J.R. Ginsberg, A.R. Glatston, J. van Goethem, V. Goryachev, M. Green, O. Griffiths, S. Hedges, H. Hoeck, S. Hochwald, P. Horwitz, A.M. Hutson, M. Ibanez, P. Jackson, A. Jeffs, M.D. Jenkins, M.W. Klemens, V. Kessner, Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan, R.T. Klocek, Kunio Kikuchi, T.B. Larsen, M. Lazaridou-Dimitriadou, H. Marsh, S. Matola, D.E. McAUister, R. McDowall, S.L. Mendes, S.P. Mickleburgh, G. Mills, R.A. Mittermeier, J. Moore, N.W. Moore, T.R. New, M. Nicoll, J.F. Gates, J. 0kland, K.A. 0kland, W.L.R. Oliver, M.E. Oliveira, T.J. O'Shea, C. Padua, C. Peres, I.V. Pinto, W. Ponder, V.I. IMkhodko, Z. I^icek, A.I. Queiroz, P.J.H. Reijnders, J. Robinson, J.P. Ross, B. Roth, J. Ruetschi, H. Ruhberg, A.B. Rylands, M.J. Samways, I.B. Santos, A. Savage, P. Schembri, M. Seddon, D. Shackleton, M. Shea, G. Sherley, P.S. Skelton, S. Slack-Smith, A.T. Smith, B.D. Smith, B.J. Smith, M. Speight, J. Stanisic, J. Steffek, H. Stephenson, C. Stevanovitch, Mi.J. Stiassny, R. Sukumar, S. Tonge, H. Walden, T. Waller, S.M. Wells, 0. Wiig, J.E. Williams, R. Wirth, D. Woodruff, Kazuhiro Yamase, Chen Yiyu, D. Zevin. WCMC Credits Research and compilation: Neil Cox, Brian Groombridge, Tim Inskipp, Martin Jenkins, Chris Magin, Helen Smith. Data processing and camera-ready preparation by Helen Corrigan. Data entry and word-processing by Esther Byford, Lorraine Collins, Helen Corrigan and Julie Reay. Graphics by Helen Smith. Andrea Cole, Mary Cordiner, Daniella Pitts and Lindsay Simpson provided varied assistance. Project development by Tim Johnson, assisted by Crawford Allan. The database from which this list is produced is constantly being updated, with changes arising as new studies are undertaken or as groups not previously assessed are examined. It is inevitable in a publication of this natiu-e that readers will find entries that require correction or updating. We would be most grateful if any relevant information could be sent to the address below. Requests for sub-sets of data (geopolitical or taxonomic) for educational or conservation applications may be directed to Information Services at the address below. Brian Groombridge, PhD Species Unit World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road Telephone: -h44 223 277314 Cambridge CB3 ODL Fax: +44 223 277136 United Kingdom e-mail: redlist@wcmc.org.uk REFERENCES lUCN and lUCN/ICBP global Red Data Books, Action Plans' and lists Collar. N.J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to Watch. The ICBP World Checklist of Threatened Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 8. International Council for Bird Preservation. Collar, N.J., Gonzaga, L.P., Krabbe. N., Madroflo Nieto, A., Naranjo, L.G., Parker, T.A. and Wege, D.C. 1992. Threatened Birds of the Americas. The ICBPIIUCN Red Data Book. 3rd edition, part 2. International Council for Bird Preservation (now BirdLife International), Cambridge, UK. Collins, N.M. and Morris, M.G. 1985. Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The lUCN Red Data Book. lUCN, Gland and Cambridge. Duncan, P. (ed). 1992. Zebras. Asses, and Horses: an Action Plan for the conservation of Wild Equids. lUCN, Gland. Groombridge, B. 1982. The lUCN Amphibia-Reptilia Red Data Book. Part I , Testudines, Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia. lUCN, Gland. Honegger, R. 1975/1979. Red Data Book. Vol. 3 - Amphibia and Reptilia. Second Edition. lUCN, Gland. Klinowska, M. 1991. Dolphins. Porpoises and Whales of the World. The lUCN Red Data Book. lUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Mickleburgh, S.P., Hutson, A.M. and Racey, P. A. (eds). 1992. Old World Fruit Bats: an Action Plan for their conservation. lUCN, Gland. Miller, R.R. 1977. Red Data Book. Vol. 4 - Pisces. Second Edition. lUCN, Morges. New, T.R. (ed). 1993. Conservation Biology of Lycaenidae (Butterflies). Occasional Paper of the lUCN Species Survival Commission No. 8. lUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Thomback, J. and Jenkins, M. 1982. The lUCN Mammal Red Data Book. Part 1 . The Americas and Australasia. lUCN, Gland. Weils, S.M., Pyle, R.M. and Collins, N.M. 1983. Tlie lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. lUCN, Gland. National Red Data Books- and lists Anon. 1991. Draft Red List of Threatened Animals of Turkey. Prime Ministry Undersecretariat for Enviromnent. Ankara, (unpublished). Anon. 1991. Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal. Servi90 Nacional de Parques. Reservas e Conservagao da Natureza. Minist6rio do Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturals. Lisbon. Anon. 1991. Red Data Book of Japan. 2 volumes: vertebrates, invertebrates. Japanese Wildlife Research Centre, (in Japanese) Anon. (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment). 1992. Red Data Book of Vietnam. Volume 1. Animals. Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi, (in Viemamese). Anon. 1992. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Bell, B.D. 1986. The Conservation Status of New Zealand Wildlife. New Zealand Wildlife Service, Wellington. Occasional Publication No. 12. Bemardes, A.T., Machado, A.B.M. and Rylands, A.B. 1990. Fauna Brasileira Ameagada de Extinqao. Belo Horizonte: Fundagao da Diversidade Biol6gica. Blanco, J.C. & Gonzalez, J.L. (eds). 1992. Libro Rojo de los Vertebrados de Espana. Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Allmentacion. Branch, W.R. (ed.) 1988. South African Red Data Book - Reptiles and Amphibians. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 151. Gamen, S. 1992. The Action Plan for Australian Birds. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Program, Project Number 121. Canberra. Glade, A.A. (ed). 1988. Red List of Chilean Terrestrial Vertebrates. Chilean Forest Service (CONAF), Santiago. Honvitz, P. 1990. The Conservation Status of Australian Freshwater Crustacea. Report no. 14, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra. Karandin6s, M. (ed) 1992. The Red Data Boole of Threatened Vertebrates of Greece. Athens: Hellenic Zoological Society & Hellenic Ornithological Society. Kennedy, M. (ed). 1992. Australian Marsupials and Monotremes: an Action Plan for their conservation. lUCN, Gland. Maruyama, T. & Hiratsuka, J. 1992. Vanishing Fishes of Japan. Osaka: Freshwater Fish Protection Association of Japan, 1-10. Nabhitibhata, Jarujin. 1989. Species diversity of Thai herpetofauna. In: Biodiversity in Thailand. Science Society of Bangkok, pp. 169-204. (in Thai) (not seen; data from Woodruff [1990] and /;( litt. 1993). Severinghaus, L.L. and Liu, V.T. 1990. The Endangered Plants and Animals of Taiwan. Council of Agriculture and National Parks Association, Taiwan. Skelton, P.H. 1987. South African Red Data Book - Fishes. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 137. Wagner, R. & Jackson, P. 1993. The Action Plan for Australian Freshwater Fishes. Canberra: Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Endangered Species Program, Project Number 147. Canberra. Woodruff, D.S. 1990. Review of: Endangered Animals of Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 38:163-177. (Appendix: List of the Threatened Vertebrate Animals of Thailand, pp. 168-177). Global taxononiic sources Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Namral History) and Cornell University Press. Eschmeyer, W. N. 1990. Catalog of the Genera of Recent Fishes. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. 697pp. Frost, D.R. 1985. Amphibian Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographical Reference. Allen Press Inc. and the Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. I-V, 1-732. Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press Inc. and the Association of Systematics Collections, Kansas. Iverson, J.B. 1992. A Checklist with Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World. Second edition. Published by the author, Richmond, Indiana. Morony, J.J., Bock. W.J. and Farrand, J. 1975. Reference list of the Birds of the World Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natiu-al History, New York Parker, S.B. 1982. Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven. Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. 1993. A Supplement to Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven. Tsuda, S. 1991. A Distributional List of World Odonata. Published by the author, Osaka. Vaughan, K.C. 1989 (editors Abbott, R.T. and Boss, K.J). A Classification of the Living Mollusca. American Malacologists, Inc., Florida. Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds). 1993. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington and London. Other sources: status, taxonomy, distribution^ Anon. (Societas Europaea Herpetologica - Conservation Committee). 1990. Threatened reptiles in Europe requiring special conservation measures. Unpublished report to the Council of Europe. T-PVS (90) 57. Anon. (Societas Europaea Herpetologica - Conservation Committee). 1991. Threatened amphibians in Europe requiring special habitat protection measures. Unpublished report to the Council of Europe. T- PVS (91) 72. XXI Anon. (Societas Europaea Herpetologica - Conservation Committee). 1992. Data sheets of species of amphibians and reptiles for possible amendment of Appendix II. Unpublished report to the Council of Europe. T-PVS (92) 75. Allen, G.R. 1991. Field Guide to the Freshwater Fishes of New Guinea. Publication No. 9 of the Christensen Research Institute. Blanc, M., Gaudet, J. L., Banarescu, P. and Hureau, J. C. 1971. European Inland Water Fish: A Multilingual Catalogue. London: F.A.O. & Fishing News Books. Campbell, J.A. and Frost, D. 1993. Anguid Lizards of the genus Ahronia: revisionary notes, description of four new species, a phylogenetic analysis and key. Bulletin of American Natural History. 216:1-121. Collins, N.M. and Wells, S.M. 1987. Invertebrates in need of special protection in Europe. Council of Europe Nature and Environment Series No. 35. Strasbourg. Corbet, G.B., & Hill, I.E. 1992. The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: a systematic review. London: British Museum (Natural History). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 488pp. Daugherty, C.H., Cree, A, Hay, J.M. and Thompson, M.B. 1990. Neglected taxonomy and continuing extinctions of tuatara (Sphenodon). Nature. 347:177-179. Heath, J. 1981. Threatened Rhopalocera (Butterflies) in Europe. Council of Europe 'Nature and Environment Series' No. 23. Strasbourg. Hedges, S.B. 1993. Global amphibian declines: a perspective from the Caribbean. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2:290-303. Kottelat, M. and Xin-Luo, C. 1988. Revision of Yunnanilus with descriptions of a minature species flock and six new species from China (Cypriniformes: Homalopteridae). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 23(1-2), 65-93. Kuru, M. 1980. Tiirkiye Tatlisu Baliklari Katalogu. Hacettepe tJniversitesi Fen Fakiiltesi Yayinlari, Yardimci Kitaplar, Dizisi: 1 Lee, D. S., Platania, S. P. & Burgess, G. H. 1983. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes 1983 Supplement. (Freshwater fishes of the Greater Antilles). Occasional Papers of the North Carolina Biological Survey. Contribution No. 1983-6. Peters, J.A. and Donoso-Barros, R. (revised by P.E. Vanzolini). 1986. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part II. Lizards and Amphisbaenians. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C. Reyes, L. M. & Estrada, J. L. 1992. Estado Actual Del Mejoramiento Genetico Y Recomendaciones Para La Conservacian De Los Recursos Geneticos En Colombia. In:Halffter, G. (ed) La Diversidad Biologica de Iberoamerica. Mexico: Instituto de Ecologi'a, A. C. 203-236. Schlitter, D.A. 1985. Preluninary List - African Rodents of Special Concern. Unpublished Report to lUCN. Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions. Distributions, and Natural History. University of Florida Press, Gainesville. Simonetta, A. M. & Magnoni, M. L. 1986. Status and Conservation Problems of Somali Lower Vertebrates. Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale, 80(3). 405-432. Stiassny, M. L. J. 1990. Notes on the Anatomy and Relationships of the Bedotiid Fishes of Madagascar, with a Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Rheocles (Atherinomorpha: Bedotiidae). American Museum Novitates New York: American Museum of Natural History. 2979. Stiassny, M. L. J. 1993. Cichlids are Different!. Tropical Fish Hobbyist. March 1993. Stiassny, M. L. J. & Reinthal, P. N. 1991. The Freshwater Fishes of Madagascar: A Study of an Endangered Fauna with recommendations for a Conservation Strategy. Conservation Biology 5(2): 231- 243 Thorpe, R.S. 1980. Microevolution and taxonomy of European reptiles with particular reference to the grass snake Nairi.x natri.x and the wall lizards Podarcis sicula and P. melisellensis . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 14: 215-233. Thorpe, R.S. 1984. Geographic variation in the Western grass snake (Natri.x natrix helvetica) in relation to hypothesized phylogeny and conventional subspecies. Journal of Zoology. London. 203: 345-355. Tzeng, C. S. 1986. Distribution of the Freshwater Fishes of Taiwan. Journal of the Taiwan Museum 39 (2) 127-146 Vu Van Dung, Pham Mong Giao, Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Do Tuoc, Arctander, P. and MacKinnon, J. 1993. A new species of living bovid from Viemam. Nature 363: 443-445. Wijesinghe, L.C.A. de S., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Jayawardana, S.D.G., Kotagama, S.W. and GunatUleke. C.V.S. 1989. Biological Conservation in Sri Lanka (A national status report). Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka, Colombo. Witte, F., Goldschmidt, T., Wanink, J., van Oijen, M., Goudswaard, K., Witte-Maas, E. and Bouton, N. 1992. The destruction of an endemic species flock: quantitative data on the decline of the hapiochromine cichlids of Lake Victoria. Environmental Biology of Fishes 34: 1-28. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. Chapman and Hall, London. ' the Action Plans listed include only published documents not used in the 1990 Red List; it excludes the draft Cat Action Plan, used in provisional form for the present Red List, and excludes those used in draft form for the 1990 Red List which have since been published. ^ this is not a bibliography of country Red Data Books; it only includes sources from which single-country endemic species have been extracted for the 1994 lUCN Red List. ^ excluding those cited in the 1990 Red List and not consulted for this revision. XXUl EXPLANATORY NOTES NOTES ON THE LISTS AND TABLES Each entry includes: a single letter (E, V, I, K) or two (Ex, Ex?, CT) indicating the lUCN status category, the scientific name, and geopolitical distribution. Many entries also include a common name. Some marine species have a general distribution rather than a list of countries. The following annotated examples should aid interpretation of the taxon entries. E' Eulemur mongoz' (Lemur mongozY Mongoose Lemur^ Comoros*: Mwali', Nzwani; Madagascar' I Pterodroma hasitata Black-capped Petrel Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti. *' Caribbean and western North Atlantic R Syrmaticiis reevsii Reeve's Pheasant China [Czechoslovakia']'" ' lUCN status category " Scientific name. ' Alternative scientific name (synonym). " Common name (usually English). * First country of occurrence. ' Island (or other area) within first country. Second country of occurrence (countries separated by semi-colon). ' Within birds only, an asterisk separates breeding range (left) from non-breeding range (right); vagrant records are excluded. ' Recent political events are reflected as accurately as possible but there are some entries for the former Czechoslovakia and USSR that have not been resolved in ternis of new boundaries, and many entries for the fonmer Yugoslavia retain the name of the old federation. '° Square brackets indicate introduced populations; populations that have been reintroduced within their former range are denoted by appropriate text. List 1. Threatened species This list includes those populations recognised at the species level by the taxonomic sources used that have been assessed and assigned to one of the cunrent (non-revised) lUCN status categories. These categories are named and defmed below. Only species regarded as globally threatened are included. This has the regrettable but unavoidable consequence that no attention is drawn to purely local or national problems. For example, there is great concern in India about the Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura; the population, restricted to the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, has been estimated at only 300 animals. However, the species also occurs in Sri Lanka, where it widespread at a variety of altitudes and in different habitats, and is not xxiv listed as threatened in the country (Wijesinghe et al.. 1989). Because it is not globally threatened it is not listed in the present Red List. This is just one example among very many. All species have been assigned to a single category except those from Threatened Birds of the Americas (Collar :/ al, 1992) that were given a dual category in that book (the reader is referred to the introduction of that volume for discussion). Very many species are given a mixed R/K category in the provisional draft of the Action Plan for Australian Reptiles made available to us, but given a policy of not using mixed categories and a recommendation not to include all potential K species from the draft, we have omitted them from this Ust. Confusion and possible inconsistency exists over the position of 'Insufficiently Known' (K) taxa. Some texts include this category with others which collectively denote threatened status, other texts exclude it from that group. Insufficiently Known species are commonly regarded as threatened species even though while insufficient data are available to make a firm determination they remain only suspected of being threatened, and so by definition have not actually been identified as threatened species. We feel it would have been very useful clearly to distinguish such taxa from species known to be threatened, but have retained 'K" species in the main listing, largely in deference to common usage, which tends to class 'K' species with those more certainly threatened (R, I, V and E categories). As noted above. Insufficiently Known species are in the draft new category system explicitly not to be imderstood as threatened species. The few 'T' designations given in past editions, indicating that different populations of the species in question had been assigned different status categories, have all been modified by us to reflect a provisional category for the species as a whole. As noted above, it has jointly been decided by the SSC and BirdLife International that the bird listing will remain substantially the same as in the 1990 Red List (which gave categories to species listed in Birds to Watch (Collar and Andrew, 1988). Tlie list has been revised to take accoimt of Threatened Birds of the Americas (Collar et al. 1992), which entailed the removal of many species and the addition of others. There are a few other differences between the present list and the 1990 Red List. One bird species (Dasyornis brachypterus) inadvertently omitted from the 1990 list has been included, with the status category given in The Action Plan for Australian Birds (Gamett, 1992). In two cases, populations previously treated as subspecies of species themselves categorised as 'Rare' (R) (PhalacrocorcLx carunculatus, Polyplectron malacense) have been elevated to species rank in Sibley and Monroe (1992) and are here provisionally listed as 'R'. Similarly, a few taxa formerly treated at species level are given subspecific rank in Sibley and Monroe, and this is followed herein. This has had two effects on the present lists. Where other conspecifics were previously listed in the 1990 Red List there is now an appropriate revised entry in the main threatened species list (eg. Gallinula nesiotis, for the Tristan da Cunha form nesiotis. regarded as extinct, plus the Gough Island form comeri. previously listed as Rare). Where conspecifics were not listed previously there is now an entry in the subspecies list (eg. Pterodroma hasitata caribbaea for the probably extina Jamaica Petrel, treated as E/Ex at species level P. caribbaea in Collar et al. 1992). List 2. Extinct and probably extinct species This list includes species that have been assigned to the lUCN status category Extinct (Ex) in previous editions of the Red List and in Red Data Books. This category includes species that have not definitely been located in the wild during the past 50 years. Many species have not been seen within this period, but nor have they been looked for, and there has been no attempt to list all such species here. A subset of this category (Ex?) includes species that have been seen within the past 50 years but are believed with near certainty to be extinct. Similar species that are only possibly extinct should according to the current definitions be listed as Endangered. We have also included here species that are known or believed to have become extinct since 1600 AD or thereabouts (WCMC, 1992) and which have never appeared in previous Red Lists nor been given a status XXV category. To distinguish these they remain without a category in the list. For many of these latter species (and some of those with a category) the date shown in parentheses indicates variously the last collection, the last observation in the wild, or the time of extinction. There are 23 bird taxa which have been given the joint category 'E/Ex' by BirdLife International. Those that are treated at species level by Sibley and Monroe (1990) (not the Magdalena Tinamou or Jamaica Petrel [see notes to List 1 above]) are listed in the main threatened species list even though at least seven of the 21 species are almost certainly extinct. None is included in the Extinct species list. The full species are counted as Endangered in the tables. In almost all cases there is no positive evidence of extinction, only an accumulation of negative evidence; several species once thought recently extinct have been rediscovered and doubtless others will be in future. On the other hand, there are good grounds for believing that many species have become extinct imnoiiced and sometimes undescribed. Note that changes in species level taxonomy have a significant effect on this list; a few extinct populations formerly treated as full species are now treated as conspecific with extant populations, and so do not appear below (the reverse is also possible). List 3. Entries for genera and other higher taxa This list includes entries for genera or higher taxa, entire or in part, that appeared in the 1990 Red List or earlier publications and that have not been resolved to the single species level. Some previous group entries have been so resolved and now appear in the main threatened species list. The category assigned to the Lake Victoria cichlid fishes has been changed from Endangered (E) to Indeterminate (I) in the absence of adequately detailed species-specific population data for the lake as a whole (Indeterminate is an inclusive category covering inadequately known taxa that may have recently become extinct, or which are seriously declining or which may simply be Rare; see status category definitions below). There is no doubt that a very marked decline in cichlid abundance has occurred in Lake Victoria (Witte et al., 1992) linked to the introduction of a large predator (Nile Perch Lates sp.) and probably to over-fishing, but it is not possible to determine which individual species are actually Endangered. Where possible, the relevant niunber of species within the groups Usted here are included in the tabulations. List 4. Threatened and extinct subspecies Previous editions of the Red List mixed full species and subspecies in a single list. This led to some minor confusion. Threatened populations at subspecies rank are by most standards (and all else being equal) of lesser priority than threatened species, assuming reasonable taxonomic consistency between taxa being compared. It is also evident that subspecies descriptions are not infrequently based on minor superficial features; in several cases subspecies names in common use have been demonstrated to accord only poorly with genetic differentiation assessed by biochemical and other tools. These several considerations have led us to list subspecies separately from species. In the subspecies list we have made no attempt to add subspecies other than those suggested by contributors. We have tried to ensure that, if appropriate, an entry exists in the full species list whenever all described subspecies have been proposed as threatened. The list therefore consists largely of taxa previously listed, and while some nomenclature has been revised, some outdated names and other inconsistencies are likely to remain. Subspecies have been excluded from all tables. List 5. Commercially Threatened species This contains species categorised as Commercially Threatened (CT). These species should not be regarded as threatened with extinction in the same sense that those in the main species list categorised as Endangered, Vulnerable, Indeterminate or Rare are believed to be. The CT category means that the species were considered to be threatened as a sustainable commercial resource; pending further evaluation of the full implications of listing such species we have thought it advisable to distinguish them clearly from other listed species. All species (with the exception of the Pigtail Macaque, proposed in 1993 for listing as V or CT) were previously Usted as Commercially Threatened in the 1990 Red List or earlier publications and have not been critically evaluated since. We have not attempted to update nomenclature or resolve marine distribution at coimtry level. Commercially Threatened species have been excluded from all tables. Distribution information Distribution is generally given in terms of coimtry names; it is geopolitical not purely geographic. Unless geographically very remote from each other, islands and other territories are included with the parent country; the Hawaiian Islands have been recorded separately. Many distribution entries include within- country information. This is usually when a species occurs on a few islands of an island state; occasionally when otherwise restricted, a mountain or river system is named. Although we have given general distribution information for all marine species, including cetaceans, we have not given country distribution records for cetaceans other than the freshwater and estuarine or coastal species with a relatively restricted range. In most other cases, country records for cetaceans reflect the distribution of research or whaling activity more fully than the presumed world distribution of the species. We have attempted to give complete coimtry records for other marine animals. All country records are included in the summary tabulations above. Countries where a species is known to have become extinct in recent decades are not included. In several cases, a country name is followed by the annotation: (ex?). This indicates a significant possibility that the species is extinct in that country; this ancilliary information should not be confused with the lUCN status category. Geopolitical events during recent years have led to some inconsistency and possible errors. In the absence at the time of writing of internationally recognised boundaries and names within the former Yugoslavia, we have continued to use that name in the distribution information and in the country tabulations. Of the component republics of the former federation of Yugoslavia, only Slovenia has been distinguished herein, although there are likely to be some species occurring there for which only Yugoslavia appears in the distribution section. For most species within the boundaries of tiie former USSR, we have been able to determine with reasonable confidence which new state they are present in. Some unresolved USSR entries remain in the invertebrate section. Similarly, there are a few entries for the former Czechoslovakia in cases where we have been unable to determine whether a particular species occurs in the Czech Republic or Slovakia, or both. Notes on tables All the tables cover taxa of species rank only; subspecies are excluded. The tables cover species that have been assigned to one of the standard lUCN-SSC status categories; the Commercially Threatened taxa (CT) set out in List 5 are excluded. Tables 2, 3 and 6 for simplicity use the same major geopolitical units as in the distribution entries in the species lists. This results in loss of geographical resolution of some biological interest; in particular it should be noted that island territories of mainland countries are in most cases included with their parent countries. For example, the Canary Islands, which feature prominently in the mollusc lists, are included with Spain in the tables. However, the distribution entries in the species lists will indicate "Spain: Canary Islands", so the relevant information can be retrieved. The same applies to Madeira, the Azores, and several xxvii other islands. Tristan da Ctjnha is included with St Helena. The Hawaiian Islands have a separate entry. In the distribution entries in the lists below, unconfirmed occurrence of a species is indicated by "?" after the relevant country. All such unconiinned occurrences are counted in the tables. Note that a few species, mainly cosmopolitan marine forms, have distribution indicated in a generalised format, not country names; these are not included in the country-based tables (Tables 2 and 3). This applies to most cetaceans, three elasmobranch fishes, and very few invertebrates. It also applies to a larger number of species included in the genera recorded in List 3 (entries for genera and Lake Victoria cichlid fishes) for which country-specific data are lacking. We have retained the figiu-e of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria cited in the 1990 Red List, although recent estimates suggest more than 300 haplochromine species are present, of which aroimd 2(X) may be critically threatened. All these species (except in two genera for which we have no count of species number) are included in the taxonomic stmimary tables (Tables 1, 4 and 5). In all relevant tables we have treated the 21 E/Ex and the 78 V/R bird species given mixed categories as categories E and V, respectively. lUCN THREATENED SPECIES CATEGORIES EXTINCT (Ex) Species not definitely located in the wild during the past 50 years (criterion as used by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faima and Flora). N.B. On a few occasions, the category Ex? has been assigned; this denotes that it is virtually certain that the taxon has recently become extinct. ENDANGERED (E) Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating. Included are taxa whose niunbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of extinction. Also included are taxa that may be extinct but have definitely been seen in the wild in the past 50 years. VULNERABLE (V) Taxa beUeved likely to move into the 'Endangered' category in the near futiu-e if the causal factors continue operating. Included are taxa of which most or all the populations are decreasing because of over-exploitation, extensive destruction of habitat or other environmental disturbance; taxa with populations that have been seriously depleted and whose ultimate seouity has not yet been assured; and taxa with populations that are still abimdant but are under threat from severe adverse factors throughout their range. N.B. In practice, 'Endangered' and 'Vulnerable' categories may include, temporarily, taxa whose populations are beginning to recover as a result of remedial action, but whose recovery is insufficient to justify their transfer to another category. RARE (R) Taxa with small world populations that are not at present 'Endangered' or 'Vulnerable', but are at risk. These taxa are usually localised within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range. INDETERMINATE (I) Taxa known to be 'Endangered', 'Vulnerable' or 'Rare' but where there is not enough information to say which of the three categories is appropriate. INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN (K) Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories, because of lack of information. xxix THREATENED (T) Threatened is a general term to denote species which are 'Endangered', 'Vuhierable', 'Rare', 'Indeterminate', or 'Insufficiently Known' and should not be confused with the use of the same term by the U.S. Office of Endangered Species. In previous volumes it is has been used to identify taxa comprised of several sub-taxa which have differing status categories. COMMERCIALLY THREATENED (CT) Taxa not currently threatened with extinction, but most or all of whose populations are threatened as a sustainable commercial resource, or will become so, imless their exploitation is regulated. This category applies only to taxa whose populations are assumed to be relatively large. N.B. In practice, this category has only been used for marine species of commercial importance that are being overfished in several parts of their ranges. XXX If able 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category E V H I SUBTOTAL' TOTAL Class: MAMMALIA ARTIODACTYLA 31 34 3 7 75 6 81 CARNIVORA 15 29 4 15 63 36 99 CETACEA 5 7 1 13 64 77 CHIROPTERA 16 22 18 8 64 8 72 DASYUROMORPHIA 6 2 2 10 10 DIPROTODONTIA 16 17 4 37 2 39 HYRACOIDEA 1 1 1 INSECTIVORA 3 4 9 11 27 46 73 LAGOMORPHA 8 3 1 7 19 4 23 MACROSCELIDEA 1 1 2 2 MONOTREMATA 1 1 1 PERAMELEMORPHIA 3 2 1 1 7 1 8 PERISSODACTYLA 8 4 12 12 PRIMATES 43 48 9 5 105 8 113 PROBOSCIDEA 1 1 2 2 RODENTIA 19 19 37 12 87 31 118 SIRENIA 4 4 4 XENARTHRA 2 2 4 2 6 Subtotal 177 Class: AVES ANSERIFORMES 3 APODIFORMES 6 APTERYGIFORMES CAPRIMULGIFORMES 2 CHARADRIIFORMES 3 CICONIIFORMES 7 COLUMBIFORMES 7 CORACIIFORMES CUCULIFORMES 2 FALCONIFORMES 7 GALLIFORMES 16 GRUIFORMES 10 PASSERIFORMES 85 PELECANIFORMES 1 PICIFORMES 5 PODICIPEDIFORMES 3 PROCELLARIIFORMES 11 PSITTACIFORMES 18 SPHENISCIFORMES STRIGIFORMES 1 TINAMIFORMES 1 TROGONIFORMES Subtotal 188 Class: REPTILIA CROCODYLIA 7 RHYNCHOCEPHALIA 1 SAURIA 18 SERPENTES 10 TESTUDINES 11 Subtotal 47 Class: AMPHIBIA ANURA 27 CAUDATA 5 Subtotal 32 199 9 15 1 6 4 16 5 3 8 20 13 107 2 2 5 23 1 1 241 5 47 15 21 88 26 6 32 89 2 5 1 9 2 14 10 2 13 21 8 136 5 1 2 19 7 257 1 45 24 9 79 36 19 55 68 1 8 4 8 3 12 4 3 2 4 14 87 1 3 5 6 7 3 1 176 18 11 14 43 10 4 14 533 15 34 1 7 26 16 49 19 10 30 61 45 415 9 11 3 23 66 1 15 5 1 862 12 2 128 60 55 257 99 34 133 208 3 2 2 5 2 1 1 4 3 7 63 1 3 1 1 5 1 2 1 108 21 11 27 59 31 5 36 741 18 36 1 9 31 18 49 20 11 34 64 52 478 10 14 4 24 71 2 17 6 1 970 12 2 149 71 82 316 130 39 169 XXXI Table 1. Threatened spedes: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued) t ■ —V « ^'-^i^Af K TOTAi" Class: CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI 'iiifV> PETROMYZONTIFORMES 1 2 3 2 5 Subtotal 1 2 3 2 5 Class: El ASMOBRANCHII ORECTOLOBIFORMES 1 1 2 3 Subtotal 1 1 2 3 Class: ACTINOPTERYGII ACIPENSERIFORMES 3 5 1 9 9 ATHERINIFORMES 5 25 41 4 75 6 81 BELONIFORMES 5 6 3 14 14 CHARACIFORMES 1 5 6 6 CLUPEIFORMES 1 1 1 2 CYPRINIFORMES 44 64 66 17 191 5 196 CYPRINODONTIFORMES 34 24 12 10 80 3 83 GASTEROSTEIFORMES 2 2 4 4 OPHIDIIFORMES 2 1 3 3 OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES 2 2 2 4 PERCIFORMES 25 58 88 261 432 16 448 PERCOPSIFORMES 1 2 3 3 SALMONIFORMES 17 14 12 2 45 2 47 SCORPAENIFORMES 1 2 5 8 8 SILURIFORMES 16 16 13 6 51 5 56 SYNBRANCHIFORMES 2 2 1 3 SYNGNATHIFORMES 1 2 3 3 Subtotal 158 224 244 303 929 41 970 Class: SARCOPTERYGII COELACANTHIFORMES 10 1 Subtotal 10 1 10 2 10 2 10 3 10 3 4 8 4 6 12 5 1 18 2 20 27 174 16 176 419 224 117 56 603 412 138 253 1067 Class: Afn-HOZOA ACTINIARIA GORGONACEA 1 Subtotal 1 Class: TURBELLARIA TRICLADIDA 2 Subtotal 2 Class: ENOPLA HOPLONEMERTEA 2 Subtotal 2 Class: GASTROPODA ARCHAEOGASTROPODA BASOMMATOPHORA MESOGASTROPODA STYLOMMATOPHORA 5 53 206 Subtotal 264 Class: BIVALVIA UNIONOIDA VENEROIDA 45 Subtotal 45 8 1 54 108 2 5 7 10 1 59 115 xxxu 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 6 6 18 27 2 421 27 630 29 1096 1 109 3 10 4 119 Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued) ' '"' * ''* E V H I SUBTOTAL' K TOTAL Class: POLYCHAETA EUNICIDA 1 1 Subtotal 1 1 Class: HIRUDINEA ARHYNCHOBDELLAE 1 1 1 Subtotal 1 1 1 Class: OLKSOCHAETA HAPLOTAXIDA 2 145 1 148 148 Subtotal 2 145 1 148 148 Class: MEROSTOMATA XIPHOSURA 4 4 Subtotal 4 4 Class: ARACHNIDA ARANEAE 2 1 4 7 14 1 15 OPILIONES 1 1 1 PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA 1 1 2 2 Subtotal 3 2 4 8 17 1 18 Class: CRUSTACEA AMPHIPODA 1 49 50 50 ANASPIDACEA 1 2 3 2 5 ANOSTRACA 3 3 5 8 CALANOIDA 3 3 3 CLADOCERA 4 4 4 DECAPODA 7 4 16 17 44 4 48 HARPACTICOIDA 8 8 ISOPODA 2 1 5 9 17 9 26 MYODOCOPINA 3 3 PODOCOPINA 1 1 THORACICA 2 2 2 Subtotal 10 6 28 82 126 32 158 Class: INSECTA ANOPLURA 1 1 1 BLATTARIA 1 1 1 COLEOPTERA 190 24 8 154 376 2 378 COLLEMBOLA 6 6 6 DERMAPTERA 1 1 1 DIPTERA 3 15 18 18 EPHEMEROPTERA 1 13 14 14 GRYLLOBLATTARIA 1 1 1 HEMIPTERA 1 25 26 26 HOMOPTERA 3 18 21 21 HYMENOPTERA 11 5 70 86 3 89 LEPIDOPTERA 25 61 158 79 323 19 342 MANTODEA 1 1 1 MECOPTERA 1 1 1 NEUROPTERA 7 7 7 ODONATA 15 17 46 50 128 10 138 ORTHOPTERA 3 8 26 35 72 72 PLECOPTERA 1 2 12 15 15 THYSANURA 2 2 2 TRICHOPTERA 49 49 49 XXXIU ;Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued) ^%;Ja'^'^»"S"»T<"*''' *^ ^^^'^ ZORAPTERA 1 1 1 Subtotal 252 119 241 538 1150 34 1184 Class: ONYCHOPHORA ONYCHOPHORA 1 7 4 12 12 Subtotal 1 7 4 12 12 Class: ECHINOIDEA ECHINOIDA 1 1 Subtotal 1 1 TOTAL 1184 1488 1148 1546 5366 563 5929 ' Subtotal includes species categorised E, V, R or I; these are known to be ttireatened species. Category K comprises ttiose suspected to be ttireatened. This table does not include beetles of the genera Itodacnus and Oodemas in List 3 from the Hawaiian Islands for which we do have an estimate of species number. We have used the figure of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria given in the 1990 Red List, although recent estimates suggest >300 species are present of which some 200 may tie critically threatened. Classes are in the same taxonomic sequence as List 1 ; Order within Classes are in alphat)etical sequence. xxxiv Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group j/»rf^^. MAMMAIS BIROS BEPTIUES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERT^;. AFRICA Algeria Angola Ascension Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo cote d'lvoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gatxjn Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya' Lesotho' Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mayofte Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Reunion Saint Helena Sao Tom6 and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa' Sudan Swaziland Tanzania' Togo Tunisia Uganda' Western Sahara Zaire Zambia Zimtiabwe 14 9 5 21 13 5 3 1 1 8 1 2 1 8 6 9 1 1 8 6 1 34 15 3 1 3 1 3 3 13 2 1 1 16 3 1 3 6 2 4 17 2 2 3 23 9 4 1 1 6 3 2 11 11 4 10 16 2 3 1 3 3 32 16 Z 2 22 5 3 2 6 1 17 9 4 1 IB 4 3 1 1 6 1 3 1 23 16 4 2+ 4 2 5 1 2 1 + 19 9 3 1 2 11 4 2 46 27 13 19 7 7 2 14 5 1 15 3 3 3 8 6 20 2 2 12 14 1 6 10 12 6 1 4 13 8 4 1 16 1 1 28 9 3 1 20 6 2 2 2 22 6 5 2 7 2 4 16 5 6 1 7 4 4 6 16 7 3 3 20 7 2 1 31 13 37 16 178+ 23 9 2 2 4 4 2 1 25 23 5 2+ 11 12 1 3 1 7 9 1 3 22 13 2+ 2 5 3 2 45 28 3 5 8 8 1 1 10 5 2 XXXV Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued) rjmmiBMNS'1 AMTARCTICA Falkland Islands French Southern and Antarctic Territories ASIA Afghanistan Armenia Azertjaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan British Indian Ocean Ten'itory Brunei Camt)odia China Cyprus Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea DPR. Korea Republic Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Viet Nam Yemen 12 15 1 1 2 2 8 2 16 3 12 1 15 3 2 24 24 18 24 12 1 4 2 2 17 13 4 1 28 18 9 59 88 12 1 17 2 5 3 4 10 6 1 18 2 10 1 53 69 23 3 22 77 123 19 69 15 19 7 9 8 14 6 11 10 4 5 20 30 10 11 70 9 3 4 12 17 19 10 20 9 20 5 3 2 6 7 3 33 23 5 5 4 1 3 32 36 15 21 1 2 2 10 15 6 29 40 18 9 28 24 9 2 10 5 4 2 17 25 8 1 38 22 8 26 31 43 8 2 31 3 2 2 23 42 3 40 10 8 2 8 7 5 1 7 9 8 9 6 4 8 1 6 9 13 2 8 7 12 1 3 33 38 21 4 9 5 20 12 5 19 12 15 1 5 5 9 1 33 4 3 2 9 14 1 3 35 40 12 1 7 7 8 2 1 Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued) former USSR EUROPE NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA iFISHeS II Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic former Czechoslovakia Denmari< Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom former Yugoslavia 3 10 3 8 1 2 3 8 67 5 4 22 3 2 33 5 12 2 27 3 37 6 1 2 4 21 5 2 19 4 3 27 6 8 2 2 97 3 5 63 3 2 5 13 5 1 19 2 11 42 2 1 1 1 1 7 4 10 4 9 47 4 6 22 1 2 7 4 4 24 2 2 10 2 1 1 6 1 8 20 3 3 24 6 3 21 5 6 41 7 11 2 1 85 4 13 1 34 3 39 3 2 8 17 6 3 86 4 4 35 2 4 1 50 2 4 21 4 13 2 1 37 Anguilla Antigua and Bart>uda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador 5 1 5 1 1 2 1 3 3 6 1 1 2 7 2 5 1 2 1 2 5 1 10 4 13 1 2 12 7 7 1 10 11 14 8 5 2 4 4 9 11 1 8 4 xxxvii 6 1 Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued) mPtmifiMS wmuBS mmm Greenland 5 1 Grenada 1 4 Guadeloupe 1 7 Guatemala 8 5 9 5 Haiti 4 9 7 2 6 Honduras 6 3 7 2 Jamaica 3 4 10 4 8 Martinique 2 5 Mexico 30 28 20 3 42 Montsen-at 5 Netherlands Antilles 1 1 6 Nicaragua 8 2 7 Panama 15 6 7 2 Puerto Rico 1 6 9 3 2 Saint Kitts-Nevis 5 Saint Lucia 3 6 Saint Vincent 1 4 Trinidad and Tobago 2 2 5 1 Turks and Caicos Islarxls 3 4 USA 29 14 26 18 174 701 USA: Hawaiian Islands' 28 2 653 Virgin Islands of the United States 2 4 OCEANIA American Samoa 2 1 2 8 Australia 49 36 43 37 403 Christmas Island 3 2 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1 1 Cook Islands 5 2 1 Federated States of Micronesia 5 3 2 60 Fiji 4 5 6 1 6 French Polynesia 19 2 14 Guam 3 4 2 57 Kiribati 1 2 4 Line Islands 1 Marshall Islands 1 2 6 Nauru 1 New Caledonia 4 5 4 10 New Zealand 5 24 18 3 46 Niue 1 Northern Marianas 2 3 2 17 Palau 3 2 3 62 Papau New Guinea Pitcairn Islands 2 3 Solomon Islands 6 15 6 12 Tokelau 2 2 Tonga 2 3 5 Tuvalu 2 6 USA Pacific Islands 1 •| Vanuatu 4 2 3 6 Western Samoa 2 2 2 4 SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile 33 37 8 5 2 27 22 5 1 2 54 100 16 8 17 19 15 xxxviii 22 21 Table 2. Threatened s|wcies: country totals tiy taxonomic group (continued) iMm, ^S^HiiiiMf REPTILES jimmfyw& ptSHe& ^ msem Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela 30 58 15 27 48 12 30 9 2 6 3 11 2 7 1 12 26 5 38 65 9 1 4 9 2 5 1 9 11 1 1 18 20 12 1 ' The figure for fishes does not include 252 cichlids in Lake Victoria for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual species. These species are included in Table 4 The total of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria is given in the 1990 Red List, but recent estimates suggest >300 haplochromine species are present of which some 200 may be critically threatened ^ The figure for invertebrates does not include 62 earthworms of the genera Microscolex and Udeina in List 3 which occur in Lesotho and South Africa but for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual species. ^ The invertebrate total does not include species of the insect genera Itodacnus and Oodemus for which we have been unable to determine the number of recognised species. Widespread marine cetaceans lacking full country-specific range data are excluded. All the tables cover taxa of species rank only; subspecies are excluded. The tables cover species that have been assigned to one of the standard lUCN-SSC status categories; the Commercially Threatened taxa (CT) set out in List 5 are excluded. Tables 2, 3 and 6 for simplicity use the same iriajor geopolitical units as in the distribution entries in the species lists. This results in loss of geographical resolution of some biological interest; in particular it should be noted that island territories of mainland countries are in most cases included with their parent countries. For example, the Canary Islands, which feature prominently in the mollusc lists, are included with Spain in the tables. However, the distribution entries in the species lists will indicate "Spain: Canary Islands", so the relevant information can be retrieved. Tristan da Cunha is included with St Helena The Hawaiian Islands have a separate entry All unconfirmed occurrences (indicated in the lists by "?" after the country name) are counted in the tables. Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category AFRICA i stierorAL' TOTAt Algeria 9 Angola 5 Ascension 1 Benin 3 Botswana 2 Burkina Faso 2 Burundi 1 Cameroon 9 Cape Verde 3 Central African Republic 2 Ctiad 6 Comoros 4 Congo 3 C6te d'lvoire 8 Djibouti 3 Egypt 4 Equatorial Guinea 4 Eritrea Ettiiopia 1 1 Gabon 5 Gambia Gliana 5 Guinea 5 Guinea-Bissau 2 Kenya' 9 Lesotho^ 1 Liberia 6 Libya 3 Madagascar 21 Malawi 3 Mali 4 Mauritania 6 Mauritius 18 Mayotte 2 Morocco 6 Mozambique 7 Namibia 5 Niger 4 Nigeria 9 Rwanda 2 Reunion 9 Saint Helena 3 Sao Tom6 and Principe 2 Senegal 5 Seychelles 8 Sierra Leone 5 Somalia 5 South Africa^ 20 Sudan 7 Swaziland 2 Tanzania' 8 Togo 4 Tunisia 5 Uganda' 1 Western Sahara 4 Zaire 5 Zambia 2 Zimbabwe 2 8 12 6 4 5 6 27 1 7 8 3 11 16 3 12 12 3 10 10 4 13 14 6 13 1 + 15 7 20 4 9 7 6 13 6 8 5 16 10 11 1 2 12 14 8 121+ 10 2 18 7 6 13 3 17 6 4 5 9 1 2 6 1 3 19 1 3 1 6 4 4 2 5 3 11 3 7 2 1 9 8 2 3 34 5 2 2 7 1 5 13 12 2 9 8 2 6 3 1 11 3 3 123 6 6 21 2 4 10 2 23 5 8 3 7 1 2 4 1 1 2 10 2 4 1 1 4+ 1 3 1 18 1 1 1 5 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 7 1 2 2 34 3 1 2+ 1 3+ 5 2 1 25 33 2 11 13 8 12 59 5 12 16 14 18 30 8 31 21 3 36 19 4 25 21 10 35«^ 11 + 26 14 93 13 16 16 36 3 26 29 26 12 34 21 25 11 14 18 20 24 18 298+ 26 11 49+ 13 16 27+ 9 50 15 15 4 29 9 42 2 1 12 1 14 3 11 3 15 17 76 2 7 5 17 4 20 2 16 6 24 8 38 3 11 6 37 4 25 3 16 52 13 32 3 3 6 31 6 27 1 11 12 47+ 1 12+ 8 34 3 17 34 127 3 16 4 20 5 21 1 37 1 4 8 34 6 35 5 31 6 18 7 41 7 28 1 26 11 1 15 9 27 2 22 5 29 13 31 13 311 + 10 36 11 15 64+ 4 17 4 20 10 37+ 1 10 32 82 3 18 3 18 xl Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category (continued) ANTARCTICA Falkland Islands French South'n Antarctic Tenr.l ASIA Afghanistan 4 13 7 24 7 31 Armenia 6 8 6 2 22 6 28 AzertBijan 6 9 9 2 26 5 31 Bahrain 2 2 4 2 6 Bangladesh 11 22 9 13 55 11 66 Bhutan 10 11 8 4 33 8 41 British Indian Ocean Ten-. 2 1 3 1 4 Brunei 5 10 7 4 26 11 37 Cambodia 15 19 8 6 48 13 61 China 34 49 46 33 162 32 194 Cyprus 2 5 3 10 10 Georgia 8 8 12 3 31 8 39 Hong Kong 1 5 4 1 11 2 13 India 26 49 45 28 148 24 172 Indonesia 38 80 120 78 316 38 354 Iran 7 18 11 3 39 13 52 Iraq 2 9 12 1 24 6 30 Israel 5 12 6 2 25 5 30 Japan 42 42 47 11 142 9 151 Jordan 3 8 3 1 15 1 16 Kazakhstan 10 18 10 3 41 8 49 Korea DPR. 5 13 4 4 26 4 30 Korea Republic 3 13 6 3 25 4 29 Kuwait 2 3 2 7 3 10 Kyrgyzstan 2 6 6 14 2 16 Laos 14 16 14 10 54 11 65 Lebanon 2 6 4 1 13 13 Malaysia 14 23 20 27 84 26 110 Maldives 2 1 1 4 1 5 Mongolia 5 15 7 27 4 31 Myanmar 17 27 20 15 79 18 97 Nepal 16 20 6 12 54 9 63 Oman 3 7 6 1 17 6 23 Pakistan 9 21 8 4 42 9 51 Papua New Guinea 14 40 60 17 131 11 142 Philippines 15 39 41 26 121 16 137 Qatar 2 1 1 4 3 7 Russia 23 38 19 12 92 20 112 Saudi Arabia 2 7 5 6 20 8 28 Singapore 2 5 1 4 12 9 31 Sri Lanka 10 25 7 2 44 7 51 Syria 4 9 5 1 19 19 Taiwan 6 14 3 4 27 6 33 Tajikistan 3 10 7 20 3 23 Thailand 20 24 24 18 86 32 118 Turkey 14 17 19 18 68 11 79 Tur1300 species are present. ^ The figures for Vulnerable category species in Lesotho and South Africa do not include 62 earthworms of the genera Microscolex and Udeina in List 3 for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual species ' The inverlelxate total does not include species of the insect genera Itodacnus and Oodemus for which we have been unable to determine the number of recognised species. Widespread marine cetaceans lacking full country-specific range data are excluded.All the tables cover taxa of species rank only; subspecies are excluded. The tables cover species that have been assigned to one of the standard lUCN-SSC status categories; the Commercially Threatened laxa (CT) set out in List 5 are excluded. Tables 2, 3 and 6 for simplicity use the same major geopolitical units as in the distribution entries in the species lists. This results in loss of geographical resolution of some biological interest; in particular it should be noted that island territories of mainland countries are in most cases included with their parent countries. For example, the Canary Islands, which feature prominently in the mollusc lists, are included with Spain in the tables However, the distribution entries in the species lists will indicate "Spain: Canary Islands", so the relevant information can be retrieved. Tristan da Cunha is included with St Helena. The Hawaiian Islands have a separate entry. Unconfirmed occun-ence of a species (indicated in the lists by "?" after the relevant country) are counted in the tables. Birdlife International have assigned mixed categories to many birds. There are 21 E/Ex and 78 V/R species included in the tables; in Tables 2 and 3 E/Ex categories are counted as E and V/R as V. xliv Table 4. Threatened species: summary by group and status category MAMMALS 177 BIRDS' 188 REPTILES 47 AMPHIBIANS 32 FISHES' 158 INVERTEBRATES' 582 TOTAL 1184 199 241 88 32 226 702 1488 89 257 79 55 246 422 1148 68 176 43 14 304 941 1546 533 862 257 133 934 2647 5366 '"/^^^^^^ (ssif^i^^^wmx: 208 741 108 970 59 316 36 169 45 979 107 2754 563 5929 ' Subtotal Includes species categorised E, V, R or I; these are known to iDe tlireatened species. Category K comprises ttiose suspected to be threatened. ^ BirdLife International have given mixed categories to many birds. In Tables 2 and 3 the 21 E/Ex species are treated as E, and 78 V/R as V. ^ Includes 252 species ol Lake Victoria cichlids in List 3 with category I. The figure o( 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria was given in the 1990 Red List, but recent estimates suggest >300 species are present. * Includes 160 category E insects, 143 category V earthworms and 78 category I insects in List 3. Table 5. Threatened species: totals by group in 1990 and 1994 1990 1994 MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTEBRATES 535 1026 169 57 713 1977 741 970 316 169 979 2754 TOTAL 4477 5929 The figures for 1990 (1990 Red List) and 1994 (this book) are not exactly comparable; 1990 figures exclude Ex species but include Ex? and include 182 Commercially Threatened (CT) invertebrates, 1994 figures exclude all these xlv Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group MAMMALS BIRDS rept8.es amphibiams pish^ tNveins' AFRICA Algeria Cape Verde Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mayone Reunion Saint Helena Seychelles Soutti Africa Tanzania Togo ANTARCTICA Falkland Islands ASIA China India Indonesia Israel Japan Myanmar Nepal Papua New Guinea Philippines Russia Thailand Viet Nam EUROPE Austria Denmarl^ France Germany Iceland Italy Portugal Spain United Kingdom Yugoslavia NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Bahamas Barbados Canada Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Greenland Guadeloupe Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica 1 1 1 2 1 21 8 16 5 1 10 2 3 23 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 24 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 13 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 5 1 7 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 xlvi Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group (continued) MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FBHK INVERTS Martinique 1 2 Mexico 3 2 1 11 Puerto Rico 1 Saint Lucia 1 Saint Vincent 1 USA 2 5 1 1 17 61 USA: Hawaiian Islands 13 101 Virgin Islands of the United Slates 1 OCEANIA American Samoa 1 Australia 19 7 1 4 Christmas Island 2 Cook Islands 14 Federated States of Micronesia 3 French Polynesia 5 76 Guam 1 2 New Caledonia 3 4 New Zealand 1 13 1 1 3 Norfolk Island 1 Palau 1 Solomon Islands 1 2 Tonga 1 Western Samoa 1 SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Unknown The figures include species listed as Ex and Ex? They also include species that are known or believed to have become extinct since 1600AD or thereat)Outs (WCMC, 1992) and which have never appeared in previous Red Lists nor been given a status category. xlvii GUEST ESSAY The status of proposals to redefine the lUCN threatened species categories Georgina M. Mace Introduction The threatened species categories now used in Red Data Books and Red Lists have been in place, with some modification, for ahnost 30 years (see Scott, Burton & Fitter 1987). Since their inception they have become recognised internationally, and they are now used in a whole range of publications and listings, not only those produced by lUCN. Their value is that they provide an easily comprehended method for highlighting those species at risk of extinction, in order to focus attention on conservation measures designed to protect them. Nowadays, with the increasing recognition that the resources available for conservation are finite and limited, the categories have become appUed more frequently to setting priorities for conservation action. It is this change in emphasis that has provoked recent moves to redefine the categories. The application of threatened species categories To play an effective role in conservation planning the categories need to have a number of characteristics. They need to be equally applicable across broad taxonomic groups whose basic biology and Ufe histories differ in fundamental ways. They also need to be applicable to taxonomic levels below that of species, and to regional or national subsets. Because the amount of information about species varies widely from almost nothing (in the vast majority of cases) to full life history and distribution data (in a very few) the system used for placing taxa into categories also needs to make best use of data that are available, but should not preclude listing when information is sparse. Finally, and most importantly, the system should be based around an evaluation of how likely the taxon in question is to go extinct. In this context, the current system has some drawbacks. The definitions are merely stated in terms of ".. in danger of extinction..". Without any reference to a time frame, or to the likelihood of extinction within this time frame, the definition can be interpreted in different ways by different authorities. This can result in the same species being classified quite differently, or in different taxa or different regional floras and faunas being judged by quite different standards. If conservation action is to be based upon them, threatened species categories will require an approach that is better validated. A more objective system that can be challenged and judged against an accepted set of rules is needed. A second drawback of the current system is that a number of different kinds of variables are embedded in the definitions, which complicates their application to setting priorities. Thus while Endangered and Vulnerable measure the likelihood of extinction. Rare is defined in terms of the kind of distribution a species has. Species can be rare in a number of different ways: some have always had very restricted distributions (eg. some endemic island forms), others have been reduced from a formeriy wide range; some are always found in small but scattered populations, others are widely distributed but limited to very specific habitat types (see Rabinowitz et al. 1986). The relationship between these different forms of rarity and extinction risk is not simple or well understood. Insufficiently Known is a category that simply describes the quality and quantity of information about a particular species and thus has no direct relationship to the severity of threat. Other categories that appear in some publications also measure different characteristics. For example. Commercially Threatened is a statement primarily about the cause of the extinction risk. Many other threatened species classification schemes exist, focusing on particular regional or taxonomic groups, but most use definitions that are broadly similar in nature to the lUCN ones (Munton 1987). The publication of Red Data Books and Lists has other implications. Diamond (1987), among others, has xlviii discussed how this immediately puts a limit on the number of taxa that are recognised as being under threat of extinction because only described species can be listed, and once a list exists conservationists and survey expeditions focus especially on those species. Little attention is paid to taxa that are not listed, either because they have not been described or are not listed as threatened, and their plight worsens. In addition, once a taxonomic or regional list is produced, there is an implicit message that all described taxa in that group or region have been evaluated. This is often far from the case. Even among the vertebrates only a prof)ortion of all the described species have been evaluated by lUCN. The birds have been fully reviewed; but only a proportion of other taxa have (see Introduction above and WCMC, 1992). Despite these difficulties, threatened species categories are widely used and recognised, especially at an international level. If the existing level of credibility given to them is to continue, they need to be more soimdly based and more consistently applied. New Proposals In 1990. the lUCN/SSC began a process to redefine the categories of threat used in Red Data Books. Russ Lande and I (Mace and Lande, 1991) proposed a new basis for the categories where the definitions were given explicitly and solely in terms of the estimated probability of extinction. The definitions we proposed were for three threat categories which we named Critical, Endangered and Vulnerable, which had decreasing probabilities of extinction over increasing time frames: CRITICAL: 50% probability of extinction within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is the longer. ENDANGERED: 20% probability of extinction within 20 years or 10 generations, whichever is the longer. VULNERABLE: 10% probability of extinction in 100 years We chose to vary both time scale and extinction probability for a variety of reasons. First, a shorter time scale for the most threatened forais would focus attention on the immediacy of the problem and hopefully stimulate appropriately prompt action. But such short time scales would not be appropriate for the less threatened forms which might then seem to have very low extinction probabilities. The longest time scale for the lowest level of threat was set at 100 years which seems to be generally agreed as about die longest period for effective foresight and planning of hiunan activities while a 5 or 10% chance of extinction within this period is about the highest level that conservation biologists have recommended (eg. see Shaffer, 1981). We recognised that these definitions would be inadequate to classify species because there are no simple rules to translate from basic ecological information to extinction risk. We therefore also suggested a set of quantitative criteria which might be used operationally. The criteria that we proposed were based around population size, population structiu'e and sub-structure, and observed or projected rates of decline. Although only a proposal, the Mace-Lande criteria (as they have become known) have been applied to a large number of species over the last couple of years, mainly through the Conservation and Assessment Management Plans (CAMPs) undertaken by the lUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group and various taxon specialist groups of the SSC (Seal et al., 1993). This has provided invaluable material for assessing the proposal. A number of positive and negative aspects have emerged. On the positive side it is clear that with the informed input of specialists in the CAMP workshops, it is possible to classify the majority of species using the quantitative criteria. In the latest summary tables compiled by CBSG, 3130 out of 3559 (88%) of vertebrates species were classified as Safe or in one of the three new threat categories (Seal et al., 1993). With the comprehensive review procedure that is characteristic of CAMPs the proportion of described species that are Usted as threatened increases substantially from previous levels. Of die 3130 vertebrate taxa classified by CAMPs, 1345 (43%) are listed as threatened. This is much higher than the levels previously seen in lUCN Red Lists. There are some factors that may in part explain this increase. First, CAMPs have tended to focus on higher order taxa that contain many species which are of xlix conservation concern; a higher proportion of threatened forms might therefore be expected in this subset. Second, by necessity, many CAMP classifications are made on the basis of very little information, and group dynamics in workshop sessions are likely to lead to the more conservative estimates being accepted. Thus there may be a tendency for over-listing in this context, especially in the lower risk categories. Finally, CAMPs have routinely classified many sub-species which may, through restricted range and number, be more threatened than are species. However, a systematic examination of the data suggests that the increase is not simply an artefact of sub-species listing (Mace, in press). Although widely used for vertebrates it soon became clear that there were difficulties in applying the Mace- Lande criteria to other taxa. Some of the terminology used was especially inappropriate for plants and invenebrates. With this background data available, the process for developing new categories continued in 1992 and 1993. lUCN proposed criteria During the suirmier of 1992 a number of discussion papers were prepared presenting alternative methods for classifying species according to severity of threat. Among these was an investigation of the potential for using distribution and habitat data, and an alternative method based around management. These and some other papers provided the framework for a workshop held in November 1992, at which about 30 people representing a wide diversity of interests met to discuss the different proposals. In general, the technical workshop approved the general kinds of definitions that we had earlier proposed, but felt that additional kinds of information needed to be incorporated in the criteria. In order to formulate criteria for major taxonomic groups, four working groups were set up with responsibility for higher vertebrates, lower vertebrates, plants and invertebrates. Using the background papers as a starting point, they developed criteria appropriate for each major taxonomic grouping. At the end of the technical woikshop there were four sets of criteria, all based around the categories Critical, Endangered, Vulnerable and a new lower risk category called Susceptible. The criteria drafted for plants included both population and distribution-based criteria, those for lower vertebrates and invertebrates were based aroimd the number and status of known and suitable locations and populations, and the higher vertebrate criteria were largely population-based. A drafting group was then formed to assimilate all these criteria into a single coherent proposal. The drafting group included at least one person from each of the taxonomic working groups, and for practical reasons most were based in the UK. The group produced an interim report in March 1993 which was subsequently published in Species (Mace et al., 1992). This proposal was presented as a draft for discussion and evaluation and is reproduced in summary form here for general information (see Figures 6 and 7). Since its distribution a large number of comments have been received and a number of species have been classified. As this Red List goes to press, the precise proposal is still under active development and refmement. We expect that there will be some modifications to the criteria, to the notes for guidance and to the definitions of terms used, all of which form an integral part of the proposal. The formulation presented here should therefore be taken as a general description cnly, and should not be applied without reference to the full document (Mace et al., 1992); the final version of the system will be available in early 1994. One of the more controversial asperts of the working group's report was the decision to merge all the criteria from the different taxonomic working groups into a single consolidated set. This decision is worth explaining in detail. The reason that different criteria are needed for different major taxa is that there are broad life history differences between them. Thus, for example, population size can rarely be measured for a number of invertebrate groups, and even if it could be it may not provide a good predictor of extinction risk, which for many invertebrate species is more likely to be a function of a limited habitat availability. In general therefore, it is appropriate to have different criteria for different groups. However, there is not a complete coirespondence between major taxonomic grouping and life history. For example, some plants and invertebrates have life histories more similar to higher vertebrates and some lower vertebrates have life histories more characteristic of plants. With the taxonomically split criteria it seemed likely that those species that were untypical for their group would be judged by inappropriate criteria. An alternative strategy, to group the criteria by broad kinds of life history patterns, was felt to be unworkable because of the difficulties of making judgements about which set of criteria to judge any particular species by. In fact, on closer inspection, the criteria provided by each of the major taxon working groups could be seen to be generally quite similar. With little substantial change it was found that it was possible to include almost all of these criteria in a single hst, and this seemed to be the most conservative solution to the problem. Using this approach, a species has only to qualify imder any one criterion to be listed, and the fact that other criteria are not met, or even that they are wildly inappropriate, does not matter. For example, the fact that the home range size of a single large carnivorous mammal may exceed the qualifying range area for a threat category does not invalidate the range size criterion. The large carnivorous mammals are much more appropriately judged by their population size and status, so that what matters in terms of validating the criteria is whether any one is met, not whether all are appropriate. Once the draft criteria were published, a period of about 6 months was available for comments to be submitted from all interested parties, and for trial classifications to be made using the criteria. There are still more comments coming in as this book goes to press but several major points have already emerged. The lUCN review One evident concem is over the extent to which the proposed system reUes on the ability of the person undertaking the evaluation to make appropriate estimations, inferences and projections about the status of the taxon in question. The system is quantitative so that all taxa are judged against a common standard, but we recognise that sufficient data of high quality rarely exist. Therefore it will be necessary to use available information to make explicit judgements. For example, known or estimated areas for current distributions along with characteristic population densities for similar species can be used to judge whether or not the taxon is likely to have a population size falling below the numbers specified in the criteria A or B for any category, and future decline rates calculated from estimated rates of habitat loss can be used to see whether the taxon will qualify under D for any category. This kind of reasoning does not come easily to many field biologists, but as the CAMP workshops have shown, it can be done for a majority of species once the context and methodology is understood. It is however an essential component of the system we have proposed, and it is clear that we need to give more guidance on how this should be done. We are also concerned to ensure that explicit reasoning should always accompany classifications. A second issue relates to the many species that are now substantially reduced in numbers from historical levels, but which are now held relatively stable at moderate population sizes by continuing management. Depending on their current status, these species will sometimes not be listed because the category is a statement of current status and extinction risk, not a relative measure of current status compared to some previous level. We are looking at ways of highlighting these species, while recognising that effective management has limited the extent to which they are now threatened. Other systems will be needed to highlight those species that particular management authorities believe should be in greater numbers or distributed over wider areas. A third issue concerns the general applicability of the range size values under criterion C which is now under special study for different taxa as well as for aquatic species. Conclusions Some of the consequences and side-benefits that we expect to result from application of the proposed system are as follows: 1. Because the new categories are based aroimd explicit definitions, the reasons for listing will be evident. Thus classifications will be accompanied by an indication of which criteria and sub- criteria (Figure 7) were operative. This will enable judgements to be understood, and if necessary challenged and refined. 2. With appropriate input, and informed use of estimation, inference and projection, it will be possible to classify the great majority of taxa into one of the new categories. The new set of categories should be more applicable to conservation planning as they are more explicit about what is being measured and what actions are therefore appropriate. Where there is really very little data, taxa can be classified as Insufficiently known. This is now not a threatened category but a separate status assessment indicating those species for which additional information is needed. Another category, again measuring a different status variable, is Not Evaluated. This is allocated to species that have not been evaluated at all against the categories. With effective use of all these categories it should be possible to arrive at useful and reliable data on many species, and summary data for particular taxa and regions should give a better idea of the status of species generally. 3. On the basis of the validations carried out so far, the proponion of threatened species in major taxa is likely to rise, although to what extent is not yet clear. The correspondence between species classified as highly threatened under the proposed and existing systems is high, but there are differences among the Vulnerable taxa. Some taxa previously listed as threatened will no longer qualify and vice versa. 4. A major benefit will be that data on fundamental species biology (population size and structure, geographical range area and decline rates) will become available. These data exist in a variety of forms and locations for many species, but are rarely collated into a useful form. The application of the new categories will result in these data being collected, stored and maintained over time, thus enabling monitoring of the status of many species. This is a fundamental pre-requisite for effective species conservation. The new categories measure the severity of threat being faced by particular taxa. But this is only one aspect of setting priorities. In practice, priority assessment needs to include an assessment of logistical, political and fmancial factors, as well as incorporating other aspects of biodiversity. The taxonomic distinctiveness of the species and the number of other species that will benefit from its protection are both imponant biological components. There is a need to develop rational methods to incorporate all this information in decision-making processes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Nigel Collar and Kevin Gaston made helpful comments on an earlier draft of this essay. Along with the other members of the drafting group (Justin Cooke, Josh Gmsberg, Nigel Leader-Williams, Mike Maunder and E.J. Mihier-Gulland) they have provided a great deal towards the development of the proposals. The process has been guided throughout by Simon Stuart. I am grateful to the Pew Scholars Program in Conservation and the Environment for fmancial support. Georgina M. Mace, PhD Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent's Park, London NWl 4RY, UK. GUEST ESSAY: REFERENCES Diamond, J.M. 1987. Extant unless proven extinct? Or exunct unless proven extant? Conservation Bioloev l(l):77-79. Mace, G.M. 1994. An investigaUon into methods for categorising the conservation status of species. In Large scale ecology and conservation biology (in press). Mace G.M.. Collar, N., Cooke, J., Gaston, K, Ginsberg. G., Leader-Williams, N., Maunder M Mihier-Gulland. E.J. 1992. The development of new criteria for listing species on the lUCN Red List' Species, 19(Dec.):16-22. lii Mace, G.M., & Lande, R. 1991. Assessing extinction threats: toward a re-evaluation of lUCN threatened species categories. Conservation Biology, 5(2):148-157. Munton, P. 1987. Concepts of threat to the survival of species used in Red Data Books and similar compilations. In R. Fitter. & M. Fitter (Ed.), The Road to Extinction (pp. 71-111). lUCN, Gland. Rabinowitz, D., Cairns, S., & Dillon, T. 1986. Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British Isles. In M.E. Soule (Ed.), Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity (pp. 182-204). Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Sunderland, Mass. Scott, P., Burton, J.A., & Fitter, R. 1987. Red Data Books: the historical background. In R. Fitter, & M. Fitter (Eds.), The Road to Extinction (pp. 1-6). lUCN, Gland. Seal, U.S., Ellis, S.A., Foose, T.J., & Byers, A.P. 1993. Conservation assessment and management plans (CAMPs) and global captive action plans (GCAPs). 4(2):5-10. Shaffer, M.L. 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience. 31:131-134. World Conservation Monitoring Cenu-e. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. Chapman & Hall, London. liii Figure 6. NEW DRAFT DEFINITIONS FOR THREATENED SPECIES CATEGORIES EXTINCT A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive siuveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times, throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form. EXTINCT IN THE WILD A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity, or as a natiu"alised population (or populations) outside the historical range. CRITICAL A taxon is Critical when it is facing an extremely high probability of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. A taxon is defined as Critical by any of the quantitative criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7). ENDANGERED A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical but is facing a very high probability of extinction in the wild in the near future. A taxon is defined as Endangered by any of the quantitaUve criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7). VULNERABLE A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing a high probability of extinction in the wild in the medium-term futiu-e. A taxon is defined as Vulnerable by any of the quantitative criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7). SUSCEPTIBLE A taxon is Susceptible when it does not qualify for any of the categories above, but is of concern because its range area is restricted (typically less than 100 km', and/or it is found at few locations, which render it prone to the effects of human activities. SAFE/LOW RISK A taxon is Safe/Low Risk when it has been evaluated and found not to qualify for any of the threatened categories above. Uv aa z •p in VI c o c c § I is ■§ •e. o o ■ri ts VI "n in >, CN , in VI VI vl § VI 8§ 00 T3 c o C3 (D 00 (-1 o CO g in u > o CO a. in c o § « a O "n o § — c S 00 >n «^ IT) lu i« S3 CO ■a (a x> o g o C u a '2" B < ^ -S .s -B _ S u o-S's g ^ z 5 ■§ ft X U U ■s I o I £4. '^ - 3 List 1 THREATENED SPECIES Mammals Class MAMMALIA Order MONOTREMATA Family TACHYGLOSSIDAE E Zaglossus bruijni Long-beaked Echidna Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Order DASYUROMORPfflA Family MYRMECOBIIDAE E Myrmecobius fasciatus Numbat Australia Family DASYURIDAE E Dasycercus byrnei Kowari Australia V Dasycercus cristicauda Mulgaia Australia E Dasyurus geoffroU Chuditch Australia E Parantechinus apicalis (Antechinus apicalis) Dibbler Australia E Phascogale calura Red-tailed Phascogale Australia R Sminthopsis aitkeni Kangaroo Island £>unnart Australia R Sminthopsis butleri Carpentarian Dunnart Australia E Sminthopsis douglasi Julia Creek Dunnart Australia V Sminthopsis psammophila Sandhill Dunnart Australia Order PERAMELEMORPfflA Family FERAMF.I.TDAE E Isoodon auratus Golden Bandicoot Australia V Macrotis lagotis BUby Australia E Perameles bougainville Western Barred Bandicoot Australia: Bemier Island, Done Island V Perameles gunnii Eastern Barred Bandicoot Australia Family PERORYCTIDAE R Echymipera clara Clara Bandicoot Indonesia: Irian Jaya K Echymipera echinista Fly River Bandicoot Papua New Guinea E Peroryctes broadbenti Giant Bandicoot Papua New Guinea I Rhynchomeles prattorum Ceram Bandicoot Indonesia: Ceram Order DIPROTODONTIA Family VOMBATIDAE E Lasiorhinus krefftii Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat Australia Family PHALANGERIDAE V Phalanger lullulae Woodlark Island Cuscus Papua New Guinea: Woodlark Island V Phalanger matanim Telefomin Cuscus Papua New Guinea V Phalanger rothschildi Obi Cuscus Indonesia: Pulau Obi Besar R Phalanger vestitus Stein's Cuscus Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Spilocuscus kraemeri (may be a subspecies of S. maculatus) Manus Island Spotted Cuscus Papua New Guinea: Manus Island R Spilocuscus papuensis Waigeo Spotted Cuscus Indonesia: Irian Jaya (Waigeo Island) THREATENED SPECIES V Spilocuscus rufoniger (Plialanger rufoniger) Black-spotted Cusciis Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Family POTOROIDAE E Bettongia lesueur Boodie Australia: Bemier Island. Dome Island, Barrow Island E Bettongia penicillata WoyUe Australia E Bettongia tropica (may be included in B, penicillata) Northern Bettong Australia E Potorous longipes Long-footed Potoroo Australia Family MACROPODIDAE V Dendrolagus dorianus Doria's Tree-kangaroo Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea E Dendrolagus goodfellowi GoodfeUow's Tree-kangaroo Papua New Guinea V Dendrolagus inustus Grizzled Tree-kangaroo Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea V Dendrolagus matschiei Matschie's Tree-kangaroo Papua New Guinea E Dendrolagus scottae Scott's Tree-kangaroo Papua New Guinea V Dendrolagus spadix Lowland Tree-kangaroo Papua New Guinea V Dendrolagus ursinus White-throated Tree-kangaroo Indonesia: Irian Jaya V Dorcopsis atrata Black Dorcopsis Wallaby Papua New Guinea: Goodenough Island V Dorcopsulus macleayi {Dorcopsis macleayi) Macleay's Dorcopsis Papua New Guinea E Lagorchesles hirsutus Mala Australia E Lagostrophus fasciatus Banded Hare-wallaby Australia: Bemier Island, Done Island, Dirk Hartog Island R Macropus parma Parma Wallaby Australia [New Zealand: Kawau Island) E Onychogalea fraenata Bridled Nailtail Wallaby Australia V Petrogale lateralis Black-footed Rock-wallaby Australia V Petrogale penicillata Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Australia E Petrogale persepkone Prosperine Rock-wallaby Australia V Thylogale bruinii Southern Bush Wallaby Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Aru Islands: Papua New Guinea E Thylogale calabyi Alpine Wallaby Papua New Guinea Family BURRAMYIDAE E Burramys parvus Mountain Pygmy-possum Australia Family PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE K Pseudocheirus caroli Weyland Ringtail Indonesia: Irian Jaya V Pseudocheirus occidentalis (P. peregrtnus occidentalis) Western Ringtail Australia K Pseudocheirus schlegeli Arfak Ringtail Indonesia: Irian Jaya Mammals Family PETAURIDAE V Dactylopsila megalura Great-tailed Troik Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea E Dactylopsila tatei Fergusson Island Striped Possum Papua New Guinea: Fergusson Island E Gymnobelideus leadheateri Leadbeater's Possum Australia V Petaurus abidi Northern Glider Papua New Guinea E Petaurus gracilis Mahogany Glider Australia Order XENARTHRA Family BRADYPODIDAE E Bradypus torquatus Maned Sloth Brazil Family DASYPODIDAE K Chlamyphorus retusus (Biirmeisteria retusa) Greater Pichi Ciego Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay K Chlamyphorus truncatus Lesser Pichi Ciego Argentina V Priodontes maximus {P. giganteus) Giant Armadillo Argentina; Bolivia; BrazU; Colombia; French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela E Tolypeutes tricinctus Brazilian Three-banded AnnadUlo Brazil Family MYRMECOPHAGIDAE V Myrmecophaga tridactyla (M. jubala) Giant Anteater Argentina; Belize (ex?); Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador?; French Guiana; Guyana; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname: Uruguay; Venezuela Order INSECTIVORA Family SOLENODONTIDAE E Solenodon cubanus Cuban Solenodon Cuba E Solenodon paradoxus Haitian Solenodon Dominican Republic; Haiti Family TENRECIDAE K Geogale aurita Large-eared Tenrec Madagascar I Limnogale mergulus Aquatic Tenrec Madagascar K Microgale brevicaudata (includes M. occidentalis) Short-tailed Shrew-teimec Madagascar K Microgale gracilis GracUe Shrew-tenrec Madagascar K Microgale longicaudata (includes M. majori) Lesser Long-tailed Shrew-tenrec Madagascar K Microgale parvula Pygmy Shrew-tenrec Madagascar K Microgale pulla (may be synonymous with M. parvula) Dusky Shrew-tenrec Madagascar K Microgale thomasi Thomas's Shrew-tenrec Madagascar E Micropotamogale lamottei Nimba Otter-shrew Cote dTvoire; Guinea; Liberia I Micropotamogale ruwenzorii Ruwenzori Otter-shrew Uganda; 2^aire Family CHRYSOCHLORIDAE I Amblysomus gunningi Gunning's Golden Mole South Africa THREATENED SPECIES I Amblysomus iris Zulu Golden Mole South Africa I Amblysomus juliaiute Juliana's Golden Mole South Africa R Calcochloris obtusirostris (Chlorotatpa obtusirostris) Yellow Golden Mole Mozambique; South Africa; Zimbabwe R Chlorotalpa duthieae Duthie's Golden Mole South Africa I Chlorotalpa sclateri Sclater's Golden Mole South Africa I Chlorotalpa tytonis Somali Golden Mole Somalia I Chrysochloris visagiei Visagie's Golden Mole South Africa R Chrysospalax trevelyani Giant Golden Mole South Africa V Chrysospalax villosus Rough-haired Golden Mole South Africa I Cryptochloris wintoni De Winton's Golden Mole South Africa I Cryptochloris zyli Van Zyl's Golden Mole South Africa R Eremitalpa granti Grant's Golden Mole Namibia; South Africa Family ERINACEIDAE R A teleric frontalis (Erinaceus frontalis) South African Hedgehog Angola; Botswana; Lesotho; Namibia; South Africa; Zimbabwe V Podogymnura truei Mindanao Gymnure Philippines; Mindanao Family SORICIDAE K Congosorex polli (Myosorex polli) Zaire K Crocidura ansellorum Zambia K Crocidura baileyi Ethiopia K Crocidura congobelgica Zaire K Crocidura crenata Crabon K Crocidura eisentrauti Cameroon K Crocidura glassi Ethiopia K Crocidura grassei Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon K Crocidura kivuana Tsiiie. K Crocidura lanosa Rwanda; Zaire K Crocidura latona Zaire K Crocidura longipes Nigeria K Crocidura lucina Ethiopia K Crocidura ludia (C. doUchura ludia) Zaire K Crocidura manengubae Cameroon K Crocidura maquassiensis Makwassie Musk Shrew South Africa; Zimbabwe K Crocidura monax Kenya; Tanzania: Zaire K Crocidura nimbae Cote d'lvoire; Guinea; Liberia R Crocidura orii Orii's Shrew Japan: Sado K Crocidura phaeura Ethiopia Mammals K Crocidura polia (C. dolichura polia) Zaire K Crocidura raineyi (C. litna raineyi) Kenya K Crocidura selina (C. lima selina) Uganda K Crocidura stenocephala (C. littoralis stenocephala) K Crocidura tansaniana Tanzania K Crocidura telfordi Tanzania K Crocidura thalia Etluopia K Crocidura thomensis (C. poensis thomensis) Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom6 K Crocidura usambarae Tanzania K Crocidura wimmeri Cameroon; Cote d'lvoire; Gabon; Liberia R Crocidura dmmermanni Greece: Crete R Sorex sadonis Sado Shrew Japan: Sado K Myosorex eisentrauti Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea K Myosorex geala Tanzania K Myosorex longicaudatus Long-tailed Forest Shrew South Africa K Myosorex schalleri Zaire K Paracrocidura graueri Zaire K Paracrocidura maxima Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire I Ruwenzorisorex suncoides {Sylvisorex suncoides) Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire K Suncus remyi Gabon Dwarf Shrew Gabon K Sylvisorex howelli Tanzania K Sylvisorex ollula Cameroon; Gabon; Nigeria; Zaire K Sylvisorex vulcanorum Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire FamUy TALPIDAE V Desmana moschata Russian Desman Belarus; Estonia; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Russia; Turkmenistan; Ukraine V Galemys pyrenaicus Pyrenean Desman Andorra?; France; Portugal; Spain R Mogera tokudae Sado Mole Japan: Sado Order CfflROPTERA Family PTEROPODIDAE E Acerodon jubatus Golden-capped Fruit Bat Philippines I Aethalops alecto Pygmy Fruit Bat Brunei; Malaysia; Indonesia R Alionycteris paucidentata Philippines: Mindanao E Aproteles bulmerae Bulmer's Fruit Bat Papia New Guinea R Dobsonia minor Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Sulawesi; Papua New Guinea I Dobsonia peronii Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat Indonesia R Dyacopterus spadiceus Dyak Fruit Bat Brunei; Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia; Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao R Epomophorus angolensis Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat Angola; Namibia THREATENED SPECIES R EpomophoTus grandis (Micropleropiis grandis) Lesser Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat Angola; Congo V Epomops buettikoferi Buettikofer's Epauletted Fruit Bat Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone V Haplonycteris fischeri Fischer's Pygmy Fruit Bat Philippines R Latidens salimalii India R Megaerops kusnotoi Javan Tail-less Fruit Bat Indonesia: Java R Micropteropus intermedius Hayman's Epauletted Fruit Bat Angola; Zaire V Myonycteris hrachycephala Sao Tomd Collared Fruit Bat Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom6 V Myonycteris relicta East African Collared Fruit Bat Kenya; Tanzania R Neopteryx frosti Small-toodied Fruit Bat Indonesia: Sulawesi I Notopteris macdotutldii Long-tailed Fruit Bat Fiji; New Caledonia; Vanuatu R Nyctimene aello Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea I Nyctimene cyclotis Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Nyctimene draconilla Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea E Nyctimene rabori Philippines Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Philippines: Negros I Otopleropus cartilagonodus Philippines: Luzon R Paranyctimene raptor Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Bougainville; Solomon Plerotes anchietae d'Anchieta's Fruit Bat Angola; Zaire; Zambia Pteralopex acrodonta Hji Pteralopex anceps Papua New Guinea: Islands Pteralopex atrata Cusp-toothed Fruit Bat Solomon Islands Pteralopex pulchra Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal Pteropus anetianus White Flying-fox Vanuatu Pteropus dasymallus Ryukyu Flying-fox Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan Pteropus insularis Chunk Flying-fox Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Pteropus leucopterus Philippines Pteropus livingstonei Comoro Black Hying-fox Comoros: Mwali (Moh^Ii) and Nzwani (Anjouan) Pteropus mahaganus Lesser Flying-fox Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands: Santa Isabel Pteropus mariannus Marianas Flying-fox Federated States of Micronesia; Guam; Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau Pteropus molossinus Pohnpei Flying-fox Federated States Pohnpei of Micronesia: Chunk, Pteropus niger Greater Mascarene Flying-fox Mauritius Pteropus ornatus New Caledonia Mammals Pteropus phaeocephalus (probably a subspecies of P. insularis) Mortlock Islands Flying-fox Federated States of Micronesia: Qiuuk Pteropus pselaphon Japan: Kazan-retto (Volcano Islands), Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin Islands) Pteropus pumilus Little Golden-mantled Flying-fox Indonesia: Miangas; Philippines Pteropus rodricensis Rodrigues Hying-fox Mauritius: Rodrigues Pteropus samoensis Samoa Flying-fox American Samoa; Fiji; Western Samoa Masalembu Besar, R Pteropus speciosus Indonesia: Laut Kecil, Philippines R Pteropus vetulus New Caledonia E Pteropus voeltTkowi Pemba Flying-fox Tanzania: Pemba R Syconycteris hobbit Moss-forest Blossom Bat Papua New Guinea Family CRASEONYCTERIDAE R Craseonycteris thonglongyai Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat Thailand Family EMBALLONURIDAE E Coleura seychellensis Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat Seychelles K Emballonura furax Greater Sheath-tailed Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea K Emballonura raffrayana Raffray's Sheath-tailed Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Kai Islands. Seram. Sulawesi; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands V Emballonura semicaudata American Samoa (ex?); Fiji; Guam; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Samoa (ex?); Vanuatu Family MEGADERMATIDAE V Macroderma gigas Ghost Bat Australia Family RHINOLOPHIDAE R Hipposideros papua Geelvinck Bay Leaf-nosed Bat Indonesia: Biak, Irian Jaya, northern Moluccas K Hipposideros ridleyi Ridley's Leaf -nosed Bat Malaysia: Peninsular Singapore Rhinonicteris aurantia Orange Leaf-nosed Bat Australia Malaysia, Sabak Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE K Leptonycteris curasoae (includes L. ycrhabuenae = L sanborni) Aruba; Colombia; Netherlands Antilles: Bonaire, Curacao; El Salvador, Guatemala; Mexico; USA; Venezuela V Leptonycteris nivalis Big Long-nosed Bat Guatemala; Mexico; USA K Phyllonycteris aphylla Jamaican Flower Bat Jamaica K Phyllonycteris poeyi Cuban Flower Bat Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti Family MYZOPODIDAE V Myzopoda aurila Sucker-footed Bat Madagascar Family VESPERTTLIONDDAE K Glischropus javanus Javan Thick-thumbed Bat Indonesia: Java V Myotis capaccinii Long-fingered Bat Algeria; Austria; Bulgaria: France; Greece; Iraq; Iran; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Lebanon; Malta; Morocco; Slovenia; Spain: including Balearic Islands; Turkey; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia THREATENED SPECIES V Myotis dasycneme Pond Bat Austria; Belarus; Belgium; China; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine E Myotis grisescens Grey Bat USA V Myoris myotis Greater Mouse-eared Bat Albania; Austria; Azores; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Cyprus; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Malta; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Switzerland; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom (ex?); Yugoslavia V Myotis sodalis Indiana Bat USA I Plecotus lownsendii Townsend's Big-eared Bat Canada; Mexico; USA Family MYSTACINIDAE V Mystacina tuberculata New Zealand Lesser Shoit-tailed Bat New Zealand Family MOLOSSIDAE K Otomops formosus Javan Mastiff Bat Indonesia; Java V Otomops wroughloni Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat India Order PRIMATES Family CHEIROGALEIDAE E Allocebus trichotis (Chcirogaleiis tricholis) Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemur Madagascar V MicTocebus coquereli (Mirza coquereli) Coquerel's Mouse-lemur Madagascar R Phaner furcifer Fork-marked Lemur Madagascar Family LEMURIDAE E Eulemur coronatus (Eidemur mongoz coronatus; often included in L^mur) Crowned Lemur Madagascar V Eulemur macaco {Lemur macaco) Black Lemur Madagascar E Eulemur mongoz (.Lemur mongoz) Mongoose Lemur Comoros: Mwali (Moh61i) and Nzwani (Anjouan); Madagascar V Eulemur rubriventer {Lemur rubriventer) Red-bellied Lemur Madagascar E Hapalemur aureus Golden Bamboo Lemur Madagascar E Hapalemur simus Broad-nosed Gentle Lemur Madagascar V Lemur catta Ring-tailed Lemur Madagascar E Varecia variegata Ruffed Lemur Madagascar Family MEGALADAPIDAE V Lepilemur dorsalis {L. mustelinus dorsalis) Grey-backed Sportive Lemur Madagascar R Lepilemur edwardsi (L. mustelinus edwardsi) Milne-Edwards' Sportive Lemur Madagascar R Lepilemur leucopus (L. mustelinus leucopus) White-footed Sportive Lemur Madagascar 10 Mammals R Lepilemur microdon (L. mustelinus microdon) Light-necked Sportive Lemur Madagascar R Lepilemur mustelinus Greater Sportive Lemur Madagascar R Lepilemur ruficaudatus (L. mustelinus nficaudalus) Red-tailed Sportive Lemur Madagascar V Lepilemur septentrionalis (L. mustelinus septentrionalis) Nortliem Sportive Lemiu' Madagascar Family INDRIDAE V Avahi laniger (Lichanotus laniger) Woolly Lemur Madagascar E Indri indri Indri Madagascar E Propithecus diadema Diademed Sifaka Madagascar E Propithecus tattersalli Golden-crowned Sifaka Madagascar V Propithecus verreauxi Veireaux's Sifaka Madagascar Family DAUBENTONIIDAE E Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-aye Madagascar Family LORIDAE V Arctocebus calabarensis Golden Potto Angola; Cameroon; Central African Republic?; Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Nigeria; Zaire? V Nycticebus pygmaeus Pygmy Loris Cambodia?; China; Laos; Viet Nam Family GALAGONIDAE V Galago matschiei (G inustus. sometimes referred to Euoticus) Eastern Needle-clawed Galago Rwanda?; Uganda; Zaire K Galagoides thomasi (p. demidoff thomasi, often included in Galago) Thomas's Galago Angola?; Cameroon; Kenya?; Malawi?; Nigeria?; Tanzania?; Uganda; Zaire V Galagoides zanzibaricus (G. senegalensis zanzibaricus, often included in Galago) Zanzibar Galago Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Somalia; Tanzania: including Zanzibar, Zimbabwe Family TARSIIDAE I Tarsius dianae Indonesia: Sulawesi I Tarsius pumilus (T. spectrum pumilus) Lesser Spectral Tarsier Indonesia: Sulawesi K Tarsius spectrum Spectral Tarsier Indonesia: Peleng, Sangir. Savu, Seleyar, Sulawesi Family CALLITRICHIDAE R Callimico goeldii Goeldi's Marmoset Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador?; Peru E Callithrix aurita (C. jacchus aurita) Buffy-tufted-ear Marmoset Brazil V Callithrix chrysoleuca (C. humeralifer chrysoleuca) Golden-white Tassel-ear Marmoset Brazil E Callithrix flaviceps (C. jacchus flaviceps) Buffy-headed Marmoset BrazU V Callithrix geoffroyi (C. jacchus geoffroyi) Geoffroy's Tufted-ear Marmoset Brazil 11 THREATENED SPECIES K Callithrix intermedia (C. argeiuata intermedia. C. humeralifer intermedia) Aripuana Marmoset Brazil Callithrix kuhli (may be included in C. jacclms) Wied's Marmoset Brazil Callithrix nigriceps (C. argeniata nigriceps) Black-headed Marmoset Brazil Leontopithecus caissara (L. rosalia caissara, may be a fonn of L. [rosalia] chrysopygus) Black-faced Lion Tamarin BrazU Leontopithecus chrysomelas (L. rosalia citrysomelas) Golden-headed Lion Tamarin Brazil Leontopithecus chrysopygus (L. rosalia chrysopygus) Golden-rumped Lion Tamarin Brazil Leontopithecus rosalia (L. rosalia rosalia) Golden Lion Tamarin Brazil Saguinus leucopus White-footed Tamarin Colombia Saguinus oedipus Cotton-top Tamarin Colombia Saguinus tripartitus Golden-mantled Saddle-back Tamarin Ecuador, Peru Family CEBIDAE V Alouatta fusca (A. giiariba, includes A. beniensis) Brown Howler Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil K Alouatta pigra (A. villosa) Guatemalan Howler Belize; Guatemala; Mexico Aotus brumbacki Brumback's Night Monkey Colombia Aotus miconax (A. trivirgatus miconax) Andean Night Monkey Peru Ateles belzebuih Long-haired Spider Monkey Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela Ateles fusciceps Brown-headed Spider Monkey Colombia; Ecuador; Panama Ateles geoffroyi Geoffroy's Spider Monkey Belize; Colombia?; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; P anama Ateles paniscus (includes A. cliamek) Black Spider Monkey BoUvia; Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Peru; Suriname Brachyteles arachnoides Muriqui Brazil Cacajao calvus (includes C. riibicundus) BaldUakari Brazil; Peru Cacajao melanocephalus Black Uakari Brazil; Colombia; Venezuela Callicebus oenanthe Andean Titi Monkey Peru Callicebus olallae Beni Titi Monkey Bolivia Callicebus personatus Masked Titi Brazil Cebus kaapori (C. apella kaapori) Ka'apor Capuchin Monkey BrazU Chiropotes albinasus White-nosed Bearded Saki BrazU 12 Mammals E Lagothrix flavicauda (L. Iiendeei) Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey Ecuador?; Peru V Lagothrix lagothricha Common Woolly Monkey Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia: Ecuador. Peru V Pithecia aequatorialis Equatorial Saki Ecuador. Peru E Saimiri oerstedii Central American Squirrel Monkey Costa Rica; Panama V Saimiri vanzolinii (S. boliviensis vanzolinii) Blackish Squirrel Monkey Brazil Family CERCOPrraECTOAE K AUenopithecus nigroviridis (Cercopilhecus nigroviridis) Allen's Swamp Monkey Angola?; Congo; Zaire V Cercopithecus diana (includes C. roloway) Diana Guenon Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone; Togo K Cercopithecus dryas (C. salongo) Salongo Guenon Zaire E Cercopithecus erythrogaster Red-beUied Guenon Benin?; Nigeria; Togo V Cercopithecus erythrotis Russet-eared Guenon Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko V Cercopithecus hamlyni Owl-faced Guenon Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire V Cercopithecus Ihoesti (includes C. thomasi) L'Hoest's Monkey Bunmdi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire E Cercopithecus preussi (C. Ihoesti preussi) Preuss's Guenon Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko E Cercopithecus sclateri White-throated Guenon Nigeria E Cercopithecus solatus Sun-tailed Guenon Gabon V Colobus polykomos Western Black-and-white Colobus Cote d'lvoiiie; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Liberia; Senegal; Sierra Leone. V Colobus satatms Black Colobus Cameroon; Congo; Equatorial Guinea: including Bioko; Gabon V Colobus vellerosus (Colobiis polykomos vellerosiis) Geoffroy's Black-and-white Colobus Benin; Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Nigeria; Togo K Macaca arctoides Stump-tailed Macaque Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; India; Laos; Malaysia; Myamnar; Thailand; Viet Nam V Macaca cyclopis (A/, mulatla cyclopis) Taiwan Macaque Taiwan [Japan] V Macaca fuscata Japanese Macaque Japan V Macaca ttmura (M. nigra maura) Moor Macaque Indonesia: Sulawesi I Macaca nigra Celebes Black Macaque Indonesia: Sulawesi E Macaca silenus Lion-tailed Macaque India V Macaca sylvanus Barbary Macaque Algeria; Morocco [Gibraltar] K Macaca thibetana Tibetan Macaque China 13 THREATENED SPECIES Mandrillus leucophaeus (Papio leucophaeus) Drill Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Gabon?; Nigeria Mandrillus sphinx (Papio sphinx) Mandrill Cameroon; Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon Nasalis concolor (Simias concolor) Pig-tailed Snub-nosed Monkey Indonesia: Mentawai Islands Nasalis larvatus Proboscis Monkey Brunei; Indonesia: Sabah, Sarawak Kalimantan; Malaysia: Presbytis comata (P. aygula) Grizzled Leaf Monkey Indonesia: Java Presbytis potenziani Mentawai Leaf Monkey Indonesia: Mentawai Islands Procolobus verus (Colobus verus) Olive Colobus Benin?; Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo? Pygathrix avunculus (Rhinopithecus avunculus) Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey Viet Nam Pygathrix brelichi {P. roxellana brelichi. sometimes lefened to Rhinopitliecus) Guizhou Snub-nosed Monkey China Pygathrix nemaeus Douc Monkey Cambodia; China: Hainan; Laos; Viet Nam Pygathrix roxellana {Rhinopithecus roxellana) Golden Snub-nosed Monkey China; India?: Arunachal Pradesh. Manipur Theropilhecus gelada Gelada Baboon Ethiopia E Trachypithecus francoisi (Presbytis francoisi. Semnopithccus francoisi) Francois' Leaf Monkey China; Laos; Viet Nam R Trachypithecus geei (possibly a subspecies of T. pilealus. sometimes referred to Presbytis or Semnopithccus) Golden Leaf Monkey Bhutan; India I Trachypithecus johnii (Presbytis johnii, Semnopithccus johnii) Nilgiri Leaf Monkey India Family HYLOBATIDAE E Hylobates concolor (includes H leucogenys) Black (jibbon Cambodia; China; Laos; Viet Nam E Hylobates hoolock Hoolock Gibbon Bangladesh; China; India; Laos?; Myanmar E Hylobates klossii Mentawai Cnbbon Indonesia: Mentawai Islands E Hylobates moloch (H. lar moloch) Silvery Gibbon Indonesia: Java E Hylobates pileatus (H. lar pileatus) Pileated Gibbon Cambodia; Laos; Thailand Family HOMINIDAE V Gorilla gorilla Gorilla Angola; Burundi (ex?); Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Nigeria; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire V Pan paniscus Dwarf Chimpanzee Congo?; Zaire V Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee Angola; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Cote d'lvoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau (ex?); Liberia; Mali; Nigeria; Rwanda (ex?); Senegal; Sierra Leone; Sudan; Tanzania; Uganda; Zaire [Reintroduced in Gambia] 14 Mammals E Pongo pygmaeus Orang-utan Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Order CARNIVORA Sumatra; Family CANIDAE V Canis lupus Grey Wolf Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia: Azerbaijan; Bangladesh (ex?); Belarus; Bhutan; Bulgaria; Canada; China; Czech Republic?; Estonia; Egypt; Finland; Greece; Greenland; India; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic?; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Lithuania; Mexico; Moldova; Mongolia; Myanmar (ex?); Nepal; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Syria; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; USA; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; Yemen; Yugoslavia E Canis rufus (C. niger) Red Wolf USA E Canis simensis Ethiopian Wolf Ethiopia V Chrysocyon brachyurus Maned Wolf Argentina; Bolivia; BrazU; Paraguay; Peru V Cuon alpinus Asiatic Wild Dog Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java. Sumatra; Kazakhstan?; Korea DP.R?; Korea Republic?; Kyrgyzstan?; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar, Nepal; Russia; Sri Lanka (ex?); Tajikistan?; Thailand; Uzbekistan?; Viet Nam V Dusicyon griseus (Pseudalopex griseus, includes D. fulvipes) Grey Zorro. Argentine Grey Fox Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands; Peru K Dusicyon microtis {Atelocynus microtis) Small-eared Dog Bolivia?; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Peru K Dusicyon sechurae {Pseudalopex sechurae) Sechuran Zorro Ecuador, Peru K Dusicyon vetulus (Pseudalopex vetulus) Hoary Zorro Brazil K Fennecus zerda (Vulpes zerda) Feimec Fox Algeria; Burkina Faso?; Chad; Egypt; Israel; Kuwait; Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; Oman; Sudan; Tunisia; Western Sahara E Lycaon pictus WUdDog Algeria (ex?); Angola; Benin (ex?); Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi (ex?); Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo (ex?); Cote dTvoire; Ethiopia; Gabon (ex?); Ghana (ex?); Guinea; Kenya; Malawi; Mali (ex?); Maiuitania?; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda (ex?); Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania; Togo (ex?); Uganda (ex?); Zaire (ex?); Zambia; Zimbabwe V Speothos venaticus Bush Dog Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela R Urocyon littoralis (probably conspecific with U. cinereoargentatus) Island Grey Fox USA: islands offCalifomia I Vulpes bengalensis Bengal Fox Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Pakistan K Vulpes cana Blanford's Fox Afghanistan; Iran; Israel; Oman; Pakistan; Turkmenistan K Vulpes corsac Corsac Fox Afghanistan; (Thina; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Russia; Turkmenistan K Vulpes pallida Pale Fox Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Chad; Guinea; Libya; Mali; Niger, Nigeria; Senegal; Sudan K Vulpes rueppelli Rueppell's Fox Afghanistan; Algeria; Cliad; Egypt; Ethiopia; Iraq; Iran; Libya; Morocco; Niger; Saudi Arabia; Somalia; Sudan; Yemen 15 THREATENED SPECIES Family FELIDAE V Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Afghanistan (ex?); Algeria (ex?); Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Chad; Ethiopia; Iran; Jordan (ex?); Kenya; Libya; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco (ex?); Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Pakistan (ex?); Saudi Arabia (ex?); Senegal; Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Western Sahara (ex?); Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe K Catopuma badia (Felis badia) Bay Cat Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak I Catopuma temmincki (Felis temmincki) Asiatic (jolden Cat Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India: Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Nepal: Thailand; Viet Nam K Felis bieti Chinese Desert Cat China K Felis margarila Sand Cat Algeria; Egypt; Iran; Israel; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Morocco; Niger, Oman; Pakistan; Qatar, Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yemen K Leopard us tigrinus (Felis ligrina) Little Spotted Cat Argentina; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Nicaragua?; Paraguay?; Peru?; Suriname; Venezuela K Leopardus wiedii (Felis wiedii) Margay Argentina; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador. El Salvador. French Guiana?; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Uruguay; Venezuela E Lynx pardinus (L. lynx pardinus, sometimes included in Felis) Spanish Lynx Portugal; Spain V Neofelis nebulosa Clouded Leopard Bangladesh (ex?); Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia?; China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Nepal; Taiwan; Thailand; Viet Nam I Oncifelis colocolo (Felis colocolo) Pampas Cat. Chilean Pampas Cat Argentma; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Ecuador; Paraguay; Peru; Uruguay I Oncifelis guigna (Felis guigna) Kodkod. Chilean Cat Argentina; Chile K Oreailurus jacobita (Felis jacobita) Andean Cat Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru K Otocolobus manul (Felis manul) Pallas 's Cat Afghanistan; Armenia; China; India; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Pakistan; Russia; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan E Panthera tigris Tiger Afghanistan (ex?); Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra; Kazakhstan; Korea D.P.R (ex?); Kyrgyzstan; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Nepal; Russia; Tajikistan; Thailand; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam K Pardofelis marmorata (Felis marmorata) Marbled Cat Bangladesh?; Bhutan?; Bnmei; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak; Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam K Prionailurus planiceps (Felis planiceps) Flat-headed Cat Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, Sarawak; Thailand K Prionailurus rubiginosa (Felis rubiginosa) Rusty-spotted Cat India; Sri Lanka 16 Mammals K Prionailurus viverrinus (Felis viverrinus, F. viverrina) Fishing Cat Bangladesti; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Bali, Java. Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; Viet Nam K Profelis aurata (Felis aurata) African Golden Cat Angola; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Cote dlvoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea?; Kenya; Liberia; Niger?; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo?; Uganda; Zaire E Vncia uncia {Panthera uncia) Snow Leopard Afghanistan; Bhutan; China; India; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Nepal; Pakistan; Russia; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan Family HERPESTEDAE K Bdeogale jacksoni Jackson's Mongoose Kenya; Uganda I Galidictis fasciata Broad-striped Mongoose Madagascar R Galidictis grandidieri (G. grandidiensis) Giant -striped Mongoose Madagascar E Liberiictis kuhni Liberian Mongoose Liberia; Cote d'lvoire; Guinea V Mungotictis decemlineata Narrow-striped Mongoose Madagascar K Salanoia concolor Brown-tailed Mongoose Madagascar Family HYAENIDAE V Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyaena Angola; Botswana; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa; Zimbabwe Family MUSTELIDAE K Aonyx cinerea Oriental Small-clawed Otter Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java. Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah. Sarawak Myanmar; Nepal; Philippines: Palawan; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam V Gulo gulo Wolverine Canada; Estonia; Fmland; Mongolia; Norway; Russia; Sweden; USA V Lutra felina {Lonlra felina) Marine Otter Argentma; Chile; Peru K Lutra perspicillata Smooth-coated Otter Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java. Kalimantan. Sumatra; Iraq; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak; Myanmar, Nepal; Pakistan; Thailand; Viet Nam V Lutra provocax Soudiem River Otter Argentina; Chile K Lutra sumatrana Hairy-nosed Otter Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Bangka. Kalimantan. Sumatra; Laos?; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak; Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam V Martes gwatkinsii (M. flavigula gwatkinsii) Nilgiri Marten India K Melogale everetti Kinabalu Ferret-badger Malaysia: Sabah I Mustela africana Tropical Weasel Brazil; Colombia?; Ecuador, Peru Mustela felipei Colombian Weasel Colombia; Ecuador 17 THREATENED SPEQES K K Mustela lutreola European Mink Belarus; Estonia; Finland (ex?); France; Georgia; Latvia; Lithuania; Poland (ex?); Romania; Russia; Spain Mustela lutreolina Indonesian Mountain Weasel Indonesia: Java, Sumatra Mustela nigripes Black-footed Feiret [Reintroduced in USA] Mustela strigidorsa Back-striped Weasel Bhutan; China; India; Thailand; Viet Nam Kazakhstan; Russia; Laos; Myanmar, K Mydaus marchei Palawan Stink Badger Philippines: Palawan. Calamian Islands V Pteronura brasiliensis Giant Otter Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Uruguay (ex?); Venezuela Family OTARDDAE V Arctocephalus philippii Juan Fernandez Fur Seal Chile: Juan Fernandez Archipelago V Arctocephalus townsendi Guadalupe Fiu- Seal Mexico; USA V Eumetopias jubatus Steller's Sea Lion Canada; Japan?; Russia; USA R Neophoca cinerea Australian Sea Lion Australia V Phocarctos hookeri Hooker's Sea Lion New Zealand: Aukland Islands Family PHOODAE E Monachus monachus Mediterranean Monk Seal Albania; Algeria; Bulgaria; Cyprus (ex?); Greece; Italy: Sardinia (ex?); Lebanon (ex?); Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Portugal: Madeira, Etesertas Islands; Spain: Canary Islands (ex?), Chafarinas Islands; Syria (ex?); Tunisia: La Galite (ex?); Turkey; Western Sahara; Yugoslavia E Monachus schauinslandii Hawaiian Monk Seal USA: Hawaiian Islands V Phoca caspica Caspian Seal (Caspian Sea) Azerbaijan; Iran; Turkmenistan Family PROCYONIDAE K Bassaricyon beddardi Brazil?; Guyana; Venezuela? I Bassaricyon gabbii Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Nicaragua; Panama I Bassaricyon lasius Casta Rica I Bassaricyon pauli Panama V Bassariscus sumichrasti Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras?; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama I Nasua nelsoni (N. narica nelsoni) Cozumel Island Coati Mexico: Cozumel Island Nasuella olivacea Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela Procyon insularis (P. lolor insularis) Mexico: Ties Marias Is (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena) Procyon maynardi (P. lolor maynardi) Bahamas: Nassau Procyon minor (P. lotor minor) Guadeloupe Procyon pygmaeus (P. lotor pygmaeus) Cozumel Island Raccoon Mexico: Cozumel Island K K Family URSIDAE E Ailuropoda melanoleuca Giant Panda China V Ailurus fulgens Lesser Panda Bhutan; China; India; Laos; Myanmar, Nepal 18 Mammals V Helarctos malayanus (Ursus malayaniis) Sun Bear Bmnei; Cambodia; China; India: Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam V Melursus ursinus (Ursus ursinus) Sloth Bear Bangladesh; Bhutan?; India; Nepal; Sri Lanka V Selenarctos thibetanus {Ursus thibetanus) Asiatic Black Bear Afghanistan: Bangladesh: Bhutan; Cambodia: China; India; Iran; Japan; Korea DP.R; Korea Republic; Laos; Malaysia?: Peninsular Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar. Nepal; Pakistan; Russia; Taiwan; Thailand; Viet Nam V Tremarctos ornatus Spectacled Bear Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Panama: Peru: Venezuela V Ursus maritimus (Thatarctos maritimus) Polar Bear Canada; Greenland; Norway: Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; Russia; USA Family VTVERRIDAE I Chrotogale owstoni Owston's Palm Civet China; Laos: Viet Nam K Cryptoprocta ferox Fossa Madagascar E Cynogale bennettii (includes C. lowei) Otter-civet Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah. Sarawak; Singapore?: Thailand; Viet Nam I Diplogale hosei Hose's Pahn Civet Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak V Eupleres goudotii (includes E. major) Falanouc Madagascar V Fossa fossa (F. fossana) Malagasy Civet Madagascar K Genetta abyssinica Abyssinian Genet Djibouti; Ethiopia; Somalia E Genetta cristata (G. servalina cristata) Crested Genet Cameroon: Nigeria K Genetta johnstoni Johnston's Genet Cote d'lvoire: Liberia; Guinea R Macrogalidia musschenbroekii Sulawesi Palm Civet Indonesia: Sulawesi K Mangos gambianus Gambian Mongoose Cote d'lvoire: Gambia; Ghana; Niger, Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo V Paradoxurus jerdoni Jerdon's Palm Civet India Order CETACEA Family BALAENIDAE V Balaena mysticetus Bowhead Whale (Arctic Ocean. Beaufort. Barents and Chukchi Seas; North Atlantic - arctic waters: North Pacific - arctic waters, Japan. Okhotsk and Bering Seas) V Eubalaena auslralis (E. glacialis australis; sometimes included in Balaena) Southern Right Whale (Circumpolar in Southern Hemisphere from ca 20°S to SO-S) E Eubalaena glacialis {Balaena glacialis) Northern Right Whale (Northern temperate and sub-polar waters: North Atlantic from Florida to Greenland and from Spain to Svalbard: North Pacific from China Sea to Sea of Okhotsk and from CaUfomia to Bering Sea. including Hawaiian Islands) 19 THREATENED SPECIES FamUy BALAENOPTEREDAE K Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke Whale (Widespread in all oceans but rarer in the tropics; extends into polar pack ice; recorded from Baltic and Black Seas) V Balaenoptera borealis Sei Whale (Widespread in most oceans and seas, favouring temperate oceanic waters) K Balaenoptera edeni Bryde's Whale (Circum-equatorial in tropical and warm temperate waters between ca 40°N and 40°S) E Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale (Occurs in all major oceans, especially cold and temperate waters) V Balaenoptera physalus Fin Whale (Occurs in all major oceans, extending to pack ice zones but rare in warmest waters at latitudes less than about 20°) V Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale (Found in all major oceans from Arctic to Antarctic, but absent from pack ice zones) Family NEOBALAENIDAE K Caperea marginata Pygmy Right Whale (Temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere between ca 31°S and 52°S) Family DELPHINIDAE K Cephalorhynchus commersonii Commerson's Dolphin (Coastal temperate waters off southern South America and some South Atlantic and southern Indian Ocean islands) Argentina; dile; Falkland Islands; French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Kerguelen Islands K Cephalorhynchus eutropia Black Dolphin (Cold, mshore waters of Chile, between 33°S and 55°S) ChUe K Cephalorhynchus heavisidii Heaviside's Dolphin (Cold, inshore waters of Benguela current. South Atlantic) Angola?; Namibia; Soudi Africa I Cephalorhynchus hectori White-headed Dolphin. Hector's Dolphin (Coastal waters of New Zealand) New Zealand K Delphinus delphis (includes Delphinus tropicalis) Common Dolphin (Recorded from all warm temperate and tropical waters, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas) K Feresa attenuata (F. occulta) Pygmy Killer Whale (Recorded sporadically from warm temperate and tropical waters, including North and South Atlantic. Indian Ocean and North Pacific) K Globicephala macrorhynchus (G. sicboldii) Shoit-fumed PUot Whale (Warm temperate and tropical waters, including Atlantic. Pacific and Indian Oceans) K Globicephala melas (Globicepliala melaena: includes G. edwardii) Long-fumed Pilot Whale (Occurs in two separate populations, the southern being circumpolar in cool temperate waters of Atlantic. Pacific and Indian Oceans north of the Antarctic Convergence; the North Atlantic population extending from USA and the Mediterranean to the Barents Sea. Apparently absent from North Pacific) K Grampus griseus Risso's Dolphin (Worldwide distribution in tropical and warm temperate waters) K Lagenodelphis hosei Eraser's Dolphin (Circum-equatorial in oceanic tropical waters) K Lagenorhynchus acutus Atlantic White-sided Dolphin (Northern North Atlantic, mcluding North and Baltic Seas; vagrants further south) K Lagenorhynchus albirostris White-beaked Dolphin (North Atlantic and western Arctic from the USA and Spain to Svalbard. including the Baltic. Davis Strait and Barents Sea) K Lagenorhynchus australis Peale's Dolphin (Cold, coastal waters of southern South America) Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands 20 Mammals K K K K K K K K K Lagenorhynchus cruciger Hourglass Dolphin (Circumpolar in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic. recorded from high southern latitudes to the edge of the pack ice) Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Pacific White-sided Dolphin (Temperate waters of the North Pacific) Lagenorhynchus obscurus (includes L supercitiosus) Dusky Dolphin (Temperate and cold temperate circumpolar waters near land masses in the Southern Hemisphere) Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands; French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Kerguelen Islands; New Zealand: Campbell and Auckland Islands; Peru; South Africa Lissodelphis borealis Northern Right Whale Dolphin (Temperate waters of the North Pacific) Lissodelphis peronii Southern Right Whale Dolphm (Circumpolar in temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, extending to 19°S off Chile and to Indonesia) Orcaella brevirostris Irrawaddy Dolphin (Coastal waters from Bay of Bengal to South-east Asia and Australia, including major rivers - Ganges, Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy) Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Cambodia; India; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan. Sumatra; Laos?; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Papua New Guinea; Philippines?; Singapore?; Thailand; Viet Nam Orcinus orca (includes 0. glacialis) Killer Whale (Reported from all sea areas, especially in cooler regions; extending weU into the pack ice zone) Peponocephala electro Melon-headed Whale (Widespread scattered records from warm temperate and tropical seas) Pseudorca crassidens False Killer Whale (Widespread, mainly in warm waters strandings as far north as the Baltic) but K Solatia fluviatilis (includes S. brasiliensis. S. guianensis) Tucuxi (All major rivers in the Amazon system, extending to Central America) Bolivia?; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Panama; Peru; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela K Sousa chinensis (includes S. borneensis. S. Icntiginosa, S. piumbea) Indo-Pacific Hump-backed Dolphin (Coastal and inshore waters of the Indian and western Pacific Occean, including Red Sea and Arabian Gulf to South-east Asia and soudi China coast; occurs m estuaries and occasionally lower reaches of rivers) Australia; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei; Cambodia; China; Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Kenya; Kuwait; Madagascar; Malaysia: Sarawak; Mozambique; Myanmar. Oman; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Qatar. Saudi Arabia; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan; Tanzania; Thailand; United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam; Yemen K Sousa teuszii Atlantic Hump-backed Dolphin (West coast of Africa, from Angola to Mauritania; enters rivers) Angola?; Benin; Cameroon; Congo?; Cote dlvoire; Equatorial Guinea?; Gabon?; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Gumea-Bissau; Liberia; Mauritania; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo; Zaire? K Stenella attenuata Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Widespread in warm deep waters) K Stenella clymene Helmet Dolphin, Clymene Dolphin (Tropical and subtropical waters of North Atlantic) K Stenella coeruleoalba (includes S. styx) Striped Dolphin (Widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate waters) K Stenella frontalis (S. plagiodon, S. attenuata frontalis) Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Tropical, subtropical and warm temperate Atlantic) 21 THREATENED SPEOES K Stenella longirostris (includes S. microps. S. roseiventris) Long-snouted Dolphin. Spinner Dolphin (Circum-equatorial in tropical and subtropical waters, occasionally in warm temperate waters) K Steno bredanensis Rough-toothed Dolphin (Widespread in tropical and warm temperate ocean areas, including Red. Caribbean, Mediterranean and North Seas) K Tursiops truncatus (includes T. adunciis, T. gilli. T. nuuami) Bottlenose Dolphin (Known from all temperate and tropical marine areas) Family MONODONTIDAE K Delphinapterus leucas White Whale, Beluga (Circumpolar in Arctic and sub-Arctic with scattered records to France and Japan: often in estuaries) Canada; Greenland; Norway; including Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; Russia; USA (excludes vagrants) K Monodon monoceros Narwhal (Circumpolar and virtually confined to limits of Arctic pack ice; vagrants as far south as the United Kingdom) Canada; Greenland; Iceland; Norway: including Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; Russia; USA (excludes vagrants) Family PHOCOENIDAE K Ausfralophocaena dioptrica (Phocoena dioptrica) Spectacled Porpoise (Coastal waters of southern South America and Southern Ocean islands) Argentina; Australia: Macquarie Island; Chile; Falkland Islands: including South (Jeorgia; French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Kergeulen Islands; New Zealand: Auckland Islands; Uruguay K Neophocaena phocaenoides Finless Porpoise (Coastal and freshwater Indo-Pacific firom China and Japan to the Gulf of Arabia, including South-East Asian archipelago) Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Cambodia China; Hong Kong?; India; Indonesia; Iran Iraq; Japan; Korea D.P.R; Korea RepubUc Kuwait; Malaysia: Sabah. Sarawak Myanman Oman; Pakistan; Philippines; Qatar, Saudi Arabia; Singapore?; South Africa?; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam K Phocoena phocoena (includes P. vomerina) Common Porpoise. Harbour Porpoise (Coastal waters of North Pacific. North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, from Japan and California to Chukchi Sea, and from Baffin Island to west Africa, including Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Seas) Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada; Cape Verde; China?; Denmark; Faeroe Islands; Finland; France; (jennany; CJeorgia; Greenland; Iceland; Ireland; Japan; Korea DP.R.; Korea Republic; Mauritania; Mexico; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal: including Azores; Romania; Russia; Senegal; Spain; Sweden; Tunisia; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; USA E Phocoena sinus Vaquita (Northern half of Gulf of California) Mexico K Phocoena spinipinnis Burmeister's Porpoise (Coastal South America) Argentina; Brazil; (Thile; Peru; Uruguay K Phocaenoides dalli DaU's Porpoise (North Pacific from Japan and Mexico to Bering Sea) Canada; Japan; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic; Mexico; Russia; USA Family PHYSETERIDAE K Kogia breviceps Pygmy Sperm Whale (Recorded from nearly all temperate, subtropical and tropical waters) K Kogia simus Dwarf Sperm Whale (Recorded from nearly all temperate, subtropical and tropical waters) K Physeter catodon (P. mac race phalus) Sperm Whale (Found in all major oceans, from Arctic to Antarctic, including semi land-locked seas such as Mediterranean) 22 Mammals Family PLATANISTIDAE V Inia geoffrensis Boto, Amazon River Dolphin (Found in all major rivers of the Orinoco and Amazon systems) Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Guyana?; Peru; Venezuela E Lipotes vexillifer Baiji, Yangtse River Dolphin (Only found in the Chiangjiang River of China, may occasionally enter other rivers during times of flood) China V Platanista gangetica Ganges River Dolphin (Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems) Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal E Platanista minor (P. indi, P. gangetica minor) Indus River Dolphin (Indus River) Pakistan K Pontoporia blainvillei La Plata River Dolphin (La Plata estuary and adjacent rivers and coasts) Argentina; Brazil; Uruguay Family ZIPHllDAE K Berardius arnuxii Amoux's Beaked Whale (Cool temperate sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters) K Berardius bairdii Baird's Beaked Whale (Apparently confined to deep waters of North Pacific) K Hyperoodon ampullatus (//. rostratus) Northern Bottlenose Whale (Deep waters of the northern North Atlantic) K Hyperoodon planifrons Southern Bottlenose Whale (Entire Southern Ocean north to ca 30°S) K Indopacetus pacificus {Mesoplodon pacificus) Indo-Pacific Beaked Whale (Probable Indo-Pacific distribution, known only from 2 skulls found on beaches in Australia and Somalia and a possible sighting in the Seychelles) K Mesoplodon bidens Sowerby's Beaked Whale (Cold temperate waters of the North Atlantic, mostly around British Isles) K Mesoplodon bowdoini Splaytooth Beaked Whale, Andrews' Beaked Whale (Temperate South Pacific and southern Indian Ocean) K Mesoplodon carlhubbsi (M. bowdoini carlhubbsi) Arch-beaked Whale. Hubbs" Beaked Whale (Cold temperate North Pacific) K Mesoplodon densirostris BlainviUe's Beaked Whale (Circum-equatorial; temperate and tropical waters) K Mesoplodon europaeus Gervais' Beaked Whale (North Atlantic, where population probably concentrated in south-west) K Mesoplodon ginkgodens Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale (Warm temperate and tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans) K Mesoplodon grayi Gray's Beaked Whale (Circumpolar in Southern Hemisphere, south of 30°S, but mainly around New Zealand) K Mesoplodon hectori Hector's Beaked Whale (Temperate latitudes of Southern Hemisphere and temperate eastern North Pacific) K Mesoplodon layardii Layard's Beaked Whale, Strap-toothed Whale (Circumpolar distribution in Southern Hemisphere between ca 30°S and Antarctic convergence) K Mesoplodon mirus True's Beaked Whale (North Atlantic and temperate waters in Southern Hemisphere) K Mesoplodon peruvianus Lesser Beaked Whale (Eastern South Pacific and eastern North Pacific: cold temperate to tropical waters) K Mesoplodon stejnegeri Stejneger's Beaked Whale (Cold temperate waters of the North Pacific) 23 THREATENED SPECIES K Tasmacetus shepherdi Shepherd's Beaked Whale (Cooler waters of the Southern Hemisphere between 33°S and SCS) K Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier's Beaked Whale (Widespread in all major oceans, but rarely found in polar regions) Order SIRENIA Family DUGONGIDAE V Dugong dugon Dugong (Shallow tropical and subtropical coastal and inland waters of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans from east Africa and the Red Sea to Vanuatu) Australia; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Cambodia; China; Comoros?; Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia; Federated States of Micronesia: Yap; Guam; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Jordan; Kenya; Kuwait; Madagascar; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Mauritius; Mozambique; Myanmar, New Caledonia; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Saudi Arabia; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan; Tanzania; Thailand; United Arab Emirates; Vanuatu; Viet Nam; Yemen Family TRICHECHIDAE V Trichechus inunguis Amazonian Manatee (Major rivers of the Amazon drainage basin) Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Peru; Venezuela V Trichechus manatus Caribbean Manatee (Tropical and subtropical coastal waters and rivers of the Caribbean and Atlantic regions of the Americas) Bahamas; Belize; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican RepubUc; French Guiana; Chiatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Puerto Rico; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; USA; Venezuela V Trichechus senegalensis African Manatee (River systems of West Africa) Angola; Benin (ex?); Cameroon; Chad; Congo; Cote d'lvoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau?; Liberia; Mali; Mauritania; Niger; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo; Zaire Order PROBOSCIDEA Family ELEPHANTIDAE E Elephas maximus Indian Elephant Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah; Myanmar, Nepal; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam V Loxodonta africana African Elephant Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo; Cote d'lvoire; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Kenya; Liberia; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger, Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe Order PERISSODACTYLA Family EQUIDAE E Equus africanus (sometimes given the same name as the domestic donkey or ass E. asinus) African Wild Ass Ethiopia; Somalia (Fiee-living animals of uncertain pedigree occur elsewhere in northern Africa) E Equus grevyi (jfrevy's Zebra Ethiopia; Kenya V Equus hemionus Asian Wild Ass (Kulan, Khur. Onager, Dziggetai) China; India; Iran; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Turkmenistan [Reintroduced in: Israel; Uzbekistan] V Equus zebra Mountain Zebra Angola; Namibia; South Africa Family TAPIRIDAE V Tapirus bairdii Central American Tapir Belize; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador, Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico (ex?); Nicaragua; Panama 24 Mammals E Tapirus indicus Malayan Tapir Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam E Tapirus pinchaque (T. roulini) Mountain Tapir Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela Family RHINOCEROTIDAE V Ceralotherium simum White Rhinoceros South Africa; Zaire [Reintroduced in: Botswana; Kenya; Namibia; Swaziland; Zambia (ex?); Zimbabwe] E Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Didermoceriis sumatreiisis) Sumatran Rhinoceros Cambodia (ex?); India (ex?); Indonesia: Kaliman tan Sumatra; Laos (ex?); Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah. Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam E Diceros bicornis Black Rhinoceros Angola; Botswana; Cameroon; Central African Republic (ex?); Chad (ex?); Congo (ex?); Ethiopia (ex?); Kenya; Malawi (ex?); Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria (ex?); Rwanda; South Africa; Sudan (ex?); Swaziland; Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe E Rhinoceros sondaicus Javan Rhinoceros Cambodia; Indonesia: Java; Laos; Myanmar (ex?); Thailand (ex?); Viet Nam E Rhinoceros unicornis Great Indian Rhinoceros Bhutan; India; Nepal Order HYRACOIDEA Family PROCAVIIDAE I Dendrohyrax validus Eastern Tree Hyrax Kenya; Tanzania: including Pemba Island, Zanzibar Order ARTIODACTYLA Family SUIDAE V Babyrousa babyrussa Babirusa Indonesia: Bum. Sula Islands, Sulawesi, Togian Islands E Sus cebifrons {Sus barbatus cebifrons) Visayan Warty Pig Philippines: Cebu and Negros Islands E Sus salvanius Pygmy Hog Bhutan (ex?); India; Nepal (ex?) V Sus verrucosus Javan Warty Pig Indonesia: Bawean Island, Java Family TAYASSUIDAE E Catagonus wagneri Chacoan Peccary Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE V Hexaprotodon liberiensis (Choeropsis liberiensis) Pygmy Hippopotamus Cote dlvoire; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau?; Liberia; Sierra Leone Family CAMELIDAE V Camelus bactrianus (C. ferus) Wild Bactrian Camel China; Mongolia V Vicugna vicugna Vicufla Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru, Family MOSCHIDAE E Moschus moschiferus (M. sibiricus, includes M. anhueiensis) Siberian Musk Deer China; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic; Mongolia; Russia Family CERVIDAE E Axis calamianensis (Axis porcinus calamianensis. sometimes included in Cervus) Calamian Hog Deer Philippmes: Calamian Islands E Axis kuhlii (Axis porcinus kuhli. sometimes included ia Cervus) Kuhl's Hog Deer, Bawean Deer Indonesia: Bawean Island V Blastocerus dichotomus Marsh Deer Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Peru 25 THREATENED SPECIES V Cervus albirostris Thorold's Deer China E Cervus alfredi (C. unicolor alfredi) Visayan Spotted Deer Philippines: Visayan Islands E Cervus duvauceli Swamp Deer India; Nepal V Cervus eldii Thamin Cambodia; China (ex?); India; Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam R Cervus mariannus Philippine Brown Deer Philippines E Dama mesopotamica (Dama dama mesopotamica. sometimes included in Cervus) Persian Fallow Deer Iran; Iraq (ex?) E Elaphurus davidianus P6re David's Deer [Captive populations only. leintroduction in progress in China] V Hippocamelus antisensis North Andean Huemul Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru E Hippocamelus bisulcus South Andean Huemul Argentina; Chile V Hydropoies inermis Chinese Water Deer China; Korea DPJi; Korea Republic [France; United Kingdom] I Mamma chunyi Chunyi Bolivia; Peru V Muntiacus crinifrons Black Muntjac China E Muntiacus feae Fea's Muntjac China; Myanmar. Thailand I Muntiacus gongskanensis Gongshan Muntjac China; Myanmar? K Ozotoceros bezoarticus Pampas Deer Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay I Pudu mephistophiles Northern Pudu Colombia; Ecuador; Peru K Pudu puda Southern Pudu Argentina; Crhile Family BOVIDAE E Addax nasomaculatus Addax Algeria (ex?); Chad; Egypt (ex?); Libya (ex?); Mali; Mauritania; Niger, Sudan (ex?) V Ammodorcas clarkei Dibatag Ethiopia; Somalia I Ammotragus lervia Aoudad Algeria; Chad; Libya; Mali; Mauritania (ex?); Morocco (ex?); Niger, Sudan; Tunisia (ex?) [USA] V Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck India, Nepal, Pakistan [Argentina; USA] V Bison bonasus (B. bison bonasus) European Bison [Reintroduced in: Belarus; Lithuania; Moldova; Poland; Romania; Russia; Ukraine] V Bos gaurus (alternatively given the same name as the domestic Gayal or Mithan 6. frontalis) Gaur Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam V Bosjavanicus (fi. banteng) Banteng Bangladesh (ex?); Cambodia?; Indonesia: Bali. Java. Kalimantan; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia (ex?). Sabah; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam E Bos mutus (alternatively given the same name as the domestic Yak B. grunniens) WUdYak Afghanistan?; Bhutan?; China; India; Nepal 26 Mammals R V Bos sauveli V {Novibos sauveli) Kouprey Cambodia; Laos: Thailand (ex?); Viet Nam Bubalus arnee V (alternatively given the same name as the domestic buffalo B. bubalus) WUd Water Buffalo ^ Bhutan; India; Nepal; Thailand (Free-living animals of uncertain pedigree occur in adjacent countries) V Bubalus depressicornis (Aiioa depressicornis) Lowland Anoa Indonesia: Sulawesi Bubalus mindorensis ^ (Anoa mindorensis) Tamaraw Philippines: Mindoro Bubalus quarlesi (Anoa quarlesi) Mountain Anoa Indonesia: Sulawesi, Buton V Capra caucasica (C. ibex caucasica) Kuban. West Caucasian Tur E Georgia; Russia Capra cylindricornis Daghestan Tur, East Caucasian Tur K Azerbaijan?; Georgia; Russia Capra falconeri Markhor V Afghanistan; India; Pakistan; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Capra nubiana E (C. ibex nubiana) Nubian Ibex Egypt; Ethiopia; Israel; Jordan; Oman; Saudi g Arabia; Sudan; Yemen Capra walia (C. ibex walia) Walia Ibex y Ethiopia Capricornis sumatraensis (Naemorhedus sumatraensis) Mainland Serow Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam Capricornis swinhoei (Naemorhedus swinhoei) Formosan Serow Taiwan Cephalophus adersi Aders' Duiker Kenya; Tanzania: Zanzibar Cephalophus jentinki Jentink's Duiker Cote d'lvoire; Liberia; Sierra Leone Cepahlophus ogilbyi Ogilby's Duiker Cameroon; Congo?; Cote d'lvoire; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko: Gabon; Ghana; Guinea?; Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone Cephalophus ^padix Abbott's Duiker Tanzania Cephalophus zebra Zebra Duiker Cote d'lvoire; Liberia; Sierra Leone Connochaetes gnou Black Wildebeest Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland Damaliscus hunteri Hirola Kenya; Somalia Dorcalragus megalotis Beira Antelope Djibouti?; Eithiopia; Somalia Gazella bennetti Chinkara Afghanistan?; India; Iran; Pakistan Gazella cuvieri Cuvier's Gazelle Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia Gazella dama Dama Gazelle Algeria (ex?); Niger, Sudan Burkina Faso; Chad; Mali; Gazella dorcas Dorcas Gazelle Algeria; Burkina Faso; Chad; Djibouti; Egypt: Eritrea; Ethiopia; Israel; Jordan?; Libya; Mali: Mauritania; Morocco; Niger, Nigeria; Saudi Arabia?; Senegal; Somalia; Sudan; Tunisia; Western Sahara 27 THREATENED SPEQES V Gazella gazella Mountain Gazelle Israel; Jordan; Lebanon?; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Syria?; Yemen E Gazella leptoceros Slender-homed Gazelle Algeria; Chad; Egypt; Libya; Mali; Mauritania?; Niger, Sudan; Tunisia; Western Sahara? V Gazella rufifrons Red-fronted Gazelle Burkina Paso; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia?; Ghana?; Mali; Mauritania; Niger, Nigeria; Senegal; Sudan; Togo V Gazella soemmeningii Soemmerring's Gazelle Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Somalia; Sudan V Gazella spekei Spekes Gazelle Ethiopia; Somalia K Hemitragus jemlahicus Himalayan Tahr China; India; Nepal V Hemitragus hylocrius Nilgiri Tahr India V Hemitragus jayakari Arabian Tahr Oman; United Arab Emirates?: Abu Dhabi V Kohus leche Lechwe Angola; Botswana; Namibia; Zaire; Zambia [South Africa] V Kobus megaceros Nile Lechwe Ethiopia; Sudan K Madoqua piacentinii Silver Dikdik Somalia I Naemorhedus caudatus Long-tailed Goral China; Korea DPJi; Korea Republic; Laos: Russia; Thailand E Oryx dammah (O. lao) Scimitar-homed Oryx Chad E Oryx leucoryx Arabian Oryx [Reintroduced in Oman] K Procapra przewalskii Przewalski's Gazelle China E Pseudois schaeferi (P. nayaur schaeferi) Dwarf Blue Sheep China E Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Vu Quang Ox Laos?; Viet Nam V Tetracerus quadricomis Four-homed Antelope India: Nepal E Tragelaphus buxtoni Mountain Nyala Ethiopia V Tragelaphus derbianus (Taurotragus derbianus) Giant Eland Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad?; Guinea?: Guinea Bissau; Mali?; Nigeria?; Senegal: Sudan: Uganda?; Zaire Order RODENTIA Family SCIURIDAE E Cynomys mexicanus Mexican Prairie Dog Mexico V Cynomys parvidens Utah Prairie Dog USA K Epixerus ebii Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Liberia; Sierra Leone V Futtisciurus carruthersi CaiTuther's Mountain Squirrel Burundi: Rwanda: Uganda; Zaire? V Marmota menzbieri Menzbier's Marmot Kazakhstan; Tajikistan: Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan E Marmota vancouverensis Vancouver Island Marmot Canada: Vancouver Island V Myosciurus pumilio African Pygmy Squirrel Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Gabon; Nigeria 28 Mammals R Paraxerus vexillarius Tanzania R Pteromys momonga Small Japanese Flying-squirrel Japan K Syntheosciurus brochus Mountain Squirrel Costa Rica; Panama Family GEOMYIDAE I Zygogeomys trichopus Michoacan Pocket Gopher Mexico Family HETEROMYIDAE R Dipodomys elator Texas Kangaroo-rat USA E Dipodomys gravipes San Quintin Kangaroo Rat Mexico I Dipodomys ingens Giant Kangaroo Rat USA E Dipodomys stephensi Stephens' Kangaroo Rat USA V Perognathus alticola (Perognaihus parvus alticola) White-eared Pocket Mouse USA Family DIPODIDAE V Allactaga tetradactyla Egypt; Libya Family MURIDAE I Abrawayaomys ruschi Brazil R Aethomys silindensis Selinda Veld Rat Mozambique?; Zimbabwe K Ammodillus imbellis Ethiopia; Somalia K Anonymomys mindorensis Mindoro Climbing Rat Philippines: Mindoro R Archboldomys iuzonensis Mt Isarog Shrew-mouse Philippines: Luzon I Batomys grand Luzon Forest Rat Philippines: Luzon V Beamys hindei Lesser Hamster-rat Kenya; Tanzania V Beamys major (B. hindei major) Greater Hamster-rat Malawi; Tanzania; Zambia R Chrotomys gonzalesi Mt Isarog Striped Rat Philippines: Luzon K Crateromys australis Dinagat Island Cloud Rat Philippines: Dinagat Island R Crateromys schadenbergi Giant Bushy-tailed Cloud Rat Philippines: Luzon K Crateromys sp. Panay Bushy-tailed Cloud Rat Philippines: Panay R Delanymys brooksi Delany's Mouse Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire R Dendromus kahuziensis Zaire R Dendroprionomys rousseloti Congo V Diplothrix legatus Ryukyu Long-tailed Giant Rat Japan: Nasei-shoto K Eliurus minor Madagascar K Gerbillus acticola Somalia K Gerbillus maghrebi (Dipodillus maghrebi) Morocco K Gerbillus mauritaniae Mauritania K Gerbillus muriculus (G nanus muriculus) Sudan K Gerbillus nancillus Sudan K Gerbillus rosalinda Sudan 29 THREATENED SPEOES R Gymnuromys roberti Madagascar R Hylomyscus baeri Cote d'lvoire; Ghana K Hylomyscus fumosus Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon K Hylomyscus parvus Cameroon; Congo: Gabon K Hypogeomys antimena Madagascar E Juscelinomys candango Brazil I Kunsia tomentosus Bolivia; Brazil K Leggadina lakedov/nensis Lakeland Downs Mouse Australia R Lemniscomys mittendorfi {L. striatus mittendorfi) Cameroon R Leporillus conditor Greater Stick-nest Rat Australia: Franklin Island K Lophuromys cinereus Zaire R Lophuromys medicaudatus Rwanda; Zaire R Lophuromys melanonyx Etliiopia R Lophuromys rahmi Rwanda; Zaire K Macrotarsomys ingens Madagascar K Macruromys elegans Western Small-toothed Rat Indonesia: Irian Jaya K Malacomys verschureni Zaire K Mastomys pernanus Kenya; Rwanda; Tanzania R Megadendromus nikolausi Ethiopia K Melomys albidens White-toothed Melomys Indonesia: Irian Jaya K Microdillus peeli Somalia R Microtus breweri (M. pennsylvanicus breweri) Beach Vole USA: Muskeget Island V Muriculus imberbis Ethiopia K Myomys ruppi (Praomys ruppi) Ethiopia E Neotoma anthonyi Anthony's Woodrat Mexico: Todos Santos Island E Neotoma bunkeri (N. tepida bunkeri) Bunker's Woodrat Mexico E Neotoma martinensis San Martin Island Woodrat Mexico: San Martin Island K Notomys aquilo (includes N. carpentarius) Northern Hopping-mouse Australia V Notomys fuscus Dusky Hopping-mouse Australia V Pelomys hopkinsi Kenya; Rwanda; Uganda V Pelomys isseli Uganda: Bugala. Bunyama, Kome Islands (Lake Victoria) E Phaenomys ferrugineus Brazil R Phaulomys andersoni (P. imaizumii. P. niigatae. sometimes referred to Eothenomys or CIcthrionomys) Wakayama Red-backed Vole Japan: Honshu R Phloeomys cumingi Soudiem Giant Slender-tailed Cloud Rat Philippines R Praomys hartwigi Cameroon; Nigeria R Prionomys batesi Dollman's Tree Mouse Cameroon: Central African Republic 30 Mammals R Pseudomys fumeus Smoky Mouse Australia R Pseudomys occidentalis Western Mouse Australia R Pseudomys oralis Hastings River Mouse Australia I Pseudomys pilligaensis PUliga Mouse Australia R Pseudomys praeconis Shark Bay Mouse Australia V Pseudomys shortridgei Heath Rat Australia R Rattus giluwensis Giluwe Rat Papua New Guinea K Rattus tawitawiensis Tawitawi Island Rat Philippines: Tawitawi Island E Reilhrodonlomys raviventris Saltmarsh Harvest Mouse USA E Rhagomys rufescens Brazil R Rhynchomys isarogensis Mt Isarog Shrew -rat Philippines: Luzon E Solomys ponceleti Poncelet's Giant Rat Papua New Guinea: Bougainville R Steatomys jacksoni Ghana; Nigeria K Thamnomys venustus Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire V Tokudaia muenninki (T. osimensis muenninki) Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa) V Tokudaia osimensis Japan: Nansei-shoto (Amami-oshima) I Wilfredomys oenax Brazil; Uruguay R Xenuromys barbatus Rock-dwelling Rat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Xeromys myoides False Water-rat Australia R Zelotomys woosnami Botswana; Namibia; South Africa E Zyzomys pedunculatus Central Rock-rat Australia Family ANOMALUREDAE K Zenkerella insignis Flightless Scaly-tailed Squirrel Cameroon; Central African Republic; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon Family CTENODACTYUDAE K Felovia vae Felou Gundi Mali; Mauritania; Senegal Family MYOXIDAE R Glirulus japonicus Japanese Dormouse Japan Family BATHYERGIDAE V Bathyergus janetta Namibia; South Africa K Cryptomys zechi Ghana; Togo Family ERETHIZONTIDAE V Chaetomys subspinosus Thin-spined Porcupine BrazU Family CHINCHILLIDAE I Chinchilla brevicaudata Shoit-tailed Chinchilla Argentma; Bolivia; Chile; Peru (ex?) I Chinchilla lanigera Long-tailed Chinchilla Argentina?; Chile Family DINOMYIDAE E Dinomys branickii Pacarana Bolivia; BrazU; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela 31 THREATENED SPECIES Family OCTODONTIDAE V Octomys banerae (Tympanoclomys barrerae) Red Vizcacha Rat Argentina Family CAPROMYIDAE E Capromys angelcabrerai (Mesocapromys angelcabrerai) Cabrera's Hulia Cuba: Cay Ana Maria E Capromys auritus (Mesocapromys auritus) Large-eared Hutia Cuba: Cay Fragoso E Capromys garridoi (Mysateles garridoi) Garrido's Hutia Cuba: Cananeos Archipelago I Capromys gundlachi {Mysateles gundlachi) Chapman's PrehensUe-tailed Hutia Cuba: Isle de Juventud R Capromys melanurus (Mysateles melanurus) Bushy-tailed Hutia Cuba I Capromys meridionalis (Mysateles meridionalis) Isla de la Juventud Tree Hutia Cuba: Isle de Juventud E Capromys nanus (Mesocapromys nanus) Dwarf Hutia Cuba E Capromys sanfelipensis (Mesocapromys sanfelipensis) Little Earth Hutia Cuba Geocapromys brownii (includes G. ihoracatus. Capromys) Jamaican Hutia Jamaica Geocapromys ingrahami (Capromys ingrahami) Bahamian Hutia Bahamas: Plana Keys sometimes included in R Plagiodontia aedium (includes P- hylaeum) Hispaniolan Hutia Dominican Republic; Haiti Order LAGOMORPHA Family OCHOTONIDAE K Ochotona forresti Forrest's Pika Bhutan. China. India. Myamnar I Ochotona gaoligongensis Gaoligong Pika China I Ochotona iliensis IliPika China V Ochotona koslowi Kozlov's Pika China I Ochotona muliensis Mull Pika China I Ochotona nuhrica Nubra Pika C hina India. Nepal V Ochotona pusilla Steppe Pika. Litde Pika Russia I Ochotona thomasi Thomas' Pika China Family LEPORIDAE V Brachylagus idahoensis Pygmy Rabbit USA E Bunolagus monticularis Riverine Rabbit South Africa E Caprolagus hispidus Hispid Hare Bangladesh; India; Nepal I Lepus callotis White-sided Jackrabbit Mexico, USA E Lepus flavigularis Tehuantepec Jackrabbit Mexico 32 Mammals K Lepus hainanus (L. pequensis haiitanus) Hainan Hare China R Lepus insularis Black Jackrabbit Mexico K Lepus othus (Lepus limidus othus) Alaskan Hare USA: Alaska E Nesolagus netscheri Sumatran Rabbit Indonesia: Sumatra E Pentalagus furnessi Amami Rabbit Japan E Romerolagus diad Volcano Rabbit Mexico K Sylvilagus dicei (5. brasiliensis dicei) Dice's Cottontail Costa Rica; Panama E Sylvilagus graysoni Tres Marias Rabbit Mexico: Tres Marias Islands E Sylvilagus insonus Omilteme Rabbit Mexico I Sylvilagus mansuetus (Sylvilagus bachmani mansuetus) San Jose Brush Rabbit Mexico Order MACROSCELIDEA Family MACROSCELIDIDAE V Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew Kenya R Rhynchocyon peter si Black-and-mfous Elephant-shrew Kenya; Tanzania: including Pemba Island. Zanzibar 33 Birds Class AVES Order APTERYGIFORMES Family APTERYGIDAE V Apteryx owenii Little Spotted Kiwi New Zealand Order TINAMIFORMES Family TINAMIDAE I Crypturellus kerriae Choco Tinamou Colombia; Panama ^Ex Nothoprocta kalinowskii Kalinowski's Tinamou Peru V Nothoprocta taczanowskii Taczanowski's Tinamou Peru I Nothura minor Lesser Nothura Brazil I Taoniscus nanus Dwarf Tinamou Argentina (ex?); Brazil K Tinamus osgoodi Black Tinamou Colombia; Peru Order SPHENISCIFORMES Family SPHENISCIDAE V Megadyptes antipodes Yellow -eyed Penguin New Zealand: Auckland Islands. Campbell Island, South Island. Stewart Island K Spheniscus demersus Jackass Penguin Namibia; South Africa. Mozambique Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE E/Ex Podiceps andinus Colombian Grebe Colombia E Podiceps taczanowskii Pima Grebe Peru Angola; K Tachybaptus pelzelnii Madagascar Grebe Madagascar E Tachybaptus rufolavatus Alaotra Grebe Madagascar Order PROCELLARHFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE E Diomcdca albatrus Short-tailed Albatross Japan: Izu Islands. * North Pacific inc. China; USA: Hawaiian Islands; Russia; Taiwan E Diomedea amsterdamensis Amsterdam Island Albatross French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Amsterdam Island Family PROCELLARHDAE E Procellaria parkinsoni Black Petrel New Zealand. * South Pacific north to Costa Rica; Ecuador, Peru V Procellaria westlandica Westland Petrel New Zealand. * Australia E Pterodroma aterrima (Pseiulobutweria aterrima) Mascarene Petrel Reunion E Pterodroma axillaris Chatham Islands Petrel New Zealand: Chatham Islands I Pterodroma becki (Pterodroma roslrala becki) Beck's Petrel Papua New Guinea (ex?)?; Solomon Islands (ex?)? E Pterodroma cahow Bermuda Petrel Bermuda R Pterodroma cookii Cook's Petrel New Zealand. Chile; Peru seas off South America; Pterodroma defilippiana Defdippe's Petrel Chile: Desventuradas Islands; Juan Femindez Islands 35 THREATENED SPECIES Pterodroma feae Cape Vende Petrel Cape Verde; Portugal: Madeira. * Tropical and subtropical Atlantic Pterodroma hasitata Black-capped Petrel Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti. * Caribbean and western North Atlantic Pterodroma madeira Madeira Petrel Portugal: Madeira Pterodroma magentae Magenta Petrel New Zealand: Chatham Pacific V/R Islands. * South Pterodroma macgillivrayi (Psendobulweria macgillivrayi) MacGUlivray's Petrel Fiji: Gau Island Pterodroma phaeopygia (P. p. phaeopygia) Galapagos Petrel Ecuador: Galapagos Islands. * Chile: Colombia: Malpelo Island; Costa Rica; Ecuador, French Polynesia: Clipperton Island; Mexico; Panama; Peru Pterodroma pycrofti Pycroft's Petrel New Zealand Pterodroma sandwichensis (P. pliaeopygia sandwichensis) Hawaiian Petrel USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai?, Lanai, Maui, Molokai). * French Polynesia?: Marquesas Islands; Kiribati: Line Islands Puffinus auricularis Townsend's Shearwater Mexico: Revillagigedos Islands Puffinus creatopus Pink-footed Shearwater Chile: Isla Mocha, Juan Femindez Islands. * Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Peru; USA I Puffinus heinrothi Heinroth's Shearwater Papua New Guinea: Bougainville, New Britain FamUy HYDROBATIDAE E/Ex Oceanodroma macrodactyla Guadalupe Storm-Petrel Mexico: Guadalupe Island K Oceanodroma tristrami Tristram's Storm-Petrel USA: Hawaiian Islands: Japan: Izu Islands. Kazan-retto (Volcano Islands) Family PELECANOIDIDAE V Pelecanoides garnotii Peruvian Diving-Petrel Chile; Peru Order PELECANIFORMES Family PELECANIDAE V Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; China; Greece; Iran; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Romania: Russia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Egypt; Hong Kong; India; Iraq; Lebanon; Pakistan; Syria I Pelecanus philippensis Spot-billed Pelican India; Sri Lanka. * Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam Family SULIDAE E Papasula abbotti (Sula abbotti) Abbott's Booby Christmas Island; Costa Rica?: Cocos (Keeling) Islands. * Indonesia: Java Family PHALACR0C0RAC3DAE R Phalacrocorax carunculatus Rough-faced Shag New Zealand: Cook Strait R Phalacrocorax chalconotus Bronze Shag (P. carunculatus chalconotus) New Zealand: South Island, Stewart Island R Phalacrocorax harrisi (Naniioplerum harrisi) FUghtless Cormorant Ecuador: Galapagos Isabela Islands: Femandina. Phalacrocorax onslowi (P. carunculatus onslowi) Chatham Islands Shag New Zealand: Chadiam Islands 36 Birds Bulgaria; Greece; Italy; Kazakhstan; Russia; Tajikistan; K Phalacrocorax pygmeus (Halielor pygmeus) Pygmy Cormorant Albania; Azerbaijan; Hungary: Iran; Iraq; Moldova; Romania; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Austria; Georgia; Israel Family FREGATIDAE V Fregata andrewsi Christmas Island Frigatebird Christmas Island. * Indonesia: Bali. Java, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, Sarawak Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam R Fregata aquila Ascension Frigatebird Ascension: Saint Helena. * tropical Atlantic Order CICONHFORMES Family ARDEIDAE K Ardea humbloti Madagascar Heron Comoros?; Madagascar. * Comoros; Mayotte E Ardea insignis (Ardea imper talis) White-bellied Heron Bangladesh; Bhutan: India; Myanmar V Egretta eulophotes Chinese Egret China; Hong Kong?; Korea D.P.R.: Korea Republic. * Brunei; Japan; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak; Philippines: Basilan, Batan. Bohol. Cebu, Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan. Panay. Samar, Russia; Singapore; Taiwan I Egretta vinaceigula Slaty Egret Botswana; Namibia; Zambia? V Gorsachius goisagi Japanese Night-Heron Japan. * China; Philippines: Taiwan E Gorsachius magnificus White-eared Night -Heron C hina - Hainan Family BALAENIdPITIDAE K Balaeniceps rex Shoebill Burundi?; Central African Republic; Ethiopia; Rwanda; Sudan; Tanzania; Uganda; Zaire; Zambia Family aCONHDAE E Ciconia boyciana Oriental Stork China; Russia. Republic Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea I Ciconia slormi Storm's Stork Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra?; Malaysia: Sabah. Sarawak; Thailand. * Brunei; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia E Leptoptilos dubius Greater Adjutant Cambodia (ex?); India; Laos (ex?); Myanmar (ex?); Viet Nam (ex?). * Nepal; Thailand V Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser Adjutant Bangladesh; Cambodia?; China; India; Indonesia: Bali. Kalimantan. Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, Sarawak; Laos?; Myanmar. Nepal; Sri Lanka: Thailand; Viet Nam. * Bhutan; Brunei; Singapore V Mycteria cinerea Milky Stork Cambodia: Indonesia: Java, Sumatra. Sulawesi; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Viet Nam Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE R Geronticus calvus Bald Ibis Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland E Geronticus eremita Waldrapp Morocco. * Ethiopia; Syria; Yemen E Nipponia nippon Crested Ibis China E Platalea minor Black-faced SpoonbUl China; Korea D.P.R. * Cambodia; China; Hong Kong; Japan; Taiwan; Viet Nam 37 THREATENED SPEaES I Pseudibis davisoni White-shouldered Ibis Cambodia?: China; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Laos?; Myanmar?: Viet Nam. * Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak R Pseudibis gigantea Giant Ibis Cambodia (ex?); Laos Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE K Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck China: Japan: Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic: Russia. * Taiwan [Austria: Belgium: Netherlands; United Kingdom] V Anas aucklandica Brown Teal New Zealand V Anas bernieri Bemier's Teal Madagascar V Anasformosa Baikal Teal Russia. * China; Japan; Korea D.P.R.: Korea Republic R Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian Duck USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) [Hawaiian Islands: Hawaii, Oahu] R Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose Finland; Norway; Sweden: Russia. * Albania; Bulgaria: China; Greece; Hungary; India; Iran; Iraq: Japan: Latvia: Pakistan: Romania: Turkey; Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia V Aythya baeri Baer's Pochard China; Korea DPJi.?; Russia, * Bangladesh; Hong Kong: India; Japan; Myanmar, Nepal; Korea Republic: Thailand: Viet Nam E Aythya innotata Madagascar Pochard Madagascar K Branta ruficollis Red-breasted Goose Russia. * Bulgaria: Greece; Hungary; Iran; Iraq: Kazakhstan: Romania: Turkey: Turkmenistan V Branta sandvicensis Nene USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Maui) V Cairina scutulata White-winged Duck Bangladesh: Cambodia?; India; Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Myaimiar. Thailand; Viet Nam V Dendrocygna arborea West Indian Whistling-Duck Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas: British Virgin Islands: Cayman Islands: Cuba: Dominican Republic; Haiti: Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Turks and Caicos Islands; Virgin Islands of the United States V Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Teal Afghanistan; Algeria; Armenia; Azerbaijan; China?; Egypt?; Georgia: Iran; Iraq: Israel: Kazakhstan: Morocco: Pakistan?; Russia; Senegal: Spain; Tajikistan; T unis ia (ex?); Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan. * Chad; Egypt; India; Mali; Morocco; Pakistan: Turkey E Mergus octosetaceus Brazilian Merganser Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay I Mergus squamatus Scaly-sided Merganser Chma; Korea DPJi.; Russia V Oxyura leucocephala White-headed Duck Afghanistan: Algeria; France: Corsica (ex?); Iran; Kazakhstan: Romania: Russia; Spain; Tunisia: Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan. * Albania: Bulgaria; C hina ; Cyprus; Egypt; Greece; India; Iraq; Italy: Morocco: Pakistan; Syria; Tajikistan K Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck Australia E Tadorna cristata Crested Shelduck China?; Korea D.P.R.?: Russia. * China?: Korea Republic Order FALCONIFORMES Family CATHARTIDAE E Gymnogyps californianus California Condor [Remtroduced to USA] 38 Birds Family ACCIPITRIDAE R Accipiter hrachyurus New Britain Sparrowhawk Papua New Guinea: New Britain V/R Accipiter gundlachi Gundlach's Hawk Cuba R Accipiter imitator Imitator Sparrowhawk Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands: Oioiseul. Santa Isabel R Accipiter nanus Small Sparrowhawk Indonesia: Sulawesi V Aegypius monachus Cinereous Vulture Afghanistan; Albania (ex?); Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria?; China; Cyprus?; Georgia; Greece; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Pakistan; Portugal; Russia; Spain: including Balearic Islands: MaUorca; Syria?; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Bangladesh?; Bhutan?; Egypt; Hong Kong; India; Italy; Korea DJ.R.; Korea Republic; Morocco; Myaimiar, Nepal; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Thailand E Aquila adalberti Adalbert's Eagle Portugal; Spain R Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle Albania?; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; China; Cyprus: Czechoslovakia; Georgia; Greece; Hungary; Iran; Kazakhstan; Moldova; Romania; Russia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia; Hong Kong; India; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kuwait; Laos; Lebanon; Nepal; Oman; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam; Yemen R Buteo galapagoensis Galapagos Hawk Ecuador: Galapagos Islands I Buteo ridgwayi Ridgway's Hawk Dominican Republic; Haiti R Buteo solitarius Hawaiian Hawk USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) K V Erythrotriorchis radiatus (Accipiter radiants) Red Goshawk Australia Eutriorchis astur Madagascar Serpent-Eagle Madagascar Gyps coprotheres Cape Griffon Botswana: Lesotho; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa. * Swaziland Haliaeetus albiciUa White-tailed Eagle Albania (ex?); Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bulgaria; China; Czechoslovakia; Demnark; Estonia; Finland; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; Iran; Israel; Japan; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Mongolia; Nepal; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Sweden; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; France; Faeroe Islands; India; Israel; Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; Nepal; Pakistan; Taiwan; Tajikistan; USA; Uzbekistan [Reintroduced to United Kingdom] Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas's Sea-Eagle Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Myanmar, Nepal; Pakistan; Russia?; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan. * Afghanistan Haliaeetus pelagicus SteUer's Sea-Eagle Russia. * Japan; Republic Haliaeetus vociferoides Madagascar Fish-Eagle Madagascar Korea D.PJl.?; Korea Harpyhaliaetus coronatus Crowned Eagle Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay V Harpy opsis novaeguineae New Guinea Eagle Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea I Henicopernis infuscatus Black Honey-buzzard Papua New Guinea: New Britain V/R Leucoptemis lacemulata White-necked Hawk Brazil 39 THREATENED SPECIES E Leucopternis occidentalis Grey-backed Hawk Ecuador, Peru K Milvus milvus Red Kite Algeria (ex?); Armenia?: Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Cape Verde; Czechoslovakia; Denmark; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Iran; Italy; Latvia?; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Morocco; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tunisia (ex?); Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia. * Austria; Bulgaria; Gibraltar. Greece; Liechtenstein; Turkey E Pilhecophaga jefferyi Great Philippine Eagle Philippines: Leyte. Luzon, Mindanao, Samar R Spilornis elgini Andaman Serpent-Eagle India: Andaman Islands R Spilornis kinabaluensis Mountain Serpent-Eagle Brunei: Indonesia: Kalimant an; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak V Spizaetus bartelsi Javan Hawk-Eagle Indonesia: Java R Spizaetus nanus Wallace's Hawk-Eagle Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, Sarawak; Myaimiar. Thailand Family FALCONIDAE K Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon Australia R Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel Afghanistan; Albania?; Austria; Azerbaijan; Czechoslovakia?: France Greece; Hungary; Iran; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon? Libya; Moldova; Mongolia; Morocco; Poland? Portugal; Romania: Russia; Saudi Arabia Spain; Switzerland?; Syria; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan: Yugoslavia. * Angola: Bahram: Bangladesh Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Algeria; Armenia Bulgaria; China ; Georgia; Gibraltar; Iraq?; Israel; Italy Burundi; Central African Republic; Chad: Congo; Coted'Ivoire: Cyprus; Djibouti; Egypt: Ethiopia; Ghana; Guinea-Bissau?; India; Iraq; Kenya; Kuwait; Laos; Lebanon; Lesotho; Malawi: Maldives; Mali: Malta: Mauritania; Mozambique: Myanmar. Namibia: Nepal; Niger, Nigeria: Oman; Pakistan: Poland; Qatar, Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone?: South Africa: Sudan; Tanzania: Togo?: Turkey; Uganda: United Arab Emirates; Western Sahara?; Yemen; Zaire; Zambia: Zimbabwe E Falco punctalus Mauritius Kestrel Mauritius K Micrastur buckleyi Buckley's Forest-Falcon Brazil: Colombia?: Ecuador. Peru V Micrastur plumbeus Plumbeous Forest-Falcon Colombia; Ecuador Order GALLIFORMES Family MEGAPODIIDAE R Aepypodius bruijnii Bruijn's Brush-turkey Indonesia: Waigeo Island K Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl Australia V Macrocephalon maleo Maleo Indonesia: Lembeh. Sulawesi V Megapodius bernsteinii Sula Scrubfowl Indonesia: Banggai (ex?). Sula R Megapodius laperouse Micronesian Scrubfowl Northern Marianas: Palau R Megapodius nicobariensis Nicobar Scrubfowl India: North Nicobar Islands V Megapodius pritchardii Niuafo'ou Scrubfowl Tonga: Niuafo'ou R Megapodius wallacei Moluccan Scrubfowl Indonesia: Ambon, Bacan. Buru, Halmahera, Haruku, Misool, Seram. Temate 40 Birds Family CRACDDAE E Crax alberti Blue-knobbed Curassow Colombia R Crax blumenbachii Red-billed Curassow Brazil I Crax globulosa Wattled Curassow Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Peru E Mitu mitu Alagoas Curassow Brazil V/R Oreophasis derbianus Homed Guan Guatemala; Mexico E Pauxi pauxi Helmeted Curassow Colombia; Venezuela V/R Pauxi unicornis Homed Curassow Peru; Bolivia E Penelope albipennis White-winged Guan Pem V/R Penelope barbata Bearded Guan Ecuador, Pern V/R Penelope ochrogaster Chestnut-bellied Guan Brazil R Penelope perspicax Cauca Guan Colombia V/R Pipile jacutinga Black-fronted Piping-Guan Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay E Pipile pipile Trinidad Piping-Guan Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad Family PHASIANIDAE K Afropavo congensis Congo Peafowl Zaire E Agelastes meleagrides White-breasted Guineafowl Cote dlvoire; Ghana (ex?); Liberia; Sierra Leone Arborophila ardens Hainan Partridge China Arborophila cambodiana Chestnut-headed Partridge Cambodia; Thailand Arborophila charltonii Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah; Thailand; Viet Nam Arborophila davidi Orange-necked Partridge Viet Nam Arborophila gingica White-necklaced Partridge China Arborophila ru/lpectus Sichuan Partridge China Catreus wallichii Cheer Pheasant India; Nepal; Pakistan Crossoptilon crossoptilon White Eared -Pheasant China Crossoptilon mantchuricum Brown Eared-Pheasant C hina Dendrortyx barbatus Bearded Wood-Partridge Mexico Francolinus camerunensis Cameroon FrancoUn Cameroon Francolinus gularis Swamp Francolin Bangladesh; India; Nepal Francolinus nahani Nahan's FrancoUn Uganda; Zaire Francolinus ochropectus Ochre-breasted Francolin Djibouti Francolinus swierstrai Swierstra's Francolin Angola Lophophorus Ihuysii Chinese Monal China 41 THREATENED SPECIES Lophophorus sclateri Sclater's Moral China; India; Myanmar Lophura bulweri Bulwer's Pheasant Brunei; Indonesia: Sabah. Sarawak Kalimantan; Malaysia: Thailand; Viet Nam R Lophura diardi Siamese Fireback Cambodia; Laos; V Lophura edwardsi Edwards's Pheasant Viet Nam I Lophura hatinhensis Vietnamese Pheasant Viet Nam V Lophura ignita Crested Fireback Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand V Lophura imperialis Imperial Pheasant Laos?; Viet Nam V Lophura inornata Salvadori's Pheasant Indonesia: Sumatra V Lophura swinhott Swinhoe's Pheasant Taiwan V/R Odontophorus strophium Gorgeted Wood-Quail Colombia V Pavo muticus Green Peafowl Bangladesh (ex?); Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam R Perdicula manipurensis Manipur Bush-Quail Bangladesh; India V Polyplectron emphanum Palawan Peacock-Pheasant Philippines: Palawan R Polyplectron germaini Germain's Peacock-Pheasant Laos?; Viet Nam Polyplectron malacense Malayan Peacock-Pheasant Malaysia: Penimular Malaysia; Thailand Myanmar. Polyplectron schleiermacheri (P. malacense schleiermacheri) Bomean Peacock-Pheasant Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sarawak Sabah, R Rheinardia ocellata (includes R. nigrescens) Crested Argus Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Viet Nam E Syrmaticus ellioti Elliot's Pheasant China R Syrmaticus humiae Hume's Pheasant China; India; Myanmar: Thailand V Syrmaticus mikado Mikado Pheasant Taiwan R Syrmaticus reevesii Reeves's Pheasant China [Czechoslovakia] K Tetrao mlokosiewiczi Caucasian Grouse Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Iran; Russia; Turkey R Tragopan blythii Blyth's Tragopan Bhutan; China; India; Myarmiar E Tragopan caboti Cabot's Tragopan China E Tragopan melanocephalus Western Tragopan China; India; Nepal?; Pakistan Order GRUIFORMES Family MESirORNITHIDAE K Mesitornis unicolor Brown Roatelo Madagascar R Mesitornis variegata White-breasted Roatelo Madagascar 42 Birds R Manias benschi Monias Madagascar Family TURNICIDAE I K K Turnix everelti Sumba Buttonquail Indonesia: Sumba Turnix melanogaster Black-breasted Buttonquail Australia Turnix olivii Buff-breasted Buttonquail Australia I Turnix worcesteri Worcester's Buttonquail Philippines: Luzon Family PEDIONOMIDAE Pedionomus torquatus Plains-wanderer Australia K Family GRUIDAE E Grus americana Whooping Crane Canada. * USA K Grus carunculatus (Bugeranus carunculatus) Wattled Crane Angola; Botswana; Ethiopia; Malawi; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa; Tanzania; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe V Grus japonensis Red-crowned Crane China; Japan; Russia; Mongolia. * Korea D.P.R.; Korea RepubUc V Grus leucogeranus Siberian Crane China; Mongolia?; Russia. * Afghanistan; India; Iran; Pakistan V Grus monacha Hooded Crane Russia. * Japan; Korea D.PH.; Korea Republic; Taiwan V Grus nigricollis Black-necked Crane China; India. * Bhutan; Myanmar, Viet Nam V Grus vipio White-naped Crane China; Mongolia; Russia. * Japan; Korea D.PJi.; Korea RepubUc Family RALLIDAE K Amaurornis olivieri Sakalava Rail Madagascar I Aramidopsis plaleni Snoring Rail Indonesia: Sulawesi R Atlantisia rogersi Inaccessible Rail Saint Helena: Inaccessible Island R Coturnicops exquisitus Swinhoe's Rail China: Russia. * Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic I Coturnicops nobitus Speckled RaU Argentina; Brazil; Colombia; Guyana; Paraguay; Uruguay; Venezuela R Crex crex Com Crake Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan (ex?); Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; China; Czechoslovakia; Denmark; Estonia; Finland: France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iran; Ireland; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey?; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Algeria: Azerbaijan; Botswana; Egypt; Ethiopia; Ghana; Iraq: Israel; Kenya; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania: Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria; Portugal; Saudi Arabia; South Africa: Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania; Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Uganda: United Kingdom: Channel Islands (Guernsey. Jersey); Uzbekistan; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe I Cyanolimnas cerverai Zapata Rail Cuba K Fulica cornuta Homed Coot Argentina; Bolivia; Chile I Gallinula nesiotis Tristan Moorhen Saint Helena: Tristan da Ciinha. Gough Island I Gallinula silvestris San Cristobal Moorhen Solomon Islands: San Cristobal 43 THREATENED SPEQES I Gallirallus lafresnayanus (Xricholimiias lafresnayanus) New Caledonian Rail New Caledonia (ex?) V Gallirallus okinawae (Rattus okinawae) Okinawa Rail Japan: Okinawa V Gallirallus owstoni (Rallus owstoni) Guam Rail Guam E Gallirallus sylvestris (Tricholimnas sylvestris) Lord Howe Rail Australia: Lord Howe Island I Gymnocrex rosenbergii Bald-faced Rail Indonesia; Peleng, Sulawesi I Habroptila wallacii Invisible Rail Indonesia: Halmahera V Laterallus levraudi Rusty-flanked Crake Venezuela E Laterallus tuerosi {L. jamaicensis tuerosi) Junin Rail Peru V/R Laterallus xenopterus Rufous-faced Crake Brazil; Paraguay I Lewinia mirificus (Dryolimnas mirificus, Rallus mirificus) Brown-banded Rail Philippines: Luzon E Nesoclopeus poecilopterus Bar-winged Rail Fiji: Viti Levu, Ovalau E Porphyria mantelli (Notornis mantelli) Takahe New Zealand: South Island R Porzana atra (Nesophylax ater) Henderson Island Crake Pitcaim Islands: Henderson Island I Porzana spiloptera Dot-winged Crake Argentina; Uruguay E/Ex Rallus antarcticus Austral Rail Argentina; Chile V/R Rallus semiplumbeus Bogota Rail Colombia; Ecuador? E Rallus wetmorei Plain-flanked Rail Venezuela I Sarothrura ayresi White-winged Flufftail Ethiopia (ex?); Soudi Africa I Sarothrura watersi Waters's Flufftail Madagascar Family HELIORNITHIDAE V Heliopais personata Masked Finfoot Bangladesh; Cambodia?; India; Myanmar, Thailand?; Viet Nam. * Cambodia?; Indonesia: Java. Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Thailand; Viet Nam Family RHYNOCHETIDAE E Rhynochetos jubatus Kagu New Caledonia Family OTIDIDAE V Ardeotis nigriceps Indian Bustard India; Pakistan. * Pakistan? V Chlamydotis undulata Houbara Bustard Afghanistan?; Algeria; China; Egypt; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Libya; Mauritania; Mongolia; Morocco; Oman; Pakistan; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Spain: Canary Islands; Sudan; Syria; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Western Sahara; Yemen. * Afghanistan; Bahrain; India; Kuwait; Qatar, United Arab Emirates E Eupodotis bengalensis (Houbaropsis bengalensis) Bengal Florican Bhutan?; Cambodia?; India; Nepal; Viet Nam E Eupodotis indica (Syplieotides indica) Lesser Florican India; Nepal. * Bangladesh?; Nepal; Pakistan 44 Birds Otis tarda Great Bustard Austria; China; Czechoslovakia: Germany; Hungary; Iran; Kazakhstan: Kyrgyzstan: Moldova: Mongolia: Morocco; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain; Syria?; Tajikistan; Turkey; Ukraine: Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan?; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Iraq; Syria; Turkmenistan: Yugoslavia Tetrax letrax Little Bustard Albania?; Algeria; China: France; Iran; Iraq?; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Morocco; Portugal; Russia; Spain; Turkey; Ukraine: Uzbekistan. * Azerbaijan?: Egypt: Georgia: Israel; Libya; Pakistan; Romania: Tajikistan; Tunisia: Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia Order CHARADRHFORMES Fanuly RECUR VIROSTRIDAE E Himantopus novaezelandiae Black StUt New Zealand: South Island. North Island Family GLAREOLIDAE * New Zealand: I Rhinoptilus bitorquatus (Cursoriiis bitorquatus) Jerdon's Courser India Family CHARADRUDAE V/R Charadrius melodus Piping Plover Canada; USA. * Bahamas; Barbados; Bermuda: British Virgin Islands; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Mexico; Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands of the United States E Charadrius novaeseelandiae (Thinornis novaeseelandiae) Shore Plover New Zealand: Chatham Islands (Rangatira Island) K Charadrius ruhricollis Hooded Plover Australia R Charadrius sanctaehelenae Saint Helena Plover Saint Helena R Charadrius thoracicus Black-banded Plover Madagascar R Vanellus gregarius iChetlusia gregaria) Sociable Lapwing Kazakhstan; Russia. * Ethiopia; India; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Kyrgyzstan; Oman; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yemen I Vanellus macropterus Javanese Lapwing Indonesia: Java (ex?) Family SCOLOPACIDAE K Calidris paramelanotos Cox's Sandpiper not known, possibly Russia R Coenocorypha nucklandica (includes C. pitsitla) Subantarctic Snipe New Zealand: Antipodes Island, Auckland Islands. Chatham Islands. Snares Island I Eurynorhynchus pygmeus Spoonbill Sandpiper Russia. * Bangladesh; China; Hong Kong: India; Japan; Korea DJ.R.; Korea Republic; Singapore I Gallinago nemoricola Wood Snipe Bhutan; China: India: Nepal. * Pakistan R Limnodromus semipalmatus Asian Dowitcher China; Mongolia; Russia. * Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei: Cambodia; Hong Kong: India: Indonesia: Java. Kalimantan, Sumatra: Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Philippines: Cebu, Luzon, Olango. Simunul; Singapore; Thailand: Viet Nam E/Ex Numenius borealis Eskimo Curlew Canada; USA?: Alaska. * Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Suriname V/R Numenius tahitiensis Bristle-thighed Curlew USA: Alaska. * American Samoa: Fiji; French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago; Tonga; USA: Hawaiian Islands; Marshall Islands; Western Samoa K Numenius tenuirostris Slender-billed Curlew Russia. * Greece; Hungary; Italy; Morocco; Romania: Tunisia; Turkey; Yugoslavia 45 THREATENED SPEQES V Prosobonia cancellatus Tuamotu Sandpiper French Polynesia: Tuamoto Archipelago I Scolopax celehensis Sulawesi Woodcock Indonesia: Sulawesi I Scolopax rochussenii Moluccan Woodcock Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera?, Obi, Temate? I Tringa guttifer Nordmann's Greenshank Russia. * Bangladesli; Cambodia?; China; Japan; Korea D.PJi.; Korea Republic; Laos?; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Philippines: Cebu. Luzon; Thailand Family LARIDAE V Chlidonias albostriatus (Sterna albostriata) Black-fronted Tern New Zealand: South Island K Larus atlanticus Olrog's Gull Argentina. * Brazil; Uruguay R Larus audouinii Audouin's Gull Algeria; Cyprus; France: Corsica; Greece; Italy; Sardinia: Morocco; Spain; Tunisia; Turkey. * Gibraltar; Libya; Western Sahara K Larus leucophthalmus White-eyed GuU Egypt; Ethiopia; Saudi Arabia; Somalia; Sudan; Yemen R Larus relictus Relict GuU China; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Russia. * Korea Republic R Larus saundersi Saunders's Gull China. * Hong Kong; Japan; Korea DJJi.?; Korea Republic?; Taiwan; Viet Nam R Sterna balaenarum Damara Tern Angola?; Namibia; South Africa. * Angola; Cameroon; Gabon; Ghana; Nigeria; Zaire? I Sterna bernsteini Chinese Crested Tem China? V Sterna virgata Kerguelen Tem French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands; South Africa: Prince Edward Island Family ALCIDAE V Synthliboramphus wumizusume Japanese Murrelet Japan: including Izu Islands. * Korea DJ.R.; Korea Republic; Russia Order COLUMBIFORMES Family COLUMBIDAE R Caloenas nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon Cambodia; India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands: South Sentinal; Indonesia; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak Myanmar, Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Viet Nam E/Ex Claravis godefrida Purple-winged Groimd-Dove Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay V Columba argentina Silvery Wood -Pigeon Indonesia: Anamba Islands (ex?), Kalimantan (ex?). Karimata Islands (ex?). Lingga Archipelago (ex?), Mentawai Islands (ex?), Natuna Islands (ex?), Riau Archipelago (ex?), Simeulue (ex?). Simjatra R Columba bollii Bolle's Pigeon Spain; Canary Islands V Columba caribaea Ring-tailed Pigeon Jamaica V Columba elphinstonii Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon India I Columba inornata Plain Pigeon Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica; Puerto Rico R Columba junoniae Laurel Pigeon Spain: Canary Islands E Columba mayeri (Nesoenas mayeri) Pink Pigeon Mauritius 46 Birds V Columba oenops Peruvian Pigeon Peru R Columba oliviae Somali Pigeon Somalia I Columba pallidiceps Yellow-legged Pigeon Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago; Solomon Islands (ex?) R Columba punicea Pale-capped Pigeon China; India; Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam V Columba thomensis Maroon Pigeon Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom6 V Columba torringtoni Ceylon Wood-Pigeon Sri Lanka R Columba trocaz Trocaz Pigeon Portugal: Madeira E Columbina cyanopis Blue-eyed Ground-Dove BrazU V Didunculus strigirostris Toodi-billed Pigeon Western Samoa: Savaii, Upolu V Drepanoptila holosericea Cloven-feathered Dove New Caledonia V Ducula aurorae Polynesian Imperial-Pigeon French Polynesia: Tahiti. Makatea E Ducula galeata Marquesan Imperial-Pigeon French Polynesia: Nukuhiva V Ducula goliath New Caledonian Imperial-Pigeon New Caledonia R Ducula mindorensis Mindoro Imperial-Pigeon Philippines: Mindoro R Ducula pickeringii Grey Imperial-Pigeon Indonesia: Miangas, Talaud; Malaysia: Sabah; Philippines R Ducula whartoni Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon Christmas Island Gallicolumba erythroptera Polynesian Ground-Dove French Polynesia: Tuamoto Archipelago Gallicolumba hoedtii Wetar Ground-Dove Indonesia: Timor, Wetar Gallicolumba keayi Negros Bleeding-heart Philippines: Negros Gallicolumba menagei Sulu Bleeding-heart Philippines: Sulu Archipelago, Tawitawi Gallicolumba platenae Mindoro Bleeding-heart Philippines: Mindoro Gallicolumba rubescens Marquesan Ground-Dove Erench Polynesia: Hatutu, Fatuhuku Gallicolumba salamonis Thick-billed Ground-Dove Solomon Islands: Malaita. San Cristobal Gallicolumba santaecrucis Santa Cruz Ground-Dove Solomon Islands: Tinakula, Utupua; Vanuatu: Espiritu Santo V/R Goura cristata Western Crowned-Pigeon Indonesia: Batanta. Irian Salawati. Waigeo Jaya. Misool, Goura scheepmakeri Southern Crowned-Pigeon Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Goura victoria Victoria Crowned-Pigeon Indonesia: Biak, Irian Jaya, Yapen; Papua New Guinea Leptotila conoveri Tolima Dove Colombia Leptotila ochraceiventris Ochre-bellied Dove Ecuador, Peru Leptotila wellsi Grenada Dove Grenada 47 THREATENED SPECIES I Ptilinopus arcanus Negros Fniit-Dove Philippines: Negros R Ptilinopus dohertyi Red-naped Fniit-Dove Indonesia: Sumba I Ptilinopus granulifrons Carunculated Fruit-Dove Indonesia: Obi R Ptilinopus huttoni Rapa Fruit-Dove French Polynesia: Tubuai Islands (Rapa) V Ptilinopus roseicapilla Marianas Fruit-Dove Guam; Northern Marianas I Starnoenas cyanocephala Blue-headed Quail-Dove Cuba V Treron capellei Large Green-Pigeon Brunei; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan. Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular. Sabah. Sarawak Myanmar, Thailand V Treron psittacea Timor Green-Pigeon Indonesia: Roti, Semau, Timor V Treron teysmannii Sumba Green-Pigeon Indonesia: Sumba E Zenaida graysoni Socorro Dove Mexico: Revillagigedos Islands Order PSITTACIFORMES Family LORIIDAE I Charmosyna diadema New Caledonian Lorikeet New Caledonia (ex?) I Charmosyna toxopei Blue-fronted Lorikeet Indonesia: Bum R Eos cyanogenia Black- winged Lory Indonesia: Biak, Manim, Meos Num. Numfor R Eos his trio Red-and-blue Lory Indonesia: Miangas. Ruang. Sangihe. Siau, Talaud R Eos reticulata Blue-streaked Lory Indonesia: Babar, Tanimbar [Indonesia: Damar. Kai Islands] R Lorius domicella Purple-naped Lory Indonesia; Ambon. Seram [Indonesia: Bum] R Vini kuhlii Kuhl's Lorikeet French Polynesia: Rimitara. Tubuai? [Kiribati: Kiritimati. Tabuaeran. Teraina] R Vini peruviana Tahitian Lorikeet Cook Islands: [Aitutaki]?; French Polynesia: Society Islands. Tuamotu Archipelago R Vini stepheni Stephen's Lorikeet Pitcaira Islands: Henderson Island R Vini ultramarina Ultramarine Lorikeet French Polynesia: Nukuhiva. Uapou [French Polynesia: Uahuka] Family CACATUIDAE E Cacatua alba White Cockatoo Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera. Obi. Temate, Tidore E Cacatua goffini Tanimbar Cockatoo Indonesia: Tanimbar Islands [Indonesia: Kai Islands (Tual)] E Cacatua haematuropygia PhUippme Cockatoo Philippines E Cacatua moluccensis Salmon-crested Cockatoo Indonesia: Haruku. Seram, Sapama [Indonesia: Ambon; Smgapore] V Cacatua sulphurea Yellow-crested Cockatoo Indonesia: Alor. Besar. Butung. Flores. Kalao. Kalaotoa. Kayunadi. Komodo. Lombok, Madu, Muna. Sulawesi. Sumbawa. Padar, Pantar. Penida. Rinca. Salembu. Seman. Sumba. Tanahjampea. Timor. Tukanbesi [Hong Kong; Smgapore] 48 Birds Fanuly PSnTACIDAE R Agapornis nigrigenis Black-cheeked Lovebird Botswana; Namibia?; Zambia; Zimbabwe (ex?) R Amazona arausiaca Red-necked Parrot Dominica K Amazona barbadensis Yellow-shouldered Parrot Aruba (ex?); Netherlands Antilles: Bonaire; Venezuela E Amazona brasiliensis Red-tailed Parrot Brazil R Amazona guildingii Saint Vincent Parrot Saint Vincent E Amazona imperialis Imperial Parrot Dominica V Amazona oratrix Yellow-headed Parrot Belize; (juatemala?; Mexico [Puerto Rico] V/R Amazona pretrei Red-spectacled Parrot Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay?; Uruguay V/R Amazona rhodocorytha Red -browed Parrot BrazU R Amazona versicolor Saint Lucia Parrot Saint Lucia V/R Amazona vinacea Vinaceous Pairot Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay V Amazona viridigenalis Red-crowned Parrot Mexico [Puerto Rico; USA] E Amazona vittata Puerto Rican Parrot Puerto Rico E/Ex Anodorhynchus glaucus Glaucous Macaw Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay V/R Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Hyacinth Macaw Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay E Anodorhynchus leari Indigo Macaw Brazil E Ara glaucogularis {A. caninde misapplied) Blue-throated Macaw Argentina?; Bolivia; Paraguay? V Ara rubrogenys Red-fronted Macaw Bolivia V Araringa auricapilla Golden-capped Pai'akeet Brazil V Araringa euops Cuban Parakeet Cuba V Araringa guarouba (Guaruba guarouba) Golden Parakeet Brazil V/R Bolborhynch us ferrugineifrons Rufous-fronted Parakeet Colombia E Cyanopsitta spixii Little Blue Macaw Brazil R Cyanoramphus unicolor Antipodes Parakeet New Zealand: Antipodes Islands V Forpus xanthops Yellow-faced Parrotlet Peru V/R Hapalopsittaca amazonina Rusty-faced Parrot Colombia; Venezuela E Hapalopsittaca fuertesi (H. amazonina fuertesi) Indigo-winged Parrot Colombia E Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops (H. amazonina pyrrhops) Red-faced Parrot Ecuador. Peru V/R Leptosittaca branickii Golden-plumed Parakeet Colombia; Ecuador; Peru V Loriculus catamene Sangihe Hanging-Parrot Indonesia: Sangihe 49 THREATENED SPECIES R Neophema chrysogaster Orange-bellied Parrot Australia: Tasmania. * Australia R Neophema splendida Scarlet-chested Parrot Australia E Ognorhynchus icterotis Yellow-eared Parrot Colombia; Ecuador I Pezoporus occidentalis (Geopsittacus occidentalis) Night Parrot Australia (ex?) E Pezoporus wallicus Ground Parrot Australia K Polytelis alexandrae Alexandra's Parrot Australia R Prioniturus luconensis Green Racquet-tail Philippines: Luzon, Marinduque I Prioniturus mada Bum Racquet-tail Indonesia: Bum R Psephotus chrysopterygius Golden-shouldered Parrot Australia K Psephotus dissimilis Hooded Parrot Australia E Psephotus pulcherrimus Paradise Parrot Australia (ex?) I Psittacula caniceps Nicobar Parakeet India: Nicobar Islands E Psittacula echo Mauritius Parakeet Mauritius I Psittacula intermedia Intermediate Parakeet India? R Psittaculirostris salvadorii Salvadori's Fig-Parrot Indonesia: Irian Jaya K Pyrrhura albipectus White-necked Parakeet Ecuador V/R Pyrrhura calliptera Brown-breasted Parakeet Colombia R Pyrrhura cruentata Blue-diroated Parakeet Brazil V/R Pyrrhura orcesi El Ore Parakeet Ecuador V Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Thick-billed Parrot Mexico [USA] V Rhynchopsitta terrisi Maroon-fronted Parrot Mexico E Strigops habroptilus Kakapo New Zealand: South Island, Stewart Island V/R Touit melanonotus Brown-backed Parrotlet Brazil K Touit sticloptera Spot-winged Parrotlet Colombia; Ecuador; Pem V/R Touit surda Golden-tailed Parrotlet Brazil V/R Triclaria malachitacea Blue-bellied Parrot Argentina; Brazil Order CUCULIFORMES Family MUSOPHAGIDAE E Tauraco bannermani Bannerman's Turaco Cameroon R Tauraco ruspolii Ruspoli's Turaco Ethiopia Family CUCUUDAE K Carpococcyx radiceus Sunda Ground-Cuckoo Bmnei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak E Centropus chlororhynchus Green-billed Coucal Sri Lanka 50 Birds V Centropus nigrorufus Sunda Coucal Indonesia: Java, Sumatra? R Centropus rectunguis Short-toed Coucal Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, Sarawak I Centropus steerii Black-hooded Coucal Philippines: Mindoro I Chrysococcyx rufomerus Green-cheeked Bronze- Cuckoo Indonesia: Damar, Romang I Hyetornis rufigularis Rufous-breasted Cuckoo Dominican Republic; Haiti V Neomorphus radiolosus Banded Ground-Cuckoo Colombia; Ecuador V Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus Red-faced Malkoha Sri Lanka Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE I Phodilus prigoginei Congo Bay-Owl Burundi?; Zaire K Tyto aurantia Bismarck Masked-Owl Papua New Guinea: New Britain I ryto inexspectata Minahassa Masked -Owl Indonesia: Sulawesi I Tyto nigrobrunnea Taliabu Masked-Owl Indonesia: Taliabu I Tyto sororcula Lesser Masked-Owl Indonesia: Bum, Tanimbar Islands I Tyto soumagnei Madagascar Red Owl Madagascar (ex?) Family STRIGIDAE I Athene blewitti Forest Owlet India (ex?) R Glaucidium albertinum Albertine Owlet Rwanda; Zaire R Ketupa blakistoni (Biiho blakistoni) Blakiston's Fish-Owl China; Japan: Hokkaido; Russia R Otus angelinae Javan Scops-Owl Indonesia: Java R Otus hartlaubi Sao Tom6 Scops-Owl Sao Tomd and Principe: Sao Tom6. Principe? E Otus ireneae Sokoke Scops -Owl Kenya; Tanz^a? R Otus mindorensis Mindoro Scops-Owl Philippines: Mindoro R Otus pauliani Comoro Scops-Owl Comoros: Grand Comoro I Otus sagittatus White-fronted Scops-Owl Indonesia: Sumatra?; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand R Scotopelia ussheri Rufous Fishing-Owl Cote d'lvoiie; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone K Xenoglaux loweryi Long-whiskered Owlet Peru Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Family PODARGIDAE K Batrachostomus harterd Duht Frogmouth Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sarawak Family CAPRIMULGIDAE E Caprimulgus candicans White-winged Nightjar Brazil; Paraguay? I Caprimulgus centralasicus Vaurie's Nightjar China I Caprimulgus maculosus Cayenne Nightjar French Guiana 51 THREATENED SPECIES R Caprimulgus noctitherus Puerto Rican Nightjar Puerto Rico I Caprimulgus pulchellus Salvadori's Niglitjar Indonesia: Java. Sumatra K Eleothreptus anomalus Sickle-winged Nightjar Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay I EuToslopodus diabolicus Satanic Eared-Nightjar Indonesia: Sulawesi E/Ex Siphonorhis americanus Jamaican Poorwill Jamaica Order APODIFORMES Family APODIDAE I Apus acuticauda Dark-rumped Swift India R Collocalia elaphra Seychelles Swiftlet Seychelles V Collocalia leucophaeus (Aerodramus leucophaeus) Tahiti Swiftlet French Polynesia: Tahiti R Collocalia sawtelli (Aerodramus sawtelli) Atiu Swiftlet Cook Islands: Atiu I Cypseloides lemosi White-chested Swift Colombia; Ecuador? I Hydrochous gigas WaterfaU Swift Indonesia: Java. Kalimantan?, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?, Sarawak? I Schoutedenapus schoutedeni Schouteden's Swift 2^ire Family TROCHILIDAE E Acestrura berlepschi Esmeraldas Woodstar Ecuador E Acestrura bombus Little Woodstar Ecuador. Peru I Aglaeactis aliciae Purple-backed Sunbeam Peru V Amazilia boucardi Mangrove Hummingbird Costa Rica V Amazilia castaneivenlris Chestnut-beUied Hummingbird Colombia V Amazilia distans Tachira Emerald Venezuela E Amazilia luciae Honduran Emerald Honduras V/R Campylopterus ensipennis White-taUed Sabrewing Trinidad and Tobago: Tobago; Venezuela V/R Coeligena prunellei Black Inca Colombia E/Ex Eriocnemis godini Turquoise-throated Puffleg Colombia; Ecuador R Eriocnemis mirabilis Colourful Puffleg Colombia E Eriocnemis nigrivestis Black-breasted Puffleg Ecuador K Eulidia yarrellii Chilean Woodstar Chile; Peru V Eupherusa cyanophrys Blue-capped Hummingbird Mexico V Eupherusa poliocerca White-tailed Hummingbird Mexico V/R Haplophaedia lugens Hoary Puffleg Colombia; Ecuador K Heliangelus regalis Royal Sunangel Peru 52 Birds V/R Hylonympha macrocerca ScissQT-tailed Hummingbird Venezuela I Lepidopyga lilliae Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird Colombia V Loddigesia mirabilis Marvelous Spatuletail Peru E Lophornis brachylopha Short-crested Coquette Mexico R Metallura baroni Violet -throated Metaltail Ecuador R Metallura odomae Neblina Metaltail Peru I Popelairia letitiae Coppery Thomtail Bolivia? V/R Ramphodon dohrnii (Glaucis dohrnii) Hook-billed Hermit Brazil V Selasphorus ardens Glow-throated Hummingbird P anama V/R Sephanoides fernandensis Juan Fernandez Fiiecrown ChUe: Juan Fernandez Islands V Taphrolesbia griseiventris Grey-beUied Comet Peru I Thalurania ridgwayi Mexican Woodnymph Mexico Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE I Euptilotis neoxenus Eared Trogon Mexico; USA Order CORACEFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE I Actenoides bougainvillei {Halcyon bougainvillei) Moustached Kingfisher Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal (ex?) V Actenoides hombroni (Halcyon hombroni) Blue-capped Kingfisher Philippines: Mindanao I Alcedo hercules Blyth's Kingfisher Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; Laos; India; Myanmar, Nepal?; Viet Nam V Tanysiplera riedelii Biak Paradise-Kingfisher Indonesia V Todirhamphus australasia (Halcyon australasia) Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher Indonesia: Lombok, Sumba, Timor, Wetar and small islands east to Tanimbar R Todirhamphus gambieri (Halcyon gambieri) Tuamotu Kingfisher French Polynesia: Tuamotu Archipelago (Niau) V Todirhamphus godeffroyi (Halcyon godeffroyi) Marquesan Kingfisher French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Hivaoa, Tahuata) R Todirhamphus ruficollaris (Halcyon ruficollaris. H. mangaia) Mangaia Kingfisher Cook Islands: Mangaia Family MOMOTIDAE K Electron carinatum Keel-billed Motmot Belize; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua Family BRACHYPTERACIIDAE R Atelornis crossleyi Rufous-headed Ground-Roller Madagascar 53 THREATENED SPECIES R Brachypteracias leptosomus Short-legged Ground-Roller Madagascar R Brachypteracias squamigera Scaly Ground-Roller Madagascar R Uratelornis chimaera Long-tailed Ground-Roller Madagascar Family BUCEROTDDAE R Aceros corrugatus Wrinkled HombiU Brunei; Indonesia: Batu Islands, Kalimantan Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, Sarawak; Thailand V Aceros everetti (Rhyticeros everetti) Sumba HombiU Indonesia: Sumba R Aceros narcondami Narcondam HombiU India: Narcondam R Aceros nipalensis Rufous-necked HombiU Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; Laos; India; Myanmar, Nepal (ex?); Thailand; Viet Nam I Aceros subruficollis Plain-pouched HombiU India; Indonesia: Sumatra; Myanmar; Thailand R Anthracoceros monlani Sulu HombiU PhiUppmes: Jolo, Tawitawi I Buceros vigil (Rhinoplax vigil) Helmeted HombUl Bmnei; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah. Sarawak; Myanmar. Thailand Order PICIFORMES Family GALBULIDAE K Galbula pastazae Coppery-chested Jacamar BrazU?; Colombia; Ecuador E Jacamaralcyon tridactyla Three-toed Jacamar BrazU FamUy CAPITONIDAE V/R Capito hypoleucus White-mantled Barbet Colombia R Megalaima javensis Black-banded Barbet Indonesia: Java I Pogoniulus makawai White-chested Tinkerbird Zambia FamUy INDICATORIDAE K Melignomon eisenlrauti YeUow-footed Honeyguide Cameroon; Cote d'lvoire?; Ghana; Guinea?; Liberia Family RAMPHASTIDAE K Aulacorhynchus huallagae YeUow-browed Toucanet Peru FamUy PICIDAE E/Ex Campephilus imperialis Imperial Woodpecker Mexico E/Ex Campephilus principalis Ivory-biUed Woodpecker Cuba; USA I Colaples fernandinae Femandina's FUcker Cuba V/R Dryocopus galeatus Helmeted Woodpecker Argentina; BrazU; Paraguay E Picoides borealis Red-cockaded Woodpecker USA I Picus rabieri Red-collared Woodpecker China; Laos; Viet Nam E Sapheopipo noguchii Okinawa Woodpecker Japan: Okinawa Order PASSERIFORMES FamUy EURYLAIMIDAE R Pseudocalyptomena graueri Grauer's BroadbiU Uganda; Zaire 54 Birds Family DENDROCOLAPTIDAE V Xiphocolaptes falcirostris (includes X. franciscamis) Moustached Woodcreeper Brazil Family FURNARIIDAE K Aphrastura masafuerae Mas Afuera Rayadito Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands K Asthenes anthoides Austral Canastero Argentina; Chile I Asthenes berlepschi Berlepsch's Canastero Bolivia I Asthenes luizae Cip6 Canastero Brazil E Automolus ruficollis Rufous -necked Foliage-gleaner Ecuador, Peru V Cinclodes palliatus White-bellied Cinclodes Peru I Hylocryptus erythrocephalus (Automolus erythrocephalus) Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner Ecuador; Peru E Leptasthenura xenothorax White-browed Tit-Spinetail Peru K Megaxenops parnaguae Great Xenops Brazil E Philydor novaesi Alagoas Foliage-gleaner Brazil V/R Premnoplex tatei (Margarornis tatei) White-throated Barbtail Venezuela E Simoxenops striatus Bolivian Recurvebill Bolivia K Synallaxis cherriei Chestnut-throated SpinetaU Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Perj I Synallaxis courseni Apurimac Spinetail Peru V/R Synallaxis infuscata Pinto's Spinetail BrazU V Synallaxis kollari Hoary-throated Spinetail Brazil E Synallaxis tithys Blackish-headed Spinetail Ecuador, Peru V Synallaxis zimmeri Russet-beUied Spinetail Peru V/R Thripophaga berlepschi Russet-mantled Softtail Peru V Thripophaga cherriei Orinoco Softtail Venezuela V/R Thripophaga macroura Striated Softtail Brazil Family FORMICARHDAE V/R Biatas nigropectus White-bearded Antshrike Argentina; Brazil V Cercomacra carhonaria Rio Branco Antbird Brazil E Clytoctantes alixii Recurve-bUled Bushbird Colombia; Venezuela I Clytoctantes atrogularis Rondonia Bushbird Brazil V/R Dysithamnus occidentalis Bicolored Antvireo Colombia; Ecuador V/R Dysithamnus plumbeus {Thamnomanes plumbeus) Plumbeous Antvireo Brazil V Formicarius rufifrons Rufous -fironted Antthrush Peru 55 THREATENED SPECIES E Formicivora erythronolos Black-hooded Antwren Brazil V Formicivora iheringi Narrow-billed Antwren Brazil E Formicivora littoralis Restinga Antwren BrazU E/Ex Grallaria alleni Moustached Antpitta Colombia E Grallaria chthonia Tachira Antpitta Venezuela K Grallaria gigantea Giant Antpitta Colombia; Ecuador E/Ex Grallaria milleri Brown-banded Antpitta Colombia I Grallaria rufocinerea Bicolored Antpitta Colombia V/R Grallaricula cucullata Hooded Antpitta Colombia; Venezuela E Herpsilochmus parkeri Ash-throated Antwren Peru V Herpsilochmus pectoralis Pectoral Antwren Brazil E Myrmeciza griseiceps Grey-headed Antbiid Ecuador, Peru V/R Myrmeciza ruficauda Scalloped Antbird BrazU I Myrmotherula fluminensis Rio de Janeiro Antwren BrazU V/R Myrmotherula grisea Ashy Antwren Bolivia E Myrmotherula snowi Alagoas Antwren BrazU K Pithys castanea White-masked Antbiid Peru Pyriglena atra Fringe-backed Fire-eye BrazU Rhopornis ardesiaca Slender Antbird BrazU Terenura sharpei YeUow-rumped Antwren BoUvia; Peru Terenura sicki Alagoas Antwren BrazU Xenornis setifrons Speckled Antshrike Colombia; Panama FamUy RHINOCRYPTIDAE I Merulaxis stresemanni Stresemanns Bristiefront BrazU R Scytalopus novacapitalis Brasilia Tapaculo BrazU E Scytalopus psychopompus Chestnut-sided Tapaculo Brazil FamUy COTINGIDAE E/Ex Calyptura cristata Kinglet Calyptura BrazU V Carpodectes aiitoniae YeUow-bUled Cotinga Costa Rica: Panama V/R Carpornis melanocephalus Black-headed Beiryeater BrazU V/R Cephalopterus glabricollis Bare-necked UmbreUabiid Costa Rica; Panama R Cotinga maculata Banded Cotinga BrazU V/R lodopleura pipra Buff-throated P^lIpletuft BrazU 56 Birds V/R Lipaugus lanioides Cinnamon-vented Piha Brazil E Pachyramphus spodiurus Slaty Becard Ecuador, Peru R Tijuca condita Grey-winged Cotinga Brazil R Xipholena atropurpurea White-winged Cotinga Brazil K Zaratornis stresemanni (Ampelion stresemanni) White-cheeked Cotinga Peni Family PIPRIDAE I Pipra vilasboasi Golden-crowned Manakin Brazil V/R Piprites pileatus Black-capped Piprites Argentina; Brazil Family TYRANNIDAE V/R Agriornis andicola {A. albicauda) White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Ecuador; Peru V/R Alectrurus risora (Yetapa risora) Strange-tailed Tyrant Argentina; Brazil (ex?); Paraguay; Uruguay (ex?) Allaire tes alpinus Ash-breasted Tit-Tyrant Bolivia; Peru Attila torridus Ochraceous Attila Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Lathrotriccus griseipectus {EmpidoiuLx griseipectus) Grey-breasted Flycatcher Ecuador, Peru Euscarthmus rufomarginatus Rufous-sided Pygmy-Tyrant Bolivia; Brazil; Suriname Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant Peru R Hemitriccus furcatus iCeratotriccus furcatus) Fork-tailed Tody-Tyrant Brazil I Hemitriccus kaempferi (Idioplilon kaempferi) Kaempfer's Tody-Tyrant Brazil V/R Hemitriccus mirandae Buff-breasted Tody-Tyrant Brazil E Phylloscartes ceciliae Alagoas Tyrannulet BrazU I Phylloscartes lanyoni Antioquia Bristle-Tyrant Colombia V/R Phylloscartes paulistus S5o Paulo Tyrannulet Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay V Phylloscartes roquettei Minas (jerais Tyrannulet Brazil V/R Platyrinchus leucoryphus Russet-winged Spadebill Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay V/R Pseudocolopteryx dinellianus DineUi's Doradito Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay I Todirostrum setiex Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher Brazil I Tyrannus cubcnsis Giant Kingbird Cuba; Turks and Caicos Islands Family PHYTOTOMIDAE E Phytotoma raimondii Peruvian Plantcutter Peru Family PITTTDAE I Pitta anerythra Black-faced Pitta Papua New Guinea: Bougainville (ex?); Solomon Islands: Santa Isabel (ex?) R Pitta elliotii Bar-bellied Pitta Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam 57 THREATENED SPECIES E Pitta gurneyi Gumey's Pitta Myanmar (ex?); Thailand I Pitta kochi Whiskered Pitta Philippines: Luzon R Pitta nympha Fairy Pitta China; Japan; Korea Republic: Cheju Do and nearby islands; Taiwan. * Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sarawak; Viet Nam E Pitta schneideri Schneider's Pitta Indonesia: Sumatra R Pitta steerii Azure-breasted Pitta Philippines: Bohol, Leyte, Mindanao. Samar I Pitta superba Superb Pitta Papua New Guinea: Manus Family XENICIDAE E Xenicus longipes Bush Wren New Zealand (ex?) Family PfflLEPimDAE I Neodrepanis hypoxanthus Yellow beUied Asity Madagascar Family ATRICHORNTTHIDAE E Atrichornis clamosus Noisy Scrub-bird Australia R Atrichornis rufescens Rufous Scrub-bird Australia Family ALAUDIDAE I Spizocorys fringillaris Botha's Lark South Africa E Alauda razae Raso Lark Cape Verde: Raso Island I Heteromirafra archeri Archer's Lark Somalia I Heteromirctfra ruddi Rudd's Lark Lesodio; South Africa; Swaziland I Heteromirafra sidamoensis Sidamo Lark Ethiopia K Mirafra ashi Ash's Lark Somalia K Mirafra degodiensis Degodi Lark Ethiopia Family HIRUNDINIDAE R Hirundo megaensis White-tailed Swallow Ethiopia K Hirundo perdita Red Sea Swallow Sudan? I Pseudochelidon sirintarae White-eyed River-Martin Thailand Family MOTACILLIDAE K Anthus chloris Yellow-breasted Pipit Lesotho; South Africa I Anthus nattereri Ochre-breasted Pipit Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay V Anthus sokokensis Sokoke Pipit Kenya; Tanzania (ex?) Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE V Campephaga lobata Ghana Cuckooshrike Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Liberia; Sierra Leone R Coracina coerulescens Blackish Cuckooshrike PhiUppines: Luzon R Coracina sula Sula Cicadabird Indonesia: Sula Islands V Coracina newtoni Reunion Cuckooshrike R6union R Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckooshrike Philippines: Guimaras. Negros. Panay R Coracina schistacea Slaty Cuckooshrike Indonesia: Banggai. Peleng, Sula 58 Birds Guinea; Liberia; V Coracina typica Mauritius Cuckooshrike Mauritius Family PYCNONOTIDAE V Chlorocichla prigoginei Prigogine's Greenbul 2;aire V Criniger olivaceus Yellow-bearded Bulbul Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Senegal; Sierra Leone I Ixos siquijorensis (Hypsipetes siquijorensis) Streak-breasted Bulbul Philippines: Romblon. Siquijor, Tablas R Phyllastrephus apperti Appert's Greenbul Madagascar R Phyllastrephus cinereiceps Grey-crowned Greenbul Madagascar K Phyllastrephus leucolepis Liberian Greenbul Liberia R Phyllastrephus tenebrosus Dusky Greenbul Madagascar I Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii Blue-wattled Bulbul Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra Family LANIIDAE K Laniarius liberatus Bulo Burti Boubou Somalia I Lanius newtoni Newton's Fiscal Shrike Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom6 (ex?) R Malaconotus alius Uluguru Bushshrike Tanzania I Malaconotus monteiri Monteiro's Bushshrike Angola; Cameroon (ex?); Kenya R Malaconotus gladiator Green-breasted Bushshrike Cameroon; Nigeria? I Prionops gabela Angola Helmetshrike Angola I Telophorus kupeensis {Malaconotus Icupeensis) Serle's Bushshrike Cameroon Family VANGIDAE R Xenopirostris damii Van Dam's Vanga Madagascar R Xenopirostris polleni Pollen's Vanga Madagascar Family CINCLIDAE K Cinclus schuld Rufous-throated Dipper Argentina: Bolivia Family TROGLODYTIDAE V/R Hylorchilus sumichrasti (Calhcrpes sumichrasti) Slender-billed Wren Mexico R Cistothorus apolinari ApoUnar's Wren Colombia V/R Ferminia cerverai Zapata Wren Cuba I Thryothorus nicefori Niceforo's Wren Colombia Family MIMIDAE E Mimodes graysoni Socorro Mockingbird Mexico: Socorro E Nesomimus trifasciatus Charles Mockingbird Ecuador: CJalapagos Gardner Islands: Champion, E Ramphocinclus brachyurus White-breasted Thrasher Martinique; Saint Lucia Family MUSCICAPIDAE V Acrocephalus familiaris (includes A. kingi) Millerbird USA: Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa) 59 THREATENED SPECIES K Acrocephalus paludicola Aquatic Warbler Austria: Belarus; Germany: Hungary: Latvia: Lithuania: Moldova: Poland: Russia: Ukraine. * France: Iran: Italy: Latvia: Mali: Morocco: Netherlands: Portugal: Senegal: Spain; Switzerland: United Kingdom E Acrocephalus rehsei Nauru Reed- Warbler Nauru R Acrocephalus sorghophilus Streaked Reed- Warbler China. * Philippines V Alcippe variegaticeps Gold-fronted Fulvetta China E Alethe choloensis Cholo Alethe Malawi: Mozambique I Amaurocichla bocagii Socage 's Longbill Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom£ K Amytornis barbatus Grey Grasswren Australia K Amytornis dorolheae Carpentarian Grasswren Australia I Amytornis goyderi Eyrean Grasswren Australia K Amytornis textilis Thick-bUled Grasswren Australia R Apalis argentea Kungwe Apalis Burundi: Rwanda: Tanzania: Zaire K Apalis chariessa White-winged Apalis Kenya (ex?): Malawi: Mozambique: Tanzania R Apalis kaboboensis Kabobo Apalis Zaire K Apalis karamojae Karamoja Apalis Tanzania: Uganda K Aphelocephala pectoralis Chestnut-breasted Whiteface Australia R Arcanator orostruthus (Modulatrix orostruthus) Dapple-throat Mozambique: Tanzania K Batis minima Verreaux's Batis Cameroon: Gabon E Bebrornis rodericanus (Acrocephalus rodericanus) Rodriguesz Brush-Warbler Mauritius: Rodrigues R Bebrornis sechellensis {Acrocephalus sechellensis) Seychelles Brush-Warbler Seychelles: Cousin I Brachypteryx hyperythra Rusty-bellied Shortwing China: India K Bradypterus grandis Ja River Scrub-Warbler Cameroon: Gabon V Bradypterus graueri Grauer's Scnib-Warbler Burundi: Rwanda: Uganda; Zaire R Bradypterus major Long-billed Bush-Warbler China; India: Pakistan K Chaetornis striatus Bristled Grassbird Bangladesh: India; Nepal: Pakistan R Chloropeta gracilirostris Thin-billed Rycatcher-Warbler Burundi: Kenya: Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire: Zambia V Chrysomma altirostre (Moupinia allirostris) Jerdon's Babbler India; Myanmar (ex?); Nepal; Pakistan I Cisticola haesitatus Island Cisticola Yemen: Socotra K Cisticola restrictus Tana River Cisticola Kenya; Somalia? R Clytorhynchus hamlini RenneU Shrikebill Solomon Islands: RenneU 60 Birds R K Cochoa azurea Javan Cochoa Indonesia: Java Cochoa beccarii Sumatran Cochoa Indonesia: Sumatra Copsychus cebuensis Black Shama Philippines: Cebu Copsychus sechellarum Seychelles Magpie-Robin Seychelles: Aride. Ircgate Cossypha heinrichi White-headed Robin-Chat Angola; Zaire Crocias langbianis Grey-crowned Crocias Viet Nam Crossleyia xanthophrys Yellow-browed Oxylabes Madagascar Cyornis herioti Blue-breasted Flycatcher Philippines: Catanduanes. Luzon Cyornis ruckii Rueck's Blue-Flycatcher Indonesia: Sumatra Peninsular Malaysia Cyornis sanfordi Matinan Flycatcher Indonesia: Sulawesi Dasyornis brachypterus Eastern Bristlebird Australia Dasyornis longirostris Western Bristlebird Australia Eremomela tumeri Turner's Eremomela Kenya; Uganda; Zaire Ficedula bonthaina Lompobattang Flycatcher Indonesia: Sulawesi Ficedula harterti Sumba Flycatcher Indonesia: Sumba Ficedula henrici Damar Flycatcher Indonesia: Damar R Ficedula timorensis Black-banded Flycatcher Indonesia: Timor I Garrulax bieti White-speckled LaughingthriKh China V Garrulax cinereifrons Ashy-headed Laughingthrush Sri Lanka I Garrulax milleti Black-hooded Laughingthrush Viet Nam K Garrulax sukatschewi Snowy-cheeked Laughingthrush China I Garrulax yersini Collared Laughingthrush Viet Nam R Humblotia flavirostris Humblot's Flycatcher Comoros: Grand Comoro K Hypothymis coelesris Celestial Monarch Philippines: Basilan. Dinagat. Mindanao. Negros. Samar. Sibuyan (ex?); Malaysia?: Luzon. Hypothymis helenae Short-crested Monarch Philippines: Dinagat. Luzon. Mindanao. North Camiguin, PoUllo Islands. Samar Jabouilleia danjoui Shon-tailed Scimitar-Babbler Viet Nam Kupeornis gilberti (Lioptilus gilberli) White-throated Mountain-Babbler Cameroon; Nigeria Liocichla omeiensis Omei Shan Liocichla C hina Luscinia obscura {Erithacus obscurus) Black-throated Blue Robin China Luscinia ruficeps (Erithacus ruficeps) Rufous-headed Robin China 61 THREATENED SPECIES I Macrosphenus pulitzeri Pulitzer's Longbill Angola I Malacocincla perspicillata (Trichasloma perspicillatum) Black-browed Babbler Indonesia: Kalimantan I Malacocincla vanderbilti (Trichasloma vanderbilti) Vanderbilt's Babbler Indonesia: Sumatra K Malurus corotmtus Purple-crowned Fairy-wren Australia R Megalurus albolimbatus Marsh Grassbird China: Japan; Mongolia? K Megalurus pryeri Marsh Grassbird. Japanese Marsh Warbler China; Japan; Mongolia? I Melaenornis annamarulae West African Black-Rycatcher Cote d'lvoire; Liberia R Metabolus rugensis Chunk Monarch Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk I Monarcha boanensis Black-chinned Monarch Indonesia: Boano R Monarcha brehmii Biak Monarch Indonesia: Biak I Monarcha everetti White-tipped Monarch Indonesia: Tanahjampea R Muscicapa lendu Chapin's Alseonax Kenya; Uganda; Zaire E Myadesles lanaiensis Olomao USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) E Myadestes myadestinus Kamao USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) E Myadestes palmeri Puaiohi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) R Myiagra atra Biak Flycatcher Indonesia: Biak, Numfor E Myiagra freycineti Guam Flycatcher Guam V Myiophonus blighi Ceylon Whistling-Thrush Sri Lanka K Napothera rabori Rabor's Wren-Babbler Philippines: Luzon E Nesillas aldabrana Aldabra Bush-warbler Seychelles: Aldabra (ex?) I Newtonia fanovanae Red-tailed Newtonia Madagascar R Orthotomus moreaui (Apalis moreaui) Long-billed Tailorbird Mozambique; Tanzania R Pachycephala meyeri Vogelkop Whistler Indonesia: Irian Jay a K Pachycephala rufogularis Red-lored Whistler Australia R Paradoxornis davidianus Short-tailed Parrotbill China: Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam. I Paradoxornis flavirostris Black-breasted ParrotbUI Bangladesh; India; Myanmar. Nepal (ex?) K Paradoxornis przewalskii Rusty-throated Parrotbill China R Paradoxornis ruficeps Rufous-headed Parrotbill Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Laos; Myanmar, Viet Nam R Paradoxornis zappeyi Grey-hooded Parrotbill China K Pellonieum palustre Marsh Babbler Bangladesh; India 62 Birds E PetToica traversi v Chatham Robin [Reintroduced to Mangere and Rangatira, Chatham Islands. New Zealand] y, I Phylloscopus amoenus Sombre Leaf-Warbler Solomon Islands: Kulambangra V Picathartes gymnocephalus R White-necked Rockfowl Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Leone r R Picathartes areas Grey-necked Rockfowl Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko, „ continental?; Gabon; Nigeria E Platysteira laticincla Banded Wattle-eye P Cameroon V Pomarea dinudiata Rarotonga Monarch Cook Islands: Rarotonga „ R Pomarea iphis Iphis Monarch French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Uahuka) „ V Pomarea mendozae Maiquesan Monarch French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Tahuata (ex?), Nuiaihiva (ex?), Mohotani, Uapoa, Hivaoa) E Pomarea nigra Tahiti Monarch r, French Polynesia: Tahiti R Pomarea whitneyi Fatuhiva Monarch French Polynesia: Fatuhiva , R Prinia burnesii Rufous-vented Prinia India; Pakistan K Prinia fluviatilis R River Prinia Cameroon; Chad; Mali; Senegal K Pseudocossyphus bensoni (Monticola bensoni) R Benson's Rock-Thrush Madagascar K Psophodes nigrogularis Western Whipbiid R Australia Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle-Flycatcher Philippines: Guimaras, Negros Rhinomyias brunneata Brown-chested Jungle-Flycatcher China; India: Nicobar Islands. * Malaysia?: Peninsular Malaysia: Thailand Rhinomyias colonus Heima-tailed Jungle-Flycatcher Indonesia: Mangole. Peleng. Sanana, Sulawesi Rhipidura malaitae Malaita Fantail Solomon Islands: Malaita (ex?) Rhyacornis bicolor Luzon Water-Redstart Philippines: Luzon Saxicola dacotiae Canary Islands Chat Spain: Canary Islands (Fuerteventura. Alegranza?. Montafla Clara?) Saxicola gutturalis White-bellied Bushchat Indonesia: Roti. Semau. Timor Russia. * China?; Saxicola insignis White-throated Bushchat Kazakhstan; Mongolia; India; Nepal Saxicola macrorhyncha White-browed Bushchat India; Pakistan Scepomycter winifredae (Bathmocercus winifredae) Mrs Moreau's Warbler Tanzania Sheppardia gabela (Erithacus gabela) Gabela Akalat Angola Sheppardia gunningi (Erithacus gunningi) East Coast Akalat Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Tanzania Sheppardia lowei (DryocicMoides lowei) Iringa Akalat Tanzania Sheppardia montana (Dryocichloides montanus) Usambara Akalat Tanzania 63 THREATENED SPEaES I Spelaeornis badeigularis Rusty-throated Wren-Babbler India K Spelaeornis caudatus Rufous-throated Wren-Babbler Bhutan; India; Nepal R Spelaeornis longicaudatus Tawny-breasted Wren-Babbler India R Sphenocichla humei Wedge-billed Wren-Babbler China; India; Myanmar V Stachyris grammiceps White-breasted Babbler Indonesia: Java R Stachyris herberti Sooty Babbler Laos V Stachyris nigrorum Negros Striped-Babbler Philippines: Negros, Panay R Stachyris oglei Snowy-throated Babbler India R Stachyris rodolphei Deignan's Babbler Thailand V Stachyris speciosa Hame-templed Babbler Philippines: Negros, Panay R Swynnertonia swynnertoni Swynnerton's Robin Mozambique; Tanzania; Zimbabwe R Terpsiphone corvina Seychelles Paradise-Flycatcher Seychelles: Felicite?. La Digue. Praslin I Trichastoma woodi (Leonardina woodi) Bagobo Babbler Philippines: Mindanao E Trichocichla rufa Long-legged Thicketbird Fiji: Viti Levu, Vanua Levu V Turdoides hindei Hinde's Pied-Babbler Kenya K Tardus feae Grey-sided Thrush China. * India; Myanmar. Thailand K Tardus haplochrous Unicolored Thrush Bolivia K Turdus menachensis Yemen Thrush Saudi Arabia; Yemen R Turdus swalesi La Selle Thrush Dominican Republic; Haiti R Zoothera everetti Everett's Thrush Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak R Zoothera guttata Spotted Ground-Thrush Malawi; Mozambique?; South Africa; Sudan; Zaire. * Kenya; Tanzania I Zoothera kibalensis (Turdus kibalensis) Kibale Ground-Thrush Uganda R Zoothera machiki Fawn-breasted Thrush Indonesia: Larat. Yamdena R Zoothera major Amami Thrush Japan: Amami-o-shima R Zoothera oberlaetuieri (Turdus oherlaenderi) Oberlaender's Ground-Thrush Uganda; Zaire R Zoothera peronii Orange-banded Thrush Indonesia: Babar, Damar. Romang. Timor, Wetar R Zoothera schistacea Slaty-backed Thrush Indonesia: Tanimbar Islands Family PARIDAE V Parus holsti YeUow Tit Taiwan V Parus nuchalis White-naped Tit India Family SITTIDAE R Sitta formosa Beautiful Nuthatch China; India; Laos; Myanmar. Thailand; Viet Nam 64 Birds R Sitta ledanti Algerian Nuthatch Algeria R Sitta magna Giant Nuthatch China; Myanmar, Thailand I Sitta solangiae Yellow-billed Nuthatch China; Viet Nam I Sitta victoriae White-browed Nuthatch Myanmar V Sitta yunnanensis Yunnan Nuthatch China Family RHABDORNTTHIDAE R Rhabdornis grandis Long-billed Rhabdornis Philippines: Luzon Family DICAEIDAE R Dicaeum everetti Brown-backed Flowerpecker Indonesia: Kalimant an Natuna Islands. Riau Archipelago; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak I Dicaeum quadricolor Four-coloured Flowerpecker Philippines: Cebu K PardalohiS quadragintus Forty-spotted Pardalote Australia: Tasmania Family NECTARINIIDAE V Aelhopyga duyvenbodei Elegant Sunbird Indonesia: Sangihe. Siau R Anthreptes pallidigaster Amani Sunbild Kenya; Tanzania R Anthreptes rubritorques Banded Sunbird Tanzania V Nectarinia buettikoferi Apricot-breasted Sunbird Indonesia: Sumba E Nectarinia prigoginei Prigogine's Double-collared Sunbird Zaire R Nectarinia rockefelleri Rockefeller's Sunbird Zaire R Nectarinia rufipennis Rufous-winged Simbird Tanzania R Nectarinia thomensis (Dreptes thomensis) Sao Tom6 Sunbird Sao Tomd and Principe: Sao Tomfi Family ZOSTEROPIDAE R Heleia muelleri Spot-breasted White-eye Indonesia: Timor I Madanga ruficoilis Rufous-throated White-eye Indonesia: Bum R Rukia longirostra Long-billed White-eye Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei E Rukia ruki Truk White-eye Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk (Tol Island, Polle?, Onei?, Pata?) R Speirops brunneus Fernando Po Spehops Equatorial Guinea: Bioko R Speirops leucophoeus Principe Speirops Sao Tom6 and Principe: Principe K Woodfordia lacertosa Sanford's White-eye Solomon Islands: Ndeni Island E Zosterops albogularis White-chested White-eye Norfolk Island R Zosterops anomalus Lemon-throated White-eye Indonesia: Sulawesi V Zosterops chloronothos Mauritius OUve White-eye Mauritius R Zosterops flavus Javan White-eye Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sarawak R Zosterops kuehni Ambon Yellow White-eye Indonesia: Ambon, Seram? 65 THREATENED SPECIES R Zosterops luleirostris Splendid White-eye Solomon Islands: Gizo. Ranongga K Zosterops meeki White-throated White-eye Papua New Guinea: Tagula Island E Zosterops modestus Seychelles Grey White-eye Seychelles: Mah6 R Zosterops mouroniensis Comoro White-eye Comoros: Grand Comoro K Zosterops sanctaecrucis Santa Cruz White-eye, Nendo White-eye Solomon Islands: Nendo I Zosterops uropygialis Golden-bellied White-eye Indonesia: Kai Islands Family MF.I.TPHAGIDAE V Apalopteron familiare Bonin Honeyeater Japan: Haha-jima and possibly offshore islands I Lichmera notabilis Black-chested Honeyeater Indonesia: Wetar R Melidectes princeps Long-bearded Melidectes Papua New Guinea I Meliphaga vicina Tagula Honeyeater Papua New Guinea: Tagula Island E Moho bishopi Bishop's Oo USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Moho braccatus Kauai Oo USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) I Myzomela kuehni Crimson-hooded Myzomela Indonesia: Wetar (ex?) V Notiomystis cincta Stitchbird New Zealand: Little Barrier Island I Philemon brassi Brass's Friarbird Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Philemon fuscicapillus Dusky Friarbird Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera, Morotai K Xanthomym phrygia Regent Honeyeater Australia Family EMBERIZIDAE I A tlapetes fla viceps Olive-headed Brush-Finch Colombia E/Ex A tlapetes pallidiceps Pale-headed Brush-Finch Ecuador V Bangsia aureocincta (Buthraiipts mircocincla) Gold-ringed Tanager Colombia V/R Bangsia melanochlamys (Buthraupts melanochlamys) Black-and-gold Tanager Colombia K Buthraupis aureodorsalis (Bangsia aureodorsalis) Golden-backed Mountain-Tanager Peru V/R Buthraupis wetmorei Masked Mountain-Tanager Colombia; Ecuador; Peru V/R Calyptophilus frugivorus Chat Tanager Dominican Republic; Haiti I Camarhynchus heliobates Mangrove Finch Ecuador: Galapagos Islands: Femandina, Isabela V/R Chlorochrysa nitidissima Multicolored Tanager Colombia K Chlorospingus flavovirens Yellow-green Bush-Tanager Colombia; Ecuador E/Ex Conothraupis mesoleuca Cone-billed Tanager Brazil I Dacnis berlepschi Scarlet-breasted Dacnis Colombia; Ecuador 66 Birds V/R Dacnis nigripes Black-legged Dacnis BrazU I Diglossa venezuelensis Venezuelan Flowerpiercer Venezuela R Emberiza sulphurata Yellow Bunting Japan. * Oiina; Hong Kong; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; Philippines; Taiwan V Gubernatrix cristata Yellow Cardinal Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay (ex?); Uruguay V/R Hemispingus goeringi Slaty-backed Hemispiugus Venezuela V Incaspiza ortizi Grey-winged Inca-Finch Peru E Junco insularis (J. hyemalis insularis) Guadalupe Junco Mexico: Guadalupe Island BJEk Nemosia rourei Cherry-throated Tanager Brazil R Nesospiza acunhae Nightingale Finch Saint Helena: Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island. Middle Island. Stoltenhoff Island. Tristan da Cunha R Nesospiza wilkinsi Wilkins's Finch Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible Island. Nightingale Island V/R Oreothraupis arremonops Tanager Finch Colombia; Ecuador V/R Poospiza alticola Plain-tailed Warbling-Finch Peru V/R Poospiza baeri Tucuman Mountain-Finch Argentina I Poospiza cinerea Cinereous Warbling-Finch Brazil E Poospiza garleppi Cochabamba Mountain-Finch Bolivia E Poospiza rubecula Rufous-breasted Warbling-Finch Peru V/R Pseudodacnis hartlaubi {Dacnis hartlaubi) Turquoise Dacnis-Tanager Colombia R Rowettia goughensis Gough Finch Saint Helena: Gough Island V/R Saltator rufiventris Rufous-bellied Saltator Argentina; Bolivia V/R Sporophila falcirostris Temmiuck's Seedeater Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay V/R Sporophila frontalis Buffy-fronted Seedeater Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay K Sporophila hypochroma Grey-and-chestnut Seedeater Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay E/Ex Sporophila insulata Tumaco Seedeater Colombia: Tumaco Island E/Ex Sporophila melanops Hooded Seedeater Biazil I Sporophila nigrorufa Black-and-tawny Seedeater Bolivia; Brazil K Sporophila palustris Marsh Seedeater Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay E Sporophila zelichi Narosky's Seedeater Argentina V/R Tangara cabanisi Azure-rumped Tanager Guatemala; Mexico V/R Tangara fastuosa Seven-colored Tanager Brazil K Tangara meyerdeschauenseei Green-capped Tanager Peru 67 THREATENED SPECffiS V/R Tangara peruviana Black-backed Tanager Brazil K Tangara phillipsi Sira Tanager Peru V/R Torreornis inexpectata Zapata Sparrow Cuba V Wetmorelhraupis sterrhopteron Orange-throated Tanager Ecuador. Peru V Xenospingus concolor Slender-billed Finch Chile; Peru V/R Xenospiza baileyi (Ammodramus baileyi) Sierra Madre Sparrow Mexico Family PARULIDAE I Basileuterus griseiceps Grey-headed Warbler Venezuela I Conirostrum tamaragense Tamarugo ConebiU Chile; Peru V/R Dendroica chrysoparia Golden-cheeked Warbler USA. * Guatemala; Nicaragua Honduras; Mexico; E Dendroica kirtlandii Kirtland's Warbler Canada?; USA. * Bahamas; Turks and Caicos Islands V Geothlypis speciosa Black-polled Yellowthroat Mexico E/Ex Leucopeza semperi Semper's Warbler Saint Lucia E Myioborus pariae Yellow-faced Redstart Venezuela E/Ex Vermivora bachmanii Bachman's Warbler USA. * Cuba? V/R Xenoligea montana White-winged Warbler Dominican Republic; Haiti Family DREPA^fIDIDAE E Hemignathus lucidus Nukupuu USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai (ex?). Maui) E Hemignathus wilsoni (H. mimroi) Akiapolaau USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) E Hemignathus ohscurus Akialoa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) E Loxioides bailleui Palila USA Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) R Loxops coccineus Akepa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii. Kauai. Maui. Molokai) R Melamprosops phaeosoma Poo-uli USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) R Oreomystis bairdi Kauai Creeper USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) V Palmeria dolei Akohekohe USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Paroreomyza maculata Oahu Creeper USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) V Pseudonestor xanthophrys Maui Parrotbill USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Psittirostra psittacea Ou USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii. Kauai) R Telespiza cantans Laysan Finch USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) [USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hermes Reef. Pearl)] R Telespiza ultima Nihoa Finch USA: Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa) [USA: Hawaiian Islands (French Frigate Shoals)] 68 Birds Family VIREONIDAE E Vireo atricapillus Black-capped Vireo Mexico; USA I Vireo caribaeus Saint Andrew Vireo Colombia: San Andres Island Family ICTERIDAE V Agelaius flavus (Xanlhopsar flavus) SaffronfEUS1TDAE V Heteropnuestes microps Sri Lanka Family ARIIDAE K Ancharius brevibarbus Madagascar V Arius taylori Taylor's Catfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea K Cinetodus froggatti Small Mouthed Catfish Australia I Tetranesodon conorhynchus Lorentz Catfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Family PLOTOSIDAE R Neosilurus sp. 1 Dalhousie Catfish Australia R Neosilurus sp. 2 Cooper Creek Tandan Australia K Neosilurus sp. 3 False Spine Catfish Australia V Oloplotosus torobo Kutubu Tandan Papua New Guinea R Tandanus sp. Belinger River Tandan Australia Family MOCHOKIDAE V Chiloglanis bifurcus Incomati Rock Catlet South Africa K Chiloglanis swierstrai Lowveld Rock Catlet Mozambique; South Africa; Zimbabwe Family PIMELODIDAE V Rhamdia reddelli Jml Ciego Mexico Family TRICHOMYCTERIDAE V Bullockia maldonadoi Chile I Eremophilus murisii Colombia: Bogoti area E Nematogenys inermis Chile V Trichomyclerus areolatus Chile E Trichomyclerus chilloni Chile E Trichomyclerus chungarensis Chile E Trichomyclerus laucaensis ChUe E Trichomyclerus rivulatus Chile Order SALMONIFORMES Family UMBRIDAE R Novumbra hubbsi Olympic Mudminnow USA Family LEPIDCKjALAXIIDAE R Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Salmanderfish Australia Family OSMERIDAE V Hypomesus transpacificus Delta Smelt USA R Osmerus spectrum Pygmy Smelt Canada; USA Family SALANGIDAE E Neosalanx regani Ariakehimeshirauo Japan: Kyushu Island 101 THREATENED SPECIES FamUy RETROPINNIDAE V Protolroctes maraena Australian Grayling Australia: Tasmania Family GALAXIIDAE K Aplochilon marinus Chile V Brachygalaxias bullocki ChUe V Brachygalaxias gothei Chile E Galaxias fontanus Swan Galaxias Australia: Tasmania E Galaxias fuscus Baired Galaxias Australia E Galaxias globiceps ChUe V Galaxias gracilis Dwarf Inanga New Zealand E Galaxias johnstoni Clarence Galaxias Australia: Tasmania K Galaxias parvus Small Pedder Galaxias Australia: Tasmania E Galaxias pedderensis Pedder Galaxias Australia: Tasmania R Galaxias postvectis Shortjawed Kokopu New Zealand R Galaxias rostratus Murray Jollytail Australia V Galaxias sp. New Zealand: Waipori River V Galaxias tanycephalus Saddled Galaxias Australia: Tasmania R Galaxiella nigrostriata Black-Striped Minnow Australia V Galaxiella pusilla Dwarf Galaxias Australia: Tasmania V Neochanna burrowsius Canterbury Mudfish New Zealand R Neochanna diversus Black Mudfish New Zealand R Paragalaxias mesotes Arthurs Paragalaxias Australia Family SALMONIDAE R Coregonus artedii Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA E Coregonus canadensis Atlantic Whitefish (Great Lakes) Canada; USA R Coregonus hoyi Bloater (Great Lakes) Canada; USA V Coregonus kiyi Kiyi (Great Lakes) Canada; USA E Coregonus nigripinnis Blackfm Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA E Coregonus oxyrhynchus Routing Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Germany; Ireland; Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Poland; Russia; Sweden; United Kingdom E Coregonus reighardi Shortnose Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA E Coregonus zenithicus Shortjaw Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA E Coregonus sp. 1 Opeongo Whitefish Canada 102 Fishes V Coregonus sp. 2 Squanga Whitefish Canada E Hucho hucho Danube Salmon Austria; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Italy; Moldavia?; Poland; Romania; Slovakia; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia V Onchorhynchus apache Apache Trout USA V Onchorhynchus chrysogaster Mexican Golden Trout Mexico V Onchorhynchus gilae Gila Trout USA E Onchorhynchus ishikawai Satsukimasu Salmon Japan: Nagara River. Honshu Island E Onchorhynchus iwame Iwame Trout Japan R Onchorhynchus sp. Trucha de Yaqui Mexico I Salmo platycephalus AlaBalik Turkey E Salmothymus obtusirostris Adriatic Salmcm Yugoslavia R Salvelinus anaktuvukensis Angayukaksurak Char USA I Salvelinus confluentus BuU Trout Canada; USA E Salvelinus japonic us Kirikuchi Char Japan: Totsukawa River, Honshu Island Order PERCOPSIFORMES FamUy AMBLYOPSIDAE V Amblyopsis rosae Ozark Cavefish USA V Amblyopsis spelaea Northern Cavefish USA E Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Alabama Cavefish USA Order OPHIDnFORMES Family BYTHITIDAE I Lucifuga spelaeoles New Providence Cusk-eel Bahamas: Mermaids Pool. New Providence Island E Typhliasina pearsei Dama Ciega Blanca Mexico E Typhliasina sp. Nueva Dama Ciega Mexico Order CYPRMODONTIFORMES Family APLOCHEILIDAE E Campellolebias brucei Santa Catarina Sabrefm Brazil R Cynolebias boitonei Brasilia Lyrefin Brazil V Cynolebias constanciae Brazil E Cynolebias marmoratus Ginger Pearlfish BrazU I Cynolebias minimus Minute Pearlfish Brazil E Cynolebias opalescens Opalescent Pearlfish Brazil E Cynolebias splendens Splendid Pearlfish Brazil E Nothobranchius sp. Caprivi Killif ish Namibia K Pachypanchax homalonotus Madagascar K Pachypanchax sakaramyi Madagascar 103 THREATENED SPECIES R Rivulus marmoratus Rivulus USA R Rivulus robustus Rivulus Almirante Mexico Family CYPRINODONTIDAE I Aphanius anatolias Dislisazancik Baligi Turkey I Aphanius burduricus Turkey I Aphanius chantrei Dislisazancik Baligi Turkey E Aphanius iberus Spain R Crenichthys baileyi White River Springfish USA V Crenichthys nevadae Railroad Valley Springfish USA E Cualac tessellatus Cachorrito de Media Luna Mexico V Cyprinodon alvarezi Perrito de Potosi Mexico R Cyprinodon atrorus Perrito del Bolson Mexico V Cyprinodon beltrani Cachorrito Lodero Mexico R Cyprinodon bifasciatus Perrito de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico E Cyprinodon bovinus Leon Springs I^ipfish USA V Cyprinodon diaboHs Devils Hole Pupfish USA E Cyprinodon elegans Comanche Springs Pupfish USA E Cyprinodon fontinalis Perrito de Carbonera Mexico V Cyprinodon labiosus Cachorrito Cangrejero Mexico V Cyprinodon macrolepis Laigescale Pupfish Mexico V Cyprinodon maya Cachorrito Gigante Mexico E Cyprinodon meeki Cachorrito de Mezquital Mexico V Cyprinodon nazas Cachorrito del Aguanaval Mexico E Cyprinodon pachycephalus Cachorrito Cabezon Mexico V Cyprinodon pecosensis Pecos Pupfish USA E Cyprinodon radiosus Owens Pupfish USA V Cyprinodon simus Cachorrito Boxeador Mexico R Cyprinodon tularosa White Sands Pupfish USA V Cyprinodon verecundus Cachorrito de Dorsal Larga Mexico R Fundulus julisia Barrens Topminnow USA V Fundulus lima Killifish Mexico V Fundulus waccamensis Waccamaw Killifish USA E Lucania interioris Sardinilla Cuatro Cienegas Mexico 104 Fishes V Kosswigichthys asquamatus Scaleless Killifish Turkey E Megupsilon aporus Cachorrito Enano de Potosi Mexico I Micropanchax schoelleri Egypt E Orestias chungarensis Chile E Orestias cuvieri Bolivia E Orestias laucaensis Chile E Orestias parinacotensis Chile K Pantanodon madagascariensis Madagascar E Valencia hispanica Valencia Toothcaip Spain E Valencia letourneuxi Zoum^ Greece Family GOODEDDAE E Allotoca maculata Opal Goodeid Mexico E Ameca splendens Goodeid Mexico E Ataeniobius loweri Striped Goodeid Mexico V Characodon audax Bold Characodon Mexico E Characodon lateralis Rainbow Goodeid Mexico E Girardinichthys multiradiatus Mexico E Girardinichthys viviparus Mexclapique Mexico V Goodea gracilis Mexico E Hubbsina turneri Mexico E Skifjia francesae Tiro Mexico E Xenoophorus captivus Solo Goodeido Mexico Family POECHJIDAE I Gambusia aestiputeus Colombia: San Ardrds V Gambusia alvared Guayacon de San Gregorio Mexico R Gambusia eurystoma Guayacon Bocon Mexico E Gambusia gaigei Big Bend Gambusia USA V Gambusia heterochir Clear Creek Gambusia USA V Gambusia hurtadoi Guayacon de Hacienda Dolores Mexico I Gambusia krumholzi Mexico V Gambusia longispinis Guayacon de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico V Gambusia nobilis Pecos Gambusia USA R Gambusia senilis Guayacon Pinto Mexico; USA I Gambusia speciosa USA V Poecilia latipunctata Molly del Tamesi Mexico V Poecilia sulphuraria Molly del Teapa Mexico I Poecilia vetiprovidentiae Colombia: Isla de Providencia 105 THREATENED SPECIES I Poeciliopsis monacha Mexico R Poeciliopsis occidentalis Charalito Mexico; USA R XiphophoTus clemenciae Espada de Clemencia Mexico E Xiphophorus couchianus Platy Monterrey Mexico E Xiphophorus gordoni Platy Cuatro Cienegas Mexico E Xiphophorus meyeri Platy de Muzquiz Mexico Order BELONIFORMES Family ADRIANICHTHYIDAE E Adrianichthys kruyti Duck-billed Buntingi Indonesia: Sulawesi (take Poso) V Oryzias marmoratus Indonesia: Sulawesi V Oryzias matanensis Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) V Oryzias nigrimas Black Buntingi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) E Oryzias orthognathus Sharp-jawed Buntingi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) V Oryzias profundicola Indonesia: Sulawesi (MaliU Lakes) E Xenopoecilus oophorus Egg-carrying Buntingi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) E Xenopoecilus poptae Popta's Buntingi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) E Xenopoecilus sarasinorum Indonesia: Sulawesi Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE V Dermogenys megarramphus Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) V Dermogenys weberi Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) R Nomoramphus celebensis Poso Halfbeak Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) R Zenarchopterus alleni Allen's River Garfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Zenacrchopterus robertsi Robert's River Garfish Papua New Guinea Order ATHERINIFORMES Family ATHERINIDAE V Austromenidia gracilis Chile V Basilichthys australis ChUe E Basilichthys microlepidotus Chile K Bedotia geayi Madagascar K Bedotia longianalis Madagascar K Bedotia madagascariensis Madagascar R Cairnsichthys rhomhosomoides Cairns Rainbowfish Australia V Cauque mauleanum ChUe R Chilatherina axelrodi Axelrod's Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papau New Guinea R Chilatherina bleheri Bleher's Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Chilatherina bulolo Bulolo Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea R Chilatherina sentaniensis Sentani Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya K Chirostoma bartoni Charal de la Caldera Mexico E Chirostoma regani Charal del Valle de Mexico Mexico 106 Fishes R Craterocephalus amniculus Darling River Hardyhead Australia R Craterocephalus centralis Finke River Hardyhead Australia R Craterocephalus dalhousiensis Dalhousie Hardyhead Australia V Craterocephalus fluviatillis Murray Hardyhead Australia R Craterocephalus gloveri Glovers Hardyhead Australia R Craterocephalus helenae Drysdale Hardyhead Australia R Craterocephalus kailolae KaUola's Hardyhead Papua New Guinea V Craterocephalus lacustris Kutubu Hardyhead Papua New Guinea R Craterocephalus lentiginosus Prince Regent Hardyhead Australia K Craterocephalus marianae Magela Hardyhead Australia R Craterocephalus pimatuae Pima Hardyhead Papua New Guinea R Glossolepis incisus Red Raiabowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Glossolepis maculosus Spotted Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea R Glossolepis pseudoincisus Tami River Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Glossolepis ramuensis Ramu Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea R Glossolepis wanamensis Lake Wanam Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea R Kiunga ballochi Glass Blue-Eye Indonesia; Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia ajamaruensis Ajamaru Lakes Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia angfa Yakati Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia arfakensis Arfak Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia boesetnani Boeseman's Rainbowfish Indonesia: Iriar Jaya Melanotaenia catherinae Waigeo Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia cororm Corona Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia exquisita Exquisite Rainbowfish Australia Melanotaenia gracilis Slender Rainbowfish Australia Melanotaenia herberiaxelrodi Lake Tebera Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia iris Strickland Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia lacustris Lake Kutubu Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia maylandi Mayland's Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia misoolensis Misool Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia monticola Mountain Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia ogilbyi Ogilby's Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya 107 THREATENED SPECIES R Melanotaenia oktediensis Oktedi Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia papuae Papuan Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia parva Lake Kuiumoi Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Melanotaenia pimanensis Pima River Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia praecox Dwarf Rainbowfish Indonesia; Irian Jaya Melanotaenia pygmaea Pygmy Rainbowfish Australia Melanotaenia sexlineata Fly River Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia vanheumi Van Heum's Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Menidia conchorum Key Silverside USA Menidia extensa Waccamaw Silverside USA Poblana alchichica Charal de Alchichica Mexico Poblana ferdebueni Mexico Poblana letholepis Charal de la Preciosa Mexico Poblana squamata Charal de Quechulac Mexico Pseudomugil connieae Popondetta Blue-Eye Papua New Guinea Pseudomugil f meatus Forktail Blue-Eye Papua New Guinea I Pseudomugil majusculus Cape Blue-Eye Papua New Guinea V Pseudomugil mellis Honey Blue-eye Australia V Pseudomugil paskai Paska's Blue-Eye Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea V Rheocles alaotrensis Katrana Madagascar R Rheocles lateralis Madagascar: Nosivolo River I Rheocles pellegrini Madagascar: near Andapa E Rheocles sikorae Sardine d'eau douce Madagascar: near Anosibe, Manambola River E Rheocles wrightae Madagascar: near Anosibe, Manambola River K Teramulus kieneri Madagascar E Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis Red-finned Blue-eye Australia Family PHALLOSTETHIDAE I Phallostethus dunckeri Malaysia Family TELMATHERINIDAE V Paralheritm cyanea Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) V Paratherina labiosa Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) V Paratherina striata Indonesia: Sulawesi V Paratherina wolterecki Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) V Telmatherina abendanoni Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) V Telmatherina bonti Indonesia: Sulawesi V Telmatherina celebensis Indonesia: Sulawesi 108 Fishes R Telmatherina ladigesi Celebes Rainbow Indonesia: Sulawesi Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES Family GASTEROSTEIDAE V Gasterosteus sp. 1 Giant Stickleback Canada V Gasterosteus sp. 2 Enos Stickleback Canada E Pungitius hellenicus Ellinopyg<5steos Greece E Pungitius sp. Musashitomiyo Japan: near Kiunagaya city Order SYNGNATHIFORMES Family SYNGNATHIDAE V Hippocampus capensis Knysna Seahorse Soudi Africa I MicTophis caudocarinatus Slender Pipefish Indonesia: Irian Jaya I Microphis spinachoides Spinach Pipefish Papua New Guinea Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES Family SYNBRANCHIDAE K Ophistemon candidum Blind Cave Eel Australia E Ophistemon infemale AnguUa Ciega Mexico FamUy MASTACEMBELIDAE E Macrognathus oral Spiny Eel Sri Lanka Order SCORPAENIFORMES Family COTTIDAE R Cottus asperrimus Rough Sculpin USA R Cottus extensus Bear Lake Sculpin USA V Cottus greenei Shoshone Sculpin USA R Cottus leiopomus Wood River Sculpin USA R Cottus princeps Klamadi Lake Sculpin USA E Cottus pygmaeus Pygmy Sculpin USA R Cottus tenuis Slender Sculpin USA V Myoxocephalus quadricornis Fourhom Sculpin Canada Order PERCIFORMES Family AMBASSIDAE R Ambassis agassid Agassiz's Perchlet Australia K Ambassis elongatus Yellow-Fm Perchlet Australia I Parambassis altipinnis High-Fumed Glass Perchlet Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Tetracentrum caudovittatus Kokoda Glass Perchlet Papua New Guinea Family PERCICHIHYIDAE V Edelia obscura Yarra Pygmy Perch Australia E Maccullochella ikei Eastern Freshwater Cod Australia E Maccullochella macquariensis Trout Cod Australia E Maccullochella sp. 1 Mary River Cod Australia 109 THREATENED SPECIES E Maccullochella sp. 2 Clarence River Cod Australia K Macquaria australasica Macquarie Perch Australia R Nannatherina balstoni Balston's Pygmy Perch Australia V Nannoperca oxleyana Oxleyan Pygmy Perch Australia V Nannoperca variegata Ewen's Pygmy Perch Australia E Percichthys melanops Chile V Percilia gillissi Chile E Percilia irwini Chile Family TERAPONTIDAE R Hannia greenwayi Greenway's Grunter Australia V Hephaestus adamsoni Adamson's Grunter Papua New Guinea R Hephaestus epirrhinos Long-Nose Sooty Grunter Australia I Hephaestus obtusifrons Striped Grunter Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Hephaestus trimaculatus Threespot Grunter Papua New Guinea R Leiopotherapon aheneus Fortescus Gnmter Australia R Leiopotherapon macrolepis Large-Scale Grunter Australia K Pingalla gilberti Gilberts Grunter Australia K K K Pingalla midgleyi Midgley's Grunter Australia Scortum hilli Leathery Grunter Australia Scortum parviceps Small-Headed Grunter Australia Scortum sp. Angalani Grunter Australia Syncomistes kimberleyensis Kimberley Grunter Australia Syncomistes rastellus Drysdale Grunter Australia R Varia jamoerensis Jamur Lake Grunter Indonesia: Irian Jaya Family KHULIIDAE K Kuhlia marginata Spotted Flagtail Australia Family CENTRARCHIDAE R Ambloplites cavifrons Roanoke Bass USA R Micropterus notius Suwannee Bass USA R Micropterus treculi Guadalupe Bass USA Family ELASSOMATIDAE R Elassoma boehlkei Carolina Pygmy Sunfish USA R Elassoma okatie Bluebaned Pygmy Sunfish USA V Elassoma sp. Spring Pygmy Sunfish USA 110 Fishes FamUy PERCIDAE R Ammocrypta asprella Crystal Darter USA V Ammocrypta pellucida Eastern Sand Darter Canada; USA R Etheostoma acuticeps Sharphead Darter USA V Etheostoma aquali Coppercheek Darter USA E Etheostoma australe Dardo de Conchos Mexico V Etheostoma boschungi Slackwater Darter USA R Etheostoma cinereum Ashy Darter USA R Etheostoma cragini Arkansas Darter USA V Etheostoma ditrema Coldwater Darter USA E Etheostoma fonticola Fountain Darter USA R Etheostoma grahami Rio Grande Darter Mexico; USA R Etheostoma kanawhae Kanawha Darter USA R Etheostoma luteovinctum Redband Darter USA R Etheostoma maculatum Spotted Darter USA R Etheostoma mariae Pinewoods Darter USA Etheostoma moorei Yellowcheek Darter USA Etheostoma nianguae Niangua Darter USA Etheostoma nuchale Watercress Darter USA Etheostoma okaloosae Okaloosa Darter USA Etheostoma osburni Finescale Saddled Darter USA Etheostoma pallididorsum Paleback Darter USA Etheostoma pottsi Mexican Darter Mexico Etheostoma rubrum Bayou Darter USA Etheostoma striatulum Striated Darter USA Etheostoma trisella Trispot Darter USA Etheostoma tuscumbia Tuscumbia Darter USA Etheostoma wapiti Boulder Darter USA Etheostoma sp. Dardo de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico Perca schrenki Balkhash Perch China?; Kazakhstan; Kirgizia? Percina antesella Amber Darter USA Percina aurolineata Goldline Darter USA 111 THREATENED SPEQES R Percina burtoni Blotchside Logperch USA R Percina cymatotaenia Bluestripe Darter USA E Percina jenkinsi Conasauga Logperch USA V Percina lenticula Freckled Darter USA V Percina macrocephakt Longhead Darter USA V Percina nasuta Longnose Darter USA V Percina pantherina Leopard Darter USA E Percina rex Roanoke Logperch USA V Percina tanasi Snail Darter USA R Percina uranidea Stargazing Darter USA E Romanichthys valsanicola Asprete Romania E Zingel asper Asper France V Zingel streber Streber Austria; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Moldavia?; Slovakia; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Family SCIAENIDAE E Toloaba macdonaldi Totoaba Mexico Family TOXOTIDAE K Toxotes oligolepis Large-Scale Archerfish Australia Family QCHLIDAE R Chetia brevis Orange-fringed Largemouth South Africa E Cichlasoma bartoni Mojarra Caracolera Mexico E Cichlasoma labridens Mojana Mexico E Cichlasoma minckleyi Mojana Caracolera de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico R Cichlasoma pantostictum Mojarra Mexico R Cichlasoma steindachneri Mojarra Mexico E Cichlasoma sp. Mojarra Caracolera de Media Luna Mexico V Konia dikume Dikume Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo V Konia eisentrauti Konye Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo V Myaka myaka Myaka myaka Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo R Oxylapia polli Madagascar: Marolambo Rapids. Nosivolo River V Paratilapia polleni Marakely Madagascar K Paretroplus dami Damba Madagascar K Paretroplus kieneri Kotsovato Madagascar 112 Fishes K ParetToplus maculatus Masovoatoaka Madagascar K Paretroplus petiti Kotso Madagascar E Ptychochromoides betsileanus Trondo Mainty Madagascar R Ptychochromoides sp. Madagascar: Nosivolo River V Pungu maclareni Pungu CameroMi: Lake Barombi Mbo V Sarotherodon caroli Fissi Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo V Sarotherodon linnellii Unga Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo V Sarotherodon lohbergeri Leka Keppe Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo V Sarotherodon steinbachi Kululu CamerocHi: Lake Barombi Mbo R Serranochromis meridianus Lowveld Laigemouth South Africa V Stomatepia mariae Nsess Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo V Stomatepia mongo Mongo Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo V Stomatepia pindu Pindu Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo R Tilapia bakossiorum Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Tilapia bemini Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Tilapia bythobathes Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Tilapia flava Cameroon: Lake Bermin E Tilapia guinasana Otjikoto Tilapia Namibia R Tilapia gutturosa Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Tilapia imbrifema Cameroon: Lalce Bermin R Tilapia snyderae Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Tilapia spongotroktis Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Tilapia thysi Cameroon: Lake Bermin Family MUGILIDAE R Liza luciae Saint Lucia Mullet Soutli Africa R Myxus capensis Freshwater Mullet South Africa Family CLINIDAE R Clinus spatulatus Bot River Klipfish South Africa Family ELEOTRIDAE R Bostrichthys aruensis Island Gudgeon Indonesia: Aru Islands I Bostrichthys zonatus Barred Gudgeon Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Eleotris sandwicensis Oopu USA R Gobiomorphus alpinus Tamdale Bully New Zealand R Hypseleotris aurea Golden Gudgeon Australia R Hypseleotris dayi Golden Sleeper South Africa K Hypseleotris ejuncida Slender Gudgeon Australia 113 THREATENED SPECIES K Hypseleotris kimberleyensis Bamett River Gudgeon Australia K Hypseleotris regalis Prince Regent Gudgeon Australia R Kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi Mitchell Gudgeon Australia R Kimberleyeleotris notata Drysdale Gudgeon Australia R Milyeringa Veritas Blind Gudgeon Australia R Mogurnda adspersa Purple Spotted Gudgeon Australia V Mogurnda furva Black Mogurnda Papua New Guinea R Mogurnda lineata Kokoda Mogurnda Papua New Guinea R Mogurnda orientalis Eastern Mogurnda Papua New Guinea V Mogurnda spilota Blotched Mogurnda Papua New Guinea V Mogurnda variegata Variegated Mogurnda Papua New Guinea V Mogurnda vitta Striped Mogurnda Papua New Guinea R Mogurnda sp. 1 False-Spotted Gudgeon Australia R Mogurnda sp. 2 Flinders Ranges Gudgeon Australia R Mogurnda sp. 3 Karamui Gudgeon Papua New Guinea R Mogurnda sp. 4 Wau Gudgeon Papua New Guinea R Mogurttda sp. 5 Highlands Gudgeon Papua New Guinea R Mogurnda sp. 6 Malas Gudgeon Papua New Guinea R Oxyeleotris wisselensis Paniai Gudgeon Indonesia: Irian Jaya V Ratsirakia legendrei Madagascar Family GOBIIDAE R Awaous stamineus Oopu Nakea USA E Chlamydogobius sp. 1 Elizabeth Springs Goby Australia K Chlamydogobius sp. 2 Edgbaston Goby Australia R Chlamydogobius sp. 3 Dalhousie Goby Australia I Croilia mossambica Burrowing Goby South Africa R Economidichthys trichonis Nanogovi6s Greece R Eucyclogobius newberryi Tidewater Goby USA R Glossogobius hoesei Hoese's Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya V Glossogobius intermedius Indonesia: Sulawesi V Glossogobius malanensis Indonesia: Sulawesi R Glossogobius sp. 1 Mountain Goby Papua New Guinea I Glossogobius sp. 2 Irian Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya 114 Fishes V Glossogobius sp. 3 Robert's Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea V Glossogobius sp. 4 Bluntsnout Goby Papua New Guinea R Glossogobius sp. 5 Sentani Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Glossogobius sp. 6 Fly River Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea V Glossogobius sp. 7 Kutubu Goby Papua New Guinea R Glossogobius sp. 8 Bighead Goby Papua New Guinea R Glossogobius sp. 9 Ramu Goby Papua New Guinea R Glossogobius sp. 10 Mulgrave Goby Australia I Gobius tigerellus Tiger Goby Indonesia; Irian Jaya I Knipowitschia goerneri Greece V Knipowitschia milleri Greece R Knipowitschia punctatissima Greece V Knipowitschia thessala Thessalogovin6s Greece V Loentipes concolor Oopu Alamoo USA V Mistichthys luzonensis Sinarapan Philippines V Mugilogobius latifrons Indonesia; Sulawesi V Mugilogobius sp. Indonesia; Sulawesi V Padogobius nigricans Greece I Pandaka pygmaea Dwarf Pygmy Goby Philippines; Malabon River I Pseudogobiopsis sp. Red-spotted Goby Papua New Guinea R Redigobius dewaali Checked Goby Mozambique; South Africa R Schismatogobius deraniyagalai Redneck Goby Sri Lanka R Sicydium stimpsoni Oopu NopUi USA R Sicyopterus halei Red-tailed Goby Sri Lanka R Sicyopus Jonklaasi Lipstick Goby Sri Lanka R Silhouettea sibayi Sibayi Goby South Africa V Stupidogobius flavipinnis Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) R Taenioides jacksoni Bearded Goby South Africa V Tamanka sarasinorum Sarasin's Goby Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) E Weberogobius amadi Poso Bungu Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) Family ANABANTIDAE E Sandelia bainsii Eastern Province Rocky South Africa Family BELONTIIDAE R Belontia signata Combtail Sri Lanka V Malpulutta kretseri Ornate Paradisefish Sri Lanka 115 THREATENED SPECIES Class SARCOPTERYOn Order COELACANTHIFORMES Family LATIMERIIDAE V Latimeria chalumnae Coelacanth Comoros; South Afidca 116 Invertebrates Phylum CNIDARIA Class ANTHOZOA Order GORGONACEA Family PLEXAURIDAE K Eunicella verrucosa Broad Sea Fan (Meditenasean Sea; N.E. Atlantic Ocean) Order ACTINIARIA Family EDWARDSHDAE E Edwardsia ivelli Ivell's Sea Anemone United Kingdom V Nematostella vectensis Starlet Sea Anemone Canada; United Kingdom; USA Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class TURBELLARIA Order TRICLADIDA Family KENKHDAE R Kenkia rhynchida Malheur Cave Planarian USA E Sphalloplana holsingeri Holsinger's Groundwater Planarian USA E Sphalloplana subtilis Biggets' Groundwater Planarian USA Phylum NEMERTEA Class ENOPLA Order HOPLONEMERTEA E Antiponemertes allisonae New Zealand R Argonemertes hillii Australia R Argonemertes stocki Australia R Geonemertes rodericana Mauritius: Rodrigues R Katechonemertes nightingaleensis Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha E Pantinonemertes agricola Bermuda Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Family NERTTIDAE I Neritilia hawaiiensis Anchialine Pool Snail USA: Hawaiian Islands V Theodoxus transversalis Austria; Bulgaria; Germany; Hungary; Moldova; Romania; Slovakia; Ukraine; Yugoslavia? Family HYDROCENflDAE V Georissa biangulata Guam V Georissa elegans Guam V Georissa laevigata Guam R Georissa laseroni Australia: New South Wales V Georissa rufula Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Monterissa gowerensis Australia: Lord Howe Island Family HELICINIDAE V Ogasawarana arata Japan; Ogasawara V Ogasawarana capsula Japan: Ogasawara V Ogasawarana comes Japan: Ogasawara R Ogasawarana diserepans Japan: Ogasawara R Ogasawarana microtheca Japan: Ogasawara R Ogasawarana nitida Japan: Ogasawara R Ogasawarana ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara 117 THREATENED SPECIES V Ogasawarana optima Japan: Ogasawara V Sturanyella carolinarum Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Sturanyella epicharis Federated States of Micronesia: Chunk Islands (Lukunor) Order MESOGASTROPODA Family CYCLOPHORIDAE V Craspedoma costata Spain: Canary Islands (El Hierro. La Gomera) V Craspedoma hespericum Portugal: Azores R Craspedoma lyonnetianum Portugal: Madeira R Ditropis whitei Australia: Queensland (Islands off Cape York Peninsula) Family POTERIIDAE V Kondoraphe kiyokoae Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands V Ostodes braderi Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands V Paramiella incisa Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands V Paramiella kondoi Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Moen. Fefan) Family DIPLOMMATINIDAE V Diplommatina alata Palau: Ngemelis V Diplommatina aurea Palau: Koror V Diplommatinaa crassilabris Palau: Koror V Diplommatina gibboni Palau: Koror V Diplommatina hyalina Guam V Diplommatina inflatula Palau: Peleliu V Diplommatina lamellata Palau: Peleliu V Diplommatina lutea Palau: Koror Pohnpei Pohnpei Diplommatina pyramis Palau: Peleliu Diplommatina ringens Palau: Peleliu Hungerfordia pelewensis Palau: Koror Palaina albata Palau: Koror Palaina dimorpha Palau: Peleliu Palaina dohrni Palau: Palau Palaina doliolum Federated States of Micronesia: Palaina kubaryi Federated States of Micronesia: Palaina moussoni Palau: Ngcheangel Palaina ovatula Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palaina patula Palau: Koror. Peleliu Palaina platycheilus Palau: Koror Palaina pupa Palau: Peleliu Palaina pusilla Palau: Peleliu Palaina rubella Palau: Koror Palairm scalarina Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palaina strigata Palau: Peleliu Palaina striolata Palau Palaina taeniolata Guam Palaina wilsoni Palau Palaina xiphidium Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Pseudopalaina polymorpha Palau: Peleliu 118 Invertebrates: molluscs Family PUPINIDAE R Hedleya coxeni (Signepupina coxeni) Australia: Queensland R Hedleya macleayi Australia: Queensland R Hedleya pfeifferi (Signepupina pfeifferi) Australia: Queensland V Pupitia brenchleyi Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Lukunor) V Pupina complanata Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae. Pohnpei; Marshall Islands: Jaluit. Ebon V Pupina difficUis Palau R Pupina splendens (SuavocalHa splendens) Australia: Queensland (Lizard Islands) Family TTA RFTD AF R Cytora hirsutissima New Zealand Family VTVIFARIDAE I Lioplax cyclostomaforims Cylindrical Lioplax USA E Tulotoma magnifica Tulotoma USA V Viviparus acerosus Austria; Bulgaria; Germany; Hungary; Romania; Slovakia Family VALVATIDAE E Valvata utahensis Utah Valvata USA Family POMAIMSIDAE R Pomatias raricosta Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) E Tropidophora articulate Mauritius: Rodrigues R Tropidophora deburghiae Madagascar Family AQCULIDAE R Acicula norrisi Gibraltar R Platyla foliniana France R Renea gormonti France R Renea paillona France Family HYDROBIIDAE V Alzoniella hartwigschuetti Austria Antrobia breweri USA Antrobia culvert Tumbling Creek Cavesnail USA Apachecoccus arizonae Bylas Springsnail USA Aphaostracon asthenes Blue Spring Hydrobe USA Aphaostracon monas Wekiwa Hydrobe USA Aphaostracon pycnum Dense Hydrobe USA Aphaostracon xynoelictus Fenney Spring Hydrobe USA Arganiella exilis France K Avenionia brevis France; Belgium; Netherlands; Germany V Beddomeia angulata Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia averni Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia bellii Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia bowryensis Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia briansmithi Australia: Tasmania 119 THREATENED SPECffiS V Beddomeia camensis Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia capensis Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia fallax Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia forthensis Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia franklandensis Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia fromensis Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia fultoni Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia gibba Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia hallae Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia hermansi Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia hullii Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia inflata Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia kershawi Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia kessneri Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia krybetes Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia launcestonensis Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia lodderae Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia mesiboyi Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia minima Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia petterdi Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia phasianella Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia protuberata Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia ronaldi Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia salmonis Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia tasmanica Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia topsiae Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia trochiformis Australia: Tasmania E Beddomeia tumida Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia turnerae Australia: Tas mania V Beddomeia waterhouseae Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia wilmotensis Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia wiseae Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia zeehanensis Australia: Tasmania E Belgrandiella austriana Austria E Belgrandiella fuchsi Austria E Belgrandiella komenskyi Czech Republic V Belgrandiella lacheineri Austria E Belgrandiella parreyssi Austria V Belgrandiella pupula Austria I Belgrandiella pyrenaica France E Belgrandiella styriaca Austria E Bythinella badensis Germany E Bythinella bavarica Germany I Bythinella bicarinata France 120 Invertebrates: molluscs I Bythinella carinulata France E Bythinella compressa Germany R Bythinella cylindrica Austria E Bythinella dunkeri Belgium; Germany I Bythinella pupoides France; Switzerland I Bythinella reyniesii Andorra; France I Bythinella vesontiana France I Bythinella viridis Belgium; France E Bythiospeum acicula Germany R Bythiospeum alpinum Switzerland I Bythiospeum articense France I Bythiospeum bressanum France E Bythiospeum cisterciensorum Austria I Bythiospeum diaphanum France, Switzerland E Bythiospeum elseri Austria I Bythiospeum garneri France E Bythiospeum geyeri Austria E Bythiospeum noricum Austria E Bythiospeum quenstedti Germany E Bythiospeum reisalpense Austria E Bythiospeum sandbergeri Germany I Cincinnatia helicogyra Crystal Siltsnail USA I Cincinnatia mica Ichetucknee Siltsnail USA I Cincinnatia monroensis Enterprise Siltsnail USA I Cincinnatia pana Pygmy Siltsnail USA I Cincinnatia ponderosa Ponderous SiltsnaL' USA I Cincinnatia vanhyningi Seminole Siltsnail USA I Cincinnatia wekiwae Wekiwa Siltsnail USA I Clappia cahabensis Cahaba Pebblesnail USA V Coahuilix hubbsi Coahuilix de Hubbs Snail Mexico I Cochliopa texana Phantom Cavesnail USA V Cochliopina milleri Miller's Snail Mexico I Coxiella striata Australia: Tasmania V Durangonella coahuilae Durangonella de Coahuila Snail Mexico I Fissuria boui France I Fluminicola avernalis Moapa Pebblesnail USA I Fluminicola columbiana Columbia Pebblesnail USA I Fluminicola merriami Pahranagat Pebblesnail USA V Fluvidorm anodonta Australia: Queensland 121 THREATENED SPECIES E Fluvidona dunrobinensis Australia: Tasmania E Fluvidona dulvertonensis Australia: Tasmania V Fluvidona dyeriana Australia: Tasmania V Fluvidona elongatus Australia: Tasmania V Fluvidona grampianensis Australia: Victoria I Fluvidona petterdi Australia: New South Wales E Fluvidona pontvillensis Australia: Tasmania E Fluvidona simsoniana Australia: Tasmania I Fluviopupa gracilis Australia: Lord Howe Island I Fluviopupa ramsayi Australia: Lord Howe Island V Fonscochlea accepta Australia V Fonscochlea aquatica Australia V Fonscochlea conica Australia V Fonscochlea billakalina Australia V Fonscochlea zeidleri Australia I Fontigens holsingeri Tapered Cavesnail USA I Fontigens turretella Greenbrier Cavesnail USA E Hauffenia kerschneri Austria K Hauffenia minuta France; Switzerland V Hemistoma beaumonli Australia: Lord Howe Island V Hemistoma flexicolumella Australia: Lord Howe Island V Hemistoma gemma Australia: Lord Howe Island V Hemistoma minutissima Australia: Lord Howe Island V Hemistoma pusillior Australia: Lord Howe Island E Hemistoma whiteleggei Australia: Lord Howe Island I Heterocyclus perroquini New Caledonia I Heterocyclus petiti New Caledonia I Hydrobia scamandri France E Jardinella acuminata Australia E Jardinella carnarvonensis Australia E Jardinella colmani Australia E Jardinella coreena Australia E Jardinella corrugata Australia E Jardinella edgbastonensis Australia E Jardinella eulo Australia E Jardinella exigua Australia E Jardinella isolata Australia E Jardinella jesswiseae Australia E Jardinella pallida Australia E Jardinella zeidlerorum Australia I Lepyrium showalteri Flat Pebblesnail USA I Litthabitella elliptica Prance E Lobaunia danubialis Austria V Mexipyrgus carranzae Mexipyrgus de Carranza Snail Mexico 122 Invertebrates: molluscs V Mexipyrgus churinceanus Mexipyrgus de Churince Snail Mexico V Mexipyrgus escobedae Mexipyrgus de Escobeda Snail Mexico V Mexipyrgus lugoi Mexipyrgus de Lugo Snail Mexico V Mexipyrgus mojarralis Mexipyrgus de West El Mojarral Snail Mexico V Mexipyrgus multilineatus Mexipyrgus de East El Mojarral Snail Mexico V Mexithauma quadripaludium Mexithauma de Cienegas Snail Mexico Moitessieria juvenisanguis France Moitessieria lineolata France Moitessieria locardi France Moitessieria puteana France Moitessieria rayi France Moitessieria rolandiana France Moitessieria simoniana France; Spain V Nanocochlea monticola Australia: Tasmania V Nanocochlea pupoides Australia: Tasmania V 'Nanocochlea' parva Australia: Tasmania V Neohoratia minuta Switzerland V Nymphophilus minckleyi Nymphophilus de Minckley Snail Mexico I Palacanthilhiopsis vervierii France R Paladilhia hungarica Hungary I Paladilhia pleurotoma France I Paladilhiopis bourguignati France V Paludinella conica Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan V Paludinella minima Japan: Ogasawara V Paludinella semperi Marshall Islands: Jaluit; Palau V Paludinella vitrea Palau: Peleliu V Paludiscala caramba Paludiscala de Cro Snail Mexico V Phrantela annamurrayae Australia: Tasmania V Phrantela conica Australia: Tasmania V Phrantela kutikina Australia: Tasmania V Phrantela marginata Australia: Tasmania V Phrantela pupiformis Australia: Tasmania V Phrantela richardsoni Australia: Tasmania V Phrantela umbilicata Australia: Tasmania I Phreatodrobia imatata Mimic Cavesnail USA I Plagigeyeria conilis France V Potamopyrgus oscitans Australia: Lord Howe Island I Pseudamnicola anteisensis France I Pseudamnicola klemmi France E Pseudamnicola melitensis Malta V Pseudotricula eberhardi Australia: Tasmania 123 THREATENED SPECIES Pyrgulopsis agarhecta Ocmulgee Marstonia USA Pyrgulopsis bacchus Grand Wash Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Bnineau Hot Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis castor Beaver Pond Marstonia USA Pyrgulopsis chupaderae (Fonlelicella chupaderae) Chupadera Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis conicus Kingman Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis cristalis Crystal Spring Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis davisi {Fonlelicella davisi) Davis County Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis erythopoma Ash Meadows Pebblesnail USA Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis Fairbanks Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis gilae (Fonlelicella gilae) Gila SpringsnaU USA Pyrgulopsis glandulosus Verde Rim Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis idahoensis (Fonlelicella idahoensis) Idaho Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis isolatus Elongate-gland Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis metcalfi (Fonlelicella metcalfi) Presidio County Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis micrococcus Oasis Valley Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis montezumensis Montezuma Well Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis tnorrisoni Page Sprhigsnail USA Pyrgulopsis nanus Distal-gland Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis neomexicana Socorro Snail USA Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe Royal Marstonia USA Pyrgulopsis olivacea Olive Marstonia USA Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Ozark Pyrg USA Pyrgulopsis pachyta Armored Mantonia USA Pyrgulopsis pecosensis (Pyrgulopsis fonlelicella) Pecos Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis pisteri Median-gland Nevada Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis robusta Jackson Lake Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis roswellensis (Fonlelicella roswellensis) Roswell Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis simplex Fossil Springsnail USA 124 Invertebrates: molluscs Pyrgulopsis solus Brown Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis thermalis (Foiitelicella thermalis) New Mexico Hotspring Snail USA Pyrgulopsis thompsoni Huachuca Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis trivialis (Fontelicetla trivialis) Three Forks Springsnail USA Sadleriana pannonica Hungary; Slovakia Somatogyrus amnicoloides Oachita Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus aureus Goldend Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus biangulatus Angular Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus constrictus Knotty Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus coosaensis Coosa Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus crassilabris Thick-lipped Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrsus crassus Stocky Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus currierianus Tennessee Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus deciphens Hidden Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus excavatus Ovate Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus hendersoni Fluted Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus hinkleyi Granite Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus humerosus Atlas Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus nanus Dwarf Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus obtusus Moom Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus parvulus Sparrow Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus pilsbryanus Tallapoosa Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus pygmaeus Pygmy Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus quadrulus Quadrate Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus sergenti Mud Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus strengi Rolling Pebblesnail USA Sorrmtogyrus tenax Savannah Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus tennesseensis Opaque Pebblesnail USA Somatogyrus wheeleri Channeled Pebblesnail USA Stiobia nana Sculpin Snail USA Trochidrobia punicea Australia Trochidrobia smithi Australia Trochidrobia inflata Australia 125 THREATENED SPECIES Trochidrobia minuta Australia Tryonia adamantiim Diamond Y Springsnail USA Tryonia alamosae Alamosa Springsnail USA Tryonia angulata Sportingoods Tryonia USA Tryonia brunei Brune's Tryonia USA Tryonia cheatumi Phantom Tryonia USA Tryonia clalhrata Grated Tryonia USA Tryonia elata Point of Rocks Tryonia USA Tryonia ericae Minute Tryonia USA Tryonia gilae Gila Tryonia USA Tryonia imitator Mimic Tryonia USA Tryonia kosteri Roster's Tryonia USA Tryonia quitobaquitae Quitabaquito Tryonia USA Tryonia stocktonensis Gonzales Spring Tryonia USA Tryonia variegata Amargossa Tryonia USA Victodrobia burni Australia: Victoria Victodrobia elongata Australia: Victoria V Victodrobia millerae Australia: Victoria V Victodrobia victoriensis Australia: Victoria I Yaquicoccus bernardinus San Bemadino Springsnail USA Family TRUNCATELLIDAE V Taheitia alata Guam V Taheitia lamellicosta Guam V Taheitia mariannarum Guam V Taheitia parvula Guam V Truncatella guerinii Japan: Ogasawara Family ASSIMINEIDAE I Assiminea infirma Badwater Snail USA V Assiminea palauensis Palau I Assiminea pecos Pecos Assiminea USA E Austroassiminea letha Australia V Heteropoma fulvum Guam V Heteropoma gldbratum Guam V Heteropoma pyramis Guam V Heteropoma quadrasi Guam V Heteropoma tuberculatum Guam V Heteropoma turritum Guam V Kubaryia pilikia Palau: Koror E Omphalotropis albocarinata Australia: Norfolk Island 126 Invertebrates: molluscs V Omphalotropis carolinensis Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Lukunor) V Omphalotropis cheynei Palau V Omphalotropis cookei Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan V Omphalotropis elegans Guam V Omphalotropis elongatula Guam V Omphalotropis erosa Guam V Omphalotropis exquisita Australia: Lord Howe Island V Omphalotropis fragilis Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, Pohnpei V Omphalotropis gracilis Guam V Omphalotropis guamensis Guam V Omphalotropis howeinsulae Australia: Lord Howe Island V Omphalotropis innesi Australia: Lord Howe Island V Omphalotropis laevigata Guam V Omphalotropis laticosta Guam V Omphalotropis latilabris Guam V Omphalotropis mutica Palau V Omphalotropis ochthogyra Guam V Omphalotropis picta Guam V Omphalotropis pilosa Guam V Omphalotropis quadrasi Guam V Omphalotropis semicostata Guam V Omphalotropis striatipila Palau V Omphalotropis submaritima Guam V Omphalotropis suturalis Guam E Omphalotropis suteri Australia: Norfolk Island V Omphalotropis tumidula Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Ponapella pihapiha Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Quadrasiella clathrata Guam V Quadrasiella mucronata Guam V Thaanumella angulosa Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Thaanumella cookei Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Wrayanna soluta Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Family MELANOPSIDAE V Fagotia esperi Austria: Belarus; Hungary; Moldova; Slovakia; Ukraine Family PLEUROCERIDAE I Anculosa ampla (Leptoxis ampla) Round Rocksnail USA I Anculosa compacta (Leptoxis compacta) Oblong RocksnaU USA I Anculopsis crassa (Leptoxis crassa) Boulder Snail USA I Anculosa formosa (Leptoxis formosa) Maiden Rocksnail USA I Anculosa melanoidus (Leptoxis melanoidus) Black Mudalia USA 127 THREATENED SPECIES Anculosa minor (Leptoxis minor) Knob Mudalia USA Anculosa picia (Leptoxis picta) Spotted Rocksnail USA Anculosa plicata {Leptoxis plicata) Plicate Rocksnail USA Anculosa taeniata (Leptoxis taeniata) Painted Rocksnail USA Anculosa virgala (Leptoxis virgata) Smooth Rocksnail USA Goniobasis albanyensis (Elimia albanyensis) Black-crest Fliinia USA Goniobasis ampla (Elimia ampla) Ample F.limia USA Goniobasis anneltae (Elimia annettae) Lily Shoals F.limia USA Goniobasis annulifera (Elimia annulifera) USA Goniobasis bellula (Elimia bellula) Walnut Flimi;^ USA Goniobasis boykiniana (Elimia boykiniana) Flaxen F.limia USA Goniobasis brevis (Elimia brevis) Short-spired F.limia USA Goniobasis cahawbensis (Elimia cahawbensis) Cahaba F.limia USA Goniobasis capillaris (Elimia capillaris) Spindle Elimia USA Goniobasis cretmtella (Elimia crenatella) Lacy Elimia USA Goniobasis fascinans (Elimia fascinans) Banded F. limia USA Goniobasis gerhardti (Elimia gerhardti) Coldwater Elimia USA Goniobasis haysiana (Elimia haysiana) Silt F.limia USA Goniobasis hydei (Elimia hydei) Gladiator Elimia USA Goniobasis interrupta (Elimia interrupta) Knotty F. limia USA Goniobasis interveniens (Elimia interveniens) Slowwater F.limiq USA Goniobasis nassula (Elimia nassula) Round-rib F.limia USA Goniobasis olivula (Elimia olivula) Caper F.limia USA Goniobasis showalteri (Elimia showalteri) Compact Elimia USA 128 Invertebrates: molluscs E Goniobasis vanuxemiarm (Elimia vanuxemiand) Cobble F.limi;; USA Goniobasis variola (Elimia variata) Squat Flimia USA lo fluvialis Spiny River Snail USA Lithasia armigera Armored Rocksnail USA Lithasia carta Knobby Rocksnail USA Lithasia duttoniana Helmet Rocksnail USA Lithasia geniculata Omate Rocksnail USA Lithasia jayana Rugose Rocksnail USA Lithasia lima Warty Rocksnail USA Lithasia salebrosa Muddy Rocksnail USA Lithasia verrucosa Varicose Rocksnail USA Pleurocera alveare Rugged Homsnail USA Pleurocera annulifera Ringed HomsnaU USA Pleurocera brumbyi Spiral Homsnail USA Pleurocera corpulenta Corpulent Homsnail USA I Pleurocera curta Shortspire Homsnail USA I Pleurocera foremani Rough Homsnail USA I Pleurocera posteri Broken Homsnail USA I Pleurocera pyrenella Skirted Homsnail USA I Pleurocera showalteri Upland Homsnail USA I Pleurocera walkeri Telescope Homsnail USA Order BASOMMATOPHORA FamUy ACROLOXIDAE I Acroloxus coloradensis Rocky Mountain Capshell USA Family LYMNAEIDAE E Erinna carinata Reunion V Myxas glutinosa Austria; Belams; Belgium; Czech Republic; Estonia; Hnland; Germany; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Russia; Sweden; Ukraine; United Kingdom I Stagnicola utahensis Thickshell Pondsnail USA Family LANCTOAE E Lanx sp. Banbiuy Springs Limpet USA Family GLACDXJRBEDAE V Glacidorbis occidentalis Australia I Glacidorbis pawpela Australia: Tasmania I Glacidorbis pedderi Australia: Tasmania 129 THREATENED SPECIES FamUy PHYSIDAE I Physa microstriata (Physella microstriata) Fish Lake Physa USA E Physa natricina Snake River Physa Snail USA I Physa spelunca (Physella spelunca) Cave Physa USA I Physa utahensis (Physella utaliensis) Utah Physa USA I Physa zionis (Physella zionis) Wet Rock Physa USA Family PLANORBIDAE E Ancylastrum cumingianus Australian Freshwater Limpet Australia: Tasmania I Glyptophysa petiti New Caledonia I Helisoma jacksonense Jackson Lake Snail USA E Miratesta celehensis Indonesia: Sulawesi 1 Planorbella magnifica Magnificent Ramshom USA I Planorbella mulHvolvis Acorn Ramshom USA Family NEOPLANORBIDAE I Amphigyra alabamensis Shoal Sprite USA I Neoplanorhis carinatus USA I Neoplanorhis smithi USA I Neoplanorhis tantilus USA I Neoplanorhis umhilicatus USA Family ANCYLIDAE I Ferrissia mcneili Hood Ancylid USA 1 Rhodacmaea elatior Domed Ancylid USA I Rhodacmaea filosa Wicker Ancylid USA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family ACHATINELLIDAE E Achatinella apexfulva USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella bellula USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella bulimoides USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella byronii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella cestus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella concavospira USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella carta USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella decipiens USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella fulgens USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella fuscobasis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella leucorrhaphe USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella lila USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella lorata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella mustelina USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella phaeozona USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) 130 Invertebrates: molluscs E Achatinella pulcherrima USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella pupukanioe USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella sowerbyana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella stewartii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella swiftii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella taeniolata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella turgida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella viridans USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella vulpina USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Aiiriculella amhusta USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Aiiriculella castanea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Auric ulella crassula USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Auriculella malleata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Auriculella perpusilla USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Auriculella pulchra USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Auriculella tenella USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Elasmias kilaiwojimanum Japan: Ogasawara V Elasmias quadrasi Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan, Rota E Gulickia alexandri USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) I Lamellidea biplicata Japan: Ogasawara V Lamellidea microstoma Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan, Rota R Lamellidea ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara V Lamellidea subcylindrica Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota E Partulina confusa USA: Hawaiian Islands E Partulina dolei USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Partulina dubia USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Partulian dwightii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) V Partulina fusoidea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Partulina kaaeana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Partulina mighelsiana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) E Partulina nattii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) V Partulina perdix USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Partulina physa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) E Partulina porcellana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Partulina proxima USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) E Partulina redfieldi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) E Partulina semicarinata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai) E Partulina splendida Splendid Partulina USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Partulina talpina USA: Hawaiian Islands E Partulina tappaniana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Partulina terebra USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Partulina tessellata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) E Partulina ustulata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Partulina variabilis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai) 131 THREATENED SPECIES E Parlulina virgulata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Perdicella carinella USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Perdicella helena USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) E Perdicella kuhnsi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Perdicella ornata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) V Tornatellinops ponapensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei FamUy COCHUCOPIDAE K Cochlicopa nitens Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan: Belarus; Bulgaria; Denmark; Estonia; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Yugoslavia E Cryptazeca monodonta France; Spain E Cryptazeca subcylindrica France I Hypnophila remyi France: Cwsica Family AMASTRIDAE E Amastra cylindrica USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Amastra micans USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Amastra rubens USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Amastra spirizona USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Armsia petasus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Laminella sanguinea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Leptachatitm lepida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Leptachatina sp. 1 USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Leptachatina sp. 2 USA: Hawaiian Islands E Tropidoptera heliciformis (Plerodiscus Iwliciformis) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Family PUPILLIDAE E Lauria fanalensis Portugal: Madeira E Leiostyla callathiscus Portugal: Madeira I Leiostyla cheiligona Portugal: Madeira E Leiostyla concinna Portugal: Madeira E Leiostyla corneocostata Portugal: Madeira E Leiostyla degenerata Portugal: Madeira E Leiostyla ferraria Portugal: Madeira E Leiostyla filicum Portugal: Madeira V Leiostyla fusca Portugal: Madeira I Leiostyla laevigata Portugal: Madeira R Leiostyla laurinea Portugal: Madeira E Leiostyla monticola Portugal: Madeira R Leiostyla relevata Portugal: Madeira R Leiostyla vincta Portugal: Madeira E Pupilla ficulnea Australia: Northern Territory I Pupilla pupula R6imion Family VALLONHDAE R Acanthinula spinifera Spain: Canary Islands (La Palma) E Spelaeodiscus tatricus Slovakia E Vallonia allamanica Germany 132 Invertebrates: molluscs V Vallonia decUvis Austria; France; Germany; Poland; Slovakia; Switzerland K Vallonia enniensis Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Greece; Himgary; Italy; Poland; Romania; Russia; Spain: including Balearic Islands. Canary Islands; Slovakia; Switzerland; Ukraine E Vallonia suevica Germany Family VERTIGINIDAE K Cylindrovertilla kingi Australia: New South Wales I GastTocopta boninensis Japan: Ogasawaia R Gyliotrachela catherina Australia; Northern Territory V Nesopupa eapensis Palau V Nesopupa ponapica Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Nesopupa quadrasi Guam V Ptychalaea dedecora Japaa- Ogasawara K K of Micronesia: Kosrae, Pupisoma orcula Federated States Pohnpei Sterkia Clementina Insular Birddrop USA Truncatellina atomus Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Vertigo alahamensis USA Vertigo angustior Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; United Kingdom Vertigo genesii Finland: Germany; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom V Vertigo geyerii Austria; Czech Republic; Deimiark; Finland; Germany; Ireland; Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Poland; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom I Vertigo hehardi USA Family ORCULIDAE V Orcula austriaca Austria R Orcula fuchsi Austria V Orcula pseudodolium Austria Family CHONDRINIDAE I Solatopupa guidoni France: Corsica: Italy: Sardinia I Solatopupa psarolena France; Italy Family BULIMINIDAE E Boninena callistoderma Japan: Ogasawara V Boninena hiraseana Japan: Ogasawara E Boninena ogasawarae Japan; Ogasawara R 'Napaeus' alabastrinus Portugal: Azores V Napaeus isletae Spain: Canary Islands (Gran Canaria) R Napaeus nanodes Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) I Napaeus pygmaeus Spain: Canary Islands (La Gomera) I Napaeus tagmichensis Spain: C^anary Islands (La Gomera) I Napaeus tagulichensis Spain: Canary Islands CLa Gomera) R Napaeus tarnerianus Sp ain- Canary Islands (Tenerife) Family CLAUSILODAE R Boettgeria obesiuscula Portugal: Madeira V Charpentieria dyodon Italy; Switzerland 133 THREATENED SPECIES R Lamnifera pauli France; Spain E Lampedusa imitratix Malta E Lampedusa melitensis Malta R Muticaria macrostoma Malta Family PARTULIDAE E Eua zebrina American Samoa: Tutuila E Partula arguta French Polynesia: Huahine V Partula calypso Palau: Peleliu E Partula dentifera French Polynesia: Raiatea V Partula emersoni Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei E Partula faba French Polynesia: Raiatea E Partula gibba Fat Guam Partula Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota V Partula guamensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei E Partula hebe French Polynesia: Raiatea E Partula labrusca French Polynesia: Raiatea E Partula langfordi Northern Marianas: Aguijan V Partula leucothoe Palau V Partula martensia/m Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae V Partula radiolata Radiolate Partula Guam E Partula rosea French Polynesia: Huahine V Partula thetis Palau: Koror E Partula varia French Polynesia: Huahine E Samoana annectens French Polynesia: Huahine E Samoana attenuala French Polynesia: BoraBora. Moorea, Tahiti, Raiatea E Samoana conica American Samoa: Tutuila E Samoana diaphana French Polynesia: Moorea E Samoana fragilis Guam E Samoana solitaria French Polynesia: Moorea E Samoana thurstoni American Samoa: Ofu Family ORTHALICIDAE V Bothriembryon angasianus Australia: South Australia V Bothriembryon brazieri Australia: Western Australia V Bothriembryon glauerti Australia: Western Australia V Bothriembryon irvineanus Australia: Western Australia E Bothriembryon praecelcus Australia: Western Australia V Bothriembryon spenceri Australia: Northern Territory V Bothriembryon tasmanicus Australia: Tasmania E Bulimulus adelphus Ecuador: Galapagos Islands E Bulimulus akamatus Ecuador: Galapagos Islands E Bulimulus alethorhytidus Ecuador: Galapagos Islands E Bulimulus amastroides Ecuador: Galapagos Islands E Bulimulus blombergi Ecuador; Galapagos Islands E Bulimulus calvus Ecuador: Galapagos Islands E Bulimulus cavagnaroi Ecuador: Galapagos Islands 134 Invertebrates: molluscs E Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: Bulimulus Ecuador: darwini Galapagos Islands eos Galapagos Islands eschariferus Galapagos Islands hirsutus Galapagos Islands jacobi Galapagos Islands lycodus Galapagos Islands nesioticus Galapagos Islands nux Galapagos Islands ochsneri Galapagos Islands reibischi Galapagos Islands rugiferus Galapagos Islands saeronius Galapagos Islands sculpturatus Galapagos Islands sp. 1 Galapagos Islands sp. 2 Galapagos Islands sp. 3 Galapagos Islands sp. 4 Galapagos Islands sp. 5 Galapagos Islands tanneri Galapagos Islands unifasciatus Galapagos Islands ustulatus Galapagos Islands wolfi Galapagos Islands E Leuchocharis pancheri New Caledonia V Orthalicus reses Stock Island Tree Snail USA V Placostylus ambagiosus Pupuharakeke. Flax Snail New Zealand R Placostylus bollonsi Pupuharakeke New Zealand V Placostylus hongii Pupuharakeke. Flax Snail New Zealand Family FERUSSACHDAE R Amphorella melampoides Portugal: Madeira (Port Santo) R Amphorella producta Portugal: Madeira I Cecilioides connollyi Gibraltar K Cecilioides nyctelia Portugal: Madeua V Cylichnidia ovuliformis Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Sculptiferussacia clausiliaeformis Spam: Canary Islands (Fuerteventura) Family COELIAXIDAE I Pyrgina umbilicata Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao lomt I Thomea newtoni Sao Tom6 and Principe: SSo Toni6 Family THYROPHORELUDAE I Thyrophorella thomensis Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tome Family STREPTAXIDAE V Gonospira bourguignati Rdunion V Gonospira cylindrella Rdunion E Gonospira deshayesi Reunion E Gonospira duponti Mauritius 135 THREATENED SPECIES V Gonospira funicula Reunion V Gonospira turgidula Reunion E Gonospira uvula Reunion V Gulelta plantii South Africa E Imperturbatia violescens Seychelles Family CARYODIDAE E Anoglypta launcestonensis Granulated Tasmanian Snail Australia: Tasmania Family MEGOMPHICIDAE I Ammonitella yatesii Tight Coin USA Family RHYTIDIDAE V Delos oualanensis Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae R Ougapia spaldingi (Torresiropa spaldingi) Australia: Queensland (Cape York & Torres Strait Islands) R Paryphanta busbyi Kauri Snail, Pupurangi New Zealand V Paryphanta gilliesi Gillies" Land Snail New Zealand V Paryphanta hochstetteri Hochstetter's Land Snail New Zealand V Paryphanta lignaria Woodformed Land Snail New Zealand V Paryphanta rossiana Ross" Land Snail New Zealand V Paryphanta traversi Travers' Land Snail New Zealand R Rhytida clarki (Wainuia clarki) New Zealand V Rhytida lamproides (Tasmaphena lamproides) Australia: Tasmania, Victoria R Rhytida oconnori New Zealand V Victaphanla atramentaria Australia: Victoria V Victaphanta compacta Australia: Victoria Family ENDODONTIDAE V Aaadonta angaurana Palau: Angaur V Aaadonta constricta Palau V Aaadonta fuscozonata Palau V Aaadonta irregularis Palau: Peleliu V Aaadonta kinlochi Palau: Angaur V Aaadonta pelewana Palau: Koror. Peleliu V Anguispira picta Painted Snake-coiled Forest SnaU USA E Cookeconcha sp. USA: Hawaiian Islands E Endodonta sp. USA: Hawaiian Islands I Helicodiscus diadema USA I Helicodiscus hexodon USA E Hirasea acutissima Japan: Ogasawara E Hirasea chichijimana Japan: Ogasawara E Hirasea diplomphalus Japan: Ogasawara E Hirasea insignis Japan: Ogasawara E Hirasea operculina Japan: Ogasawara E Thaumatodon hystricelloides Western Samoa: Upolu 136 Invertebrates: molluscs I Theskelomensor creon Australia: Queensland I Theskelomensor Uzardensis Australia: Queensland (Lizard Island) Family PUNCTIDAE V Pasmaditta jungermanniae Australia: Tasmania Family CHAROPEDAE V Allocharopa erskinensis Australia: Victoria V Allocharopa okeana Australia: Victoria V Allocharopa tarravillensis Australia: Victoria E Blschoffena bischoffensis Australia: Tasmania R Coenocharopa yessabahensls Australia: New South Wales E Cralopa colliveri Australia: Victoria R Cralopa kaputarensis Australia: New South Wales R Dipnelix pertricosa Australia: South Australia E Discocharopa mimosa Australia: Tasmania V Dupucharopa millestriata Australia: Western Australia V Geminoropa scindocataracta Australia: Victoria R Hedleyoconcha ailaketoae Australia: Queensland E Helenoconcha relicta Saint Helena V Himeroconcha fusca Guam V Himeroconcha lamlanensis Guam V Himeroconcha quadrasi Guam V Himeroconcha rotula Guam V Jokajdon callizonus Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Jokojdon tumidulus Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Kubaryiellus kubaryi Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Ladronellum mariannarum Guam V Letomola barrenensis Australia: Bass Strait islands R Letomola contortus Australia: New South Wales R Ngairea murphyi Australia: New South Wales R Oreokera cumulus Australia: Queensland R Oreokera nimbus Australia: Queensland V Oreomava cannfluviatilus Australia: Victoria V Oreomava otwayensis Australia: Victoria V Palikirus cosmetus Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Palikirus ponapicus Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Palline micramyla Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Palline notera Palau V Pernagera gatliffi Australia: Victoria R Pillomena aemula Austraha: Northern Territory V Pilsbrycharopa tumida Australia: Western Australia V Pilula praetumida R6union E Planilaoma luckmanii Australia: Tasmania R Rhophodon kempseyensis Australia: New South Wales V Rhophodon problematica Australia: Victoria V Roimontis tolotomensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei 137 THREATENED SPECIES V Russatus nigrescens Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Semperdon heptaptychius Guam V Semperdon kororensis Palau: Koror V Semperdon rotanus Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota V Semperdon uncatus Palau V Semperdon xyleborus Palau R Setomedea nudicostata Australia: Queensland V Sinployea kusaieana Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae V Trukcharopa trukana Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Tol, Lukunor) Family DISCIDAE R Discus engonata Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) E Discus macclintocki Iowa Pleistocene Snail USA K Discus marmorensis Marbled Disc USA R Discus scutula Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Family OREOHEUCIDAE V Oreohelix jugalis Boulder Pile Moimtain Snail USA R Oreohelix vortex Whorled Mountain Snail USA I Oreohelix waltoni Lava Rock Mountain Snail USA V Radiocentrum avalonense Catalina Mountain Snail USA Family SUCCINEIDAE I Boninosuccinea ogasawarae Japan: Ogasawara I Boninosuccinea punctulispira Japan: Ogasawara V Catinella arenaria Belgium; France; Germany; Ireland; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom E Oxyloma kanabense Kanab Amber Snail USA V Succinea chittenangoensis Chittenango Ovate Amber Snail USA V Succinea philippinica Palau E Succinea piratarum Guam E Succinea quadrasi Guam V Succinea sanctaehelenae Saint Helena Family EUCONULIDAE V Palaua babelthuapi Palau: Babeldaob V Palaua margaritacea Palau V Palaua minor Palau V Palaua ngarduaisi Palau: Babeldaob V Palaua straminea Palau: Angaur V Palaua wilsoni Falau E Caldwellia boryi Mauritius V Caldwellia imperfecta Mauritius; Rdunion E Ctenophila caldwelli Mauritius R Ctenophila salaziensis Reunion E Ctenophila setiliris Reunion V Ctenophila vorticella Reunion 138 Invertebrates: molluscs V Dendrolrochus ponapensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei I Diastole matafaoi American Samoa: Tutuila E Hacrochlamys lineolatus Japan: Ogasawara V Harmogenanina argentea Rdunion E Harmogenanina detecta Reunion E Harmogenanina implicata Mauritius R Helixarion australis (Hclicarion australis) Australia: New South Wales. Queensland R Helixarion leopardina (Helicarion leopardina) Australia: New South Wales R Helixarion porrectus {Helicarion porrectus) Australia: New South Wales E Helixarion rubicundus (Helicarion rubicundus) Australia: Tasmania R Helixarion semoni (Fastosarion semoni) Australia: Queensland R Helixarion submissus (Peloparion submissus) Australia: New South Wales V Kusaiea frivola Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae V Lamprocystis denticulata Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipa, Rota V Lamprocystis fastigata Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota V Lamprocystis hahajimana Japan: Ogasawara V Lamprocystis hornbosteli Northern Marianas: Tinian V Lamprocystis misella Guam E Liardetia boninensis Japan: Ogasawara V Liardetia tenuisculpta Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, Pohnpei V Plegnut caelatura Rdunion V Plegma rodriguezensis Mauritius: Rodrigues V Ryssota pachystoma Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands V Tengchiena euroxestus (JEchonitor euroxestus) Australia: South Australia E Thapsia snelli Mauritius: Rodrigues E Trochochlamys ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara Family TROCHOMORPHIDAE V Braderia entomostoma Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) V Braderia erasa Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) V Braderia lutaria Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) V Braderia minuscula Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Tol) V Braderia obesa Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Tol) V Braderia velata Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands V Hongolua kondorum Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Moen. Dublon) V Kondoa kondorum Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) E Trochomorpha apia American Samoa: Tutuila V Trochomorpha approximata Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) V Trochomorpha carolinae Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Trochomorpha conoides Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei 139 THREATENED SPECIES V Trochomorpha contigua Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Trochomorpha kuesteri Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei R Trochomorpha melvillensis Australia: Northern Territory V Trochomorpha nigritella Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Videna electra Palau: Peleliu V Videna oleacina Palau: Peleliu V Videna pagodula Palau: Peleliu V Videna pumila Palau: Peleliu Family VITRINIDAE R Insulivitrina machadoi Spain: Canary Islands (Gran Canada) R Insulivitrina mascaensis Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) V Insulivitrina reticulata Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) R Insulivitrina tuberculata Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) R Phenacolimax atlantica Portugal: Azores R Vitrea pseudotrolli France; Italy K Vitrea striata Spain: Ibiza Family ZONTITDAE I Glyphyalinia pecki USA E Oxychilus agostinhoi Portugal: Azores K Oxychilus basajauna Spain I Paravitrea clappi USA R Retinella stabilei Italy Family PARMACELLIDAE V Parmacella tenerifensis Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Family MTLACHDAE V Tandonia nigra Switzerland Family LIMACIDAE K Deroceras fatrense Slovakia V Malacolitnax wiktori Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Family POLYGYRIDAE I Ashmunella pasonis Franklin Mountain Woodland Snail USA I Cryptomastix magnidenta Mission Creek Oregonian USA I Mesodon archeri Archer's Toothed Land Snail USA I Mesodon clenchi Clench's Middle-toothed Land Snail USA I Mesodon jonesianus Jones' Middle-toothed Land Snail USA I Mesodon magazinensis Magazine Mountain Middle-toothed Snail USA I Polygyra hippocrepis USA I Polygyra peregrina Strange Many-whorled Land Snail USA E Polygyriscus virginianus Virgmia Fringed Mountain Snail USA I Stenotrema hubrichti USA I Stenotrema pilsbryi Pilshry's Narrow-apertured Land Snail USA I Triodopsis occidentalis Western Three-toothed Land Snail USA 140 Invertebrates: molluscs E Triodopsis platysayoides Flat-spired Three-toothed Snail USA V Vespericola karokorum Karok Hesperion USA FamUy CAMAENIDAE R Amphidromus cognatus Australia: Northern Territory E Amplirhagada astuta Australia: Western Australia (Koolan Island) V Amplirhagada elevata Australia: Western Australia I Amplirhagada herbertena Australia: Western Australia I Amplirhagada montalivetensis Australia: Western Australia (Montalivet Island) R Amplirhagada novella Australia: Western Australia E Amplirhagada questroana Australia: Western Australia R Austrochloritis ascensa Australia: New South Wales R Austrochloritis pusilla Australia: Queensland I Baccalena squamulosa Australia: Northern Territory V Badistes benneti (Meridolum benneti) Australia: Queensland V Badistes corneovirens (Meridolum corneovirens) Australia: New South Wales R Badistes depressa {Meridolum depressa) Australia: New South Wales R Badistes marshalli (Meridolum marshalli) Australia: New South Wales I Baudinella baudinensis Australia: Western Australia (Baudin Island) V Carinotrachia carsoniana Australia: Western Australia R Cooperconcha centralis Australia: South Australia R Craterodiscus pricei Australia: Queensland E Cristilabrum bubulum Australia: Western Australia E Cristilabrum buryillum Australia: Western Australia E Cristilabrum grossum Australia: Western Australia V Cristilabrum isolatum Australia: Western Australia V Cristilabrum monodon Australia: Western Australia V Cristilabrum primum Australia: Western Australia V Cristilabrum rectum Australia: Western Australia V Cristilabrum simplex Australia: Western Australia E Cristilabrum solitudum Australia: Western Australia I Cristilabrum spectaculum Australia: Western Australia R Cupedora broughami Australia: South Australia E Cupedora evandaleana Australia: South Australia R Cupedora luteofusca Australia: South Australia R Cupedora marcidum Australia: New South Wales E Cupedora nottensis Australia: South Australia I Cupedora sutilosa Australia: Kangaroo Island E Cupedora tomsetti Australia: Kangaroo Island E Damochlora millepunctata Australia: Western Australia V Damochlora spina Australia: Western Australia E Divellomelon hillieri Australia: Northern Territory K Glyptorhagada asperrima (Eximiorhagada asperrima) Australia: South Australia 141 THREATENED SPECIES E Glyptorhagada bordaensis Australia: Kangaroo Island E Glyptorhagada euglypta Australia: South Australia R Glyptorhagada Janaslini Australia: South Australia E Glyptorhagada kooringensis Australia: South Australia R Glyptorhagada silveri Australia: South Australia R Glyptorhagada tattawuppana Australia: South Australia V Granulomelon grandituberculatum Australia: Noithem Territory V Hadra wilsoni Australia: Western Australia R Jacksonena delicata Australia: Queensland R Jacksonena rudis Australia: Queensland E Kimboraga exanimus Australia: Western Australia V Kimboraga koolanensis Australia: Western Australia (Koolan Island) V Kimboraga micromphala Australia: Western Australia V Kimboraga yammerana Australia: Western Australia R Lacustrelix minor Australia: South Australia R Lacustrelix yerelinana Australia: Soudi Australia E Mandarina anijimana Japan: Ogasawara E Mandarina aureola Japan: Ogasawara V Mandarina chichijimana Japan: Ogasawara E Mandarina exoptata Japan: Ogasawara V Mandarina hahajimana Japan: Ogasawara V Mandarina hirasei Japan: Ogasawara V Mandarina mandarina Japan: Ogasawara E Mandarina polita Japan: Ogasawara E Mandarina ponderosa Japan: Ogasawara E Mandarina suenoae Japan: Ogasawara R Meliobba shafferyi Australia: Queensland R Mesodontrachia desmonda Australia: Northern Territory R Mesodontrachia fitzroyana Australia: Northern Territory V Mouldingia occidentalis Australia: Western Australia E Mouldingia orientalis Australia: Western Australia R Mussonena campbelli Australia: Queensland V Ningbingia australis Australia: Western Australia V Ningbingia bulla Australia: Western Australia V Ningbingia dentiens Australia: Western Australia V Ningbingia laurina AustraUa: Western Australia V Ningbingia octava Australia: Western Australia V Ningbingia res Australia: Western Australia R Noctepuna muensis Australia: Queensland E Occirhenea georgiana Australia: Western Australia. R Offachloritis dryanderensis Australia: Queensland R Ordtrachia australis Australia: Northern Territory V Ordtrachia elegans Australia: Western Australia R Ordtrachia septentrionalis Australia: Northern Territory R Papuexul bidwilli Australia: New South Wales, Queensland 142 Invertebrates: molluscs R Papustyla pulcherrima Papua New Guinea: Manus Island K Planispira wesselensis (Cristigibba wesselensis) Australia: Northern Territory R Pleuroxia arcigerens Australia: Northern Territory E Pleuroxia hinsbyi Australia: New South Wales R Pleuroxia italowiana Australia: South Australia R Posorites turneri Australia: Queensland R Prototrachia sedula Australia: Northern Territory V Prymnbriareus nimberlinus Australia: Western Australia V Rhagada gibbensis Australia: Western Australia E Rhagada harti Australia: Western Australia I Semotrachia euzyga Australia: Northern Territory V Semotrachia sublevala Australia: Northern Territory R Semotrachia winneckeana Australia: Northern Territory V Setobaudinia collingii Australia: Western Australia (Panry Island) R Setobaudinia victoriana Australia: Northern Territory V Sinumelon bednalli Australia: Northern Territory R Sphaerospira macleayi Australia: Queensland (Whitsunday Islands) R Sphaerospira rockhamptonensis Australia: Queensland R Sphaerospira whartoni Australia: Queensland (Holboume Island) E Thersites mitchellae Australia: New South Wales V Torresitrachia crawfordi Australia: Western Australia K Torresitrachia funium Australia: Northern Territory V Torresitrachia thedana Australia: Western Australia V Turgenitubulus aslini Australia: Western Australia V Turgenitubulus christenseni Australia: Western Australia V Turgenitubulus costus Australia: Western Australia V Turgenitubulus depressus Australia: Western Australia V Turgenitubulus foramenus Australia: Western Australia V Turgenitubulus opiranus Australia: Western Australia V Turgenitubulus pagodula Australia: Western Australia V Turgenitubulus tanmurrana Australia: Western Australia V Vidumelon wattii Australia: Northern Territory V Westraltrachia altema Australia: Western Australia V Westraltrachia inopinata Australia: Western Australia V Westraltrachia lievreana Australia: Western Australia V Westraltrachia porcata Australia: Western Australia V Westraltrachia recta Australia: Western Australia V Westraltrachia subtila Australia: Western Australia V Westraltrachia turbinata Australia: Western Australia Family HYGROMIIDAE V Petasina subtecta Austria I Plentusia vendia Spain V Trichia biconica Switzerland R Trichia caelata Switzerland R Trichia gramnicola Germany 143 THREATENED SPECIES E Trichia oreinos Austria FamUy HELICELLIDAE I Candidula setubalensis Portugal I Cyrnotheba Corsica France: Corsica V Trochoidea gharlapsi Malta R Trochoidea spratti Malta Family HELICIDAE V Actinella actinophora Portugal: Madeira V Actinella anaglyptica Portugal: Madeira V Actinella armitageana Portugal: Madeira R Actinella carinofausta Portugal: Madeira E Actinella effugiens Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) E Actinella fausta Portugal: Madeira V Actinella giramica Portugal: Madeira R Actinella laciniosa Portugal: Madeira V Actinella obserata Portugal: Madeira E Actinella robusta Portugal: Madeira V Canariella leprosa Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) V Canariella pthonera Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) R Caseolus abjectus Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) V Caseolus calculus Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Caseolus commixtus Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Caseolus consors Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Caseolus hartungi Portugal: Madeira V Caseolus leplostictus Portugal: Madeira V Caseolus subcalliferus Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Chilostoma cingulellum Poland; Slovakia R Chilostoma rossmaessleri Poland; Slovakia R Codringtonia codringtonii Rock Snail Greece V Cylindrus obtusus Austria R Discula bicarinata Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) V Discula bulweri Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Discula cheiranticola Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Discula echinulata Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Discula leacockiana Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) V Discula oxytropis Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) V Discula tabellata Portugal: Madeira R Discula tectiformis Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) E Discula testudinalis Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) V Discula turricula Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Disculella maderensis Portugal: Madeira V Disculella spirulina Portugal: Madeira R Elona quimperiana France; Spain R Geomitra moniziana Portugal: Madeira E Geomitra tiarella Portugal: Madeira 144 Invertebrates: molluscs K Gittenbergeri turriplana Portugal I Helix ceratina France: Corsica E Helix godetiana Greece: Cyclades V Hemicycla adansoni Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) R Hemicycla berkeleyi Spain: Canary Islands V Hemicycla glyceia Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) V Hemicycla inutilis Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) V Hemicycla mascaensis Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) E Hemicycla modesta Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) E Hemicycla plicaria Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) V Hemicycla pouchet Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) V Idiomela subplicata Portugal: Madeira (Porto Sanio) V Lampadia webbiana Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Lemniscia calva Portugal: Madeira E Lemniscia galeata Portugal: Madeira V Lemniscia michaitdi Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Leplaxis furva Portugal: Madeira V Leptaxis portosancti Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) E Leptaxis wollastoni Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Pseudocampylaea portosanctana Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Spirorbula latens Portugal: Madeira R Spirorbula obtecta Portugal: Madeira R Spirorbula squalida Portugal: Madeira I Tacheocampylaea raspaili France: Corsica V Tacheocampylaea tacheoides Italy R Trissexodon constrictus France; Spain R Tyrrheniella Josephi Italy Family HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE K Eremarionta immaculata White Desrt Snail USA K Eremarionta millepalmarum Thousand Palms Desert Snail USA K Eremarionta morongoana Morongo Desert Snail USA R Helminthoglypta allynsmithi Merced Canyon Shoulderband USA I Helminthoglypta callistodertna Kern Shoulderband USA K Helminthoglypta coelata Mesa Shoulderband USA K Helminthoglypta mohaveana Victorville Shoulderband USA E Helminthoglypta walkeriana Morro Shoulderband USA K Micrarionta facta Santa Barbara Island Snail USA E Micrarionta feralis San Nicolas Island Snail USA K Micrarionta gabbi San Clemente Island Snail USA K Micrarionta opuntia Prickly Pear Island Snail USA 145 THREATENED SPECIES R Monadenia circumcarinata Keeled Sideband USA V Monadenia setosa Trinity Bristle Snail USA K Monadenia troglodytes Shasta Sideband USA I Sonorella eremita Sax Xavier Talus Snail USA I Sonorella melcalfi Franklin Mountain Talus Snail USA K Xerarionta intercisa Plain Cactus Snail USA K Xerarionta redimita Wreathed Cactus Snail USA K Xerarionta tryoni Bicolor Cactus Snail USA Family ARIONIDAE R Arion obesoductus Austria K Arion vejdorskyi Czech Republic V Binneya notabilis Santa Barbara Shelled Slug USA V Geomalacus maculosus Ireland; Portugal; Spain Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDA Family MARGARITIFERIDAE E Margaritifera auricularia Belgium; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Portugal; Spain; United Kingdom E Margaritifera hembeli Louisiana Pearlshell USA V Margaritifera margaritifera Austria: Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Iceland; Ireland; Luxembourg; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Russia: Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom I Margaritifera marrianae Alabama Pearl Shell USA I Margaritifera monodonta {Cumberlandia monodonta) Spectacle Case USA Family UNIONIDAE I Alasmidonta arcula Altamaha Arcmussel USA I Alasmidonta atropurpurea Cumberland Elktoe USA E Alasmidonta heterodon Dwarf Wedge Mussel USA I Alasmidonta raveneliana Appalacian Elktoe USA I Alismodonta varicosa Brook Floater USA I Alasmidonta wrightiana Ochlockonee Arcmussel USA I Amble ma neislerii Fat Threeridge USA I Anodonta californensis California Floater USA E Arkansia wheeleri Ouachita Rock Pocketbook USA E Carunculina cylindrellus (Joxolasma cylindrellus) Pale LiUiput USA I Carunculina lividus (Toxolasma lividus) Purple LUliput USA 146 Invertebrates: molluscs Carunculina pullus (Toxolasma pullus) Savannah Lilliput USA Cyprogenia aberti Western Fan-shell USA Cyprogenia stegaria Fanshell USA Dromus dromas Dromedary Pearly Mussel USA Dysnomia brevidens (Epioblasma brevideiis) Cumberlandian Combshell USA Dysnomia capsaeformis {Epioblasma capsaeformis) Oyster Mussel USA Dysnomia metastriata (Epioblasma metastriata) Upland Combshell USA Dysnomia othcaloogensis (Epioblasma othcaloogensis) Southern Acomshell USA Dysnomia penita (Epioblasma penita) Southern Combshell USA Dysnomia triquetra (Epioblasma triquetra) Snuffbox USA Dysnomia turgidula (Epioblasma turgidula) Turgid-blossom USA Elliptio Jayensis Flat Spike USA Elliptio lanceolata Yellow Lance USA Elliptio marsupiobesa Cape Fear Spike USA Elliptio nigella Winged Spike USA Elliptio shepardiana Altamaha Lance USA Elliptio spinosa Altamaha Spinymussel USA Elliptio steinstansana Tar River Spinymucsel USA Elliptio waccamawensis Waccamaw Spike USA Fusconaia cor Shiny Pigtoe USA Fusconaia cuneolus Fine-rayed Pigtoe USA Fusconaia escambia Narrow Pigtoe USA Fusconaia masoni Atlantic Pigtoe USA Hemistena lata Cracking Pearlymussel USA Lampsilis abrupta Pink Mucket USA Lampsilis altilis Fine-lined Pocketbook USA Lampsilis auslralis Southern Sandshell USA Lampsilis binominata Lined Pocketbook USA Lampsilis cariosa Yellow Lampmussel USA Lampsilis fullerkati Waccamaw Fatmucket USA 147 THREATENED SPECIES E Lampsilis higginsii Higgin's Eye USA V Lampsilis perovalis Orangenacie Mucket USA V Lampsilis powellii Arkansas Fatmucket USA I Lampsilis rajinesqueana Neosho Mucket USA I Lampsilis salinasensis (Disconaias salinaseiisis) Salina Mucket USA E Lampsilis streckeri Speckled Pceketbook USA I Lampsilis subangulata Shinyrayed Pceketbook USA E Lampsilis virescens Alabama Lampmussel USA E Lasmigona decorata Carolina Heelsplitter USA I Lasmigona holstonia Tennessee Heelsplitter USA I Lasmigona suhviridis Green Floater USA V Leguminaia compressa (Microcondylaea compressa) Italy; Switzerland; Yugoslavia E Lemiox rimosus Bird wing Pearly mussel USA I Leptodea leptodon Scaleshell USA I Lexingtonia dolabelloides Slabside Pearlymussel USA V Medionidus acutissimus Alabama Moccasinshell USA E Medionidus parvulus Coosa Moccasinshell USA I Nephronaias sloatianus (Elliptoideiis sloalianus) Purple Bankclimber USA E Obovaria retusa Ring Pink USA I Obovaria rotulata Round EbonysheU USA E Pegiasfabula Littlewing Pearlymussel USA E Pleihobasus cicatricosus White Wartyback USA E Plethobasus cooperianus Orangefoot Pimpleback USA E Pleurobema clava Clubshell USA E Pleurobema collina James River Spinymussel USA E Pleurobema curtum Black Clubshell USA E Pleurobema decisum Southern Clubshell USA E Pleurobema furvum Dark Pigtoe USA E Pleurobema georgianum Southern Pigtoe USA E Pleurobema gibberum Cumberland Pigtoe USA E Pleurobema marshalli Flat Pigtoe USA I Pleurobema oviforme Tennessee Clubshell USA 148 Invertebrates: molluscs I Pleurobema perovatum Ovate ClubsheU USA E Pleurobema plenum Rough Pigtoe USA I Pleurobema pyriforme Oval Pigtoe USA I Pleurobema rubellum Warrior Pigtoe USA I Pleurobema rubrum Pyramid Pigtoe USA E Pleurobema taitianum Heavy Pigtoe USA I Pleurobema verum True Pigtoe USA I Potamilus amphlehaenus Texas Heelsplitter USA E Potamilus capax Fat Pocketbook USA V Potamilus inflatus Alabama Heelsplitter USA K Pseudanodonta complanata Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; Slovakia; Ukraine; United Kingdom E Ptychobranchus greenii Triangular Kidneyshell USA I Ptychobranchus jonesi Southern Kidneyshell USA I Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Rough Rabbitsfoot USA E Quadrula fragosa Winged Mapleleaf USA V R Quadrula intermedia Cumberland Monkeyface USA Quadrula sparsa Appalachian Monkeyface USA Quadrula stapes Stiirupshell USA Quincuncina mitchelli False Spike USA Simpsoniconcha ambigua (Simpsonaias ambigua) Salamander Musxl USA Truncilla cognata Mexican Fawnsfoot USA Unio cartel (Nodularia cariei) Rdunion Unio crassus Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova: Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine Unio elongatulus France; Italy; Spain; Switzerland; Yugoslavia Unio turtoni France: Corsica Villosa choctawensis Choctaw Bean USA Villosa fabalis Rayed Bean USA Villosa ortmanni Kentucky Creekshell USA Villosa perpurpurea Purple Bean USA Villosa trabalis Cumberland Bean USA 149 THREATENED SPECIES Family HYRIIDAE I Hyridella moretonicus (Velesunio moretonicus) Australia: Tasmania Order VENEROIDA Family TRIDACNIDAE I Hippopus hippopus Bear Paw Clam (Indo-Pacific: including Bay of Bengal. South China Sea, East China Sea. Coral Sea) American Samoa (ex?); Australia: Queensland. Western; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji (ex?); Guam (ex?); India?: Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Indonesia: Japan: Ogasawara- shoto (Bonin Islands) (ex?). Ryukyu Islands (ex?); Kiribati: Gilbert Islands; Malaysia; Marshall Islands; Myanmar; New Caledonia; Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Philippines: Papua New Guinea: Paracel Islands?; Samoa (ex?); Singapore; Solomon Islands; Taiwan (ex?); Thailand?; Tonga (ex?); Tuvalu; Vanuatu I Hippopus porcellanus China Clam (Indo-Pacific: mcluding Flores Sea, South China Sea) Indonesia; Palau; Philippines: Sulu Archipelago, Masbate Island; Soudi China Sea reefs K Tridacna crocea Crocus Clam (Indo-Pacific: including South China Sea, Coral Sea) Australia; Guam (ex?); Indonesia; Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Malaysia; Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau: Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Tuvalu?; Vanuatu?; Viet Nam V Tridacna derasa Southern Giant clam (Indo-Pacific: Coral Sea) Australia: Queensland; Cocos (Keeling) Islands?; Fiji; French Polynesia?: Tuamotu Archipelago; Guam (ex?); Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Taka Bone Rate m Sulawesi; New Caledonia; Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines Solomon Islands; Tonga: Tongatapu; Tuvalu? Vanuatu? [American Samoa; Cook Islands; ^derated States of Micronesia; Marshall Islands] V Tridacna gigas Giant Clam (Indo-Pacific: including South China Sea, Coral Sea) Australia: Queensland, Western; Federated States of Micronesia: Lamotrek Atoll. Wesy Fagu; Fiji (ex?); Indonesia; Japan: Ryukyu Islands (ex?); Kiribati: Gilbert Islands; Malaysia; Marshall Islands; Myanmar, New Caledonia (ex?); Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Solomon Islands; Taiwan (ex?); Thailand; Tuvalu; Vanuatu (ex?) [Guam (ex?); USA: including Hawaiian Islands] K Tridacna maxima Small Giant Clam (Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean) American Samoa; Australia: including Lord Howe Island; British Indian Ocean Territory: Chagos Archipelago; China; Cook Islands; Egypt; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji; French Polynesia; Guam; India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep; Indonesia; Japan; Kenya; Kiribati: Cnlbert, Phoenix, Line Islands; Madagascar, Malaysia; Maldives: Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Mozambique; Myanmar, New Caledonia; Northern Marianas Palau; Papua New Guinea; PhiUppines: Pitcaim Islands: Henderson Island; Samoa; Saudi Arabia; Seychelles; Singapore; Solomon Islands; South Africa: Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; USA Pacific Islands; Vanuatu; Viet Nam I Tridacna squamosa Scaly Clam, Fluted Clam (Indian Ocean: Pacific Ocean) American Samoa; Australia; British Indian Ocean Territory: Chagos Archipelago; Egypt; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji; French Polynesia: Tuamotu Archipelago; India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Lakshadweep; Indonesia; Japan (ex?); Kenya; Kiribati: (jilbeit Islands; Madagascar, Malaysia; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Mozambique; Myanmar. New Caledonia; Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines: Samoa; Saudi Arabia; Seychelles; Singapore; Solomon Islands; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Viet Nam [Guam (ex?); USA: including Hawaiian Islands] 150 Invertebrates K Tridacna tevoroa Tevoro Clam (South Pacific) Rji: Lau Islands; Tonga: Ha'apai and Vava'u Groups Family PISIDIIDAE I Pisidium sanguinickristi USA I Pisidium ultramontanum Montane Peaclam USA Phylum ANNELIDA Class POLYCHAETA Order EUNICIDA Family EUNICIDAE K Eunice viridis Palolo Worm (South Pacific) Class fflRUDINEA Order ARHYNCHOBDELLAE Family HIRUDINIDAE I Hirudo medicinalis Medicinal Leech Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?: Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic?: Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Class OLIGOCHAETA Order HAPLOTAXIDA Family KOMAREKIONIDAE V Komarekiona eatoni USA Family LUTODRILIDAE R Lutodrilus multivesiculatus USA Family MEGASCOLECIDAE E Driloleirus americanus (Megascolides americanus) Washington Cnant Earthworm USA E Driloleirus macelfreshi (Megascolides macelfreshi) Oregon Giant Earthworm USA V Megascolides aus trails Giant Gippsland Earthworm Australia Phylum ARTHROPODA Class MEROSTOMATA Order XIPHOSURA Family LIMULIDAE K Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Horseshoe Crab Coastal waters - India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand K Limulus polyphemus Horseshoe Crab Coastal waters - Canada; Mexico; USA K Tachypleus gigas Horseshoe Crab Coastal waters - India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Singapore; Thailand K Tachypleus tridentatus Horseshoe Crab Coastal waters - China; Indonesia; Japan; Malaysia; Philippines; Taiwan; Viet Nam Class ARACHNIDA Order ARANEAE Family THERAPHOSEDAE K Euathlus smithi (Brachypelma smithi) Red-kneed Tarantula Mexico Family HEXATHELIDAE I Macrothele cretica Greece: Crete 151 THREATENED SPEQES Family CTENIZTOAE I Cyclocosmia torreya Torreya Trap-door Spider USA Family GRADUNGULIDAE I Spelungiila cavernicola Nelson Cave Spider New Zealand Family LEPTONETIDAE E Leptoneta myopica Tooth Cave Spider USA Family UNYPHIIDAE R Troglohyphantes gracilis Kocevje Subterranean Spider Yugoslavia R Troglohyphantes similis Kocevje Subterranean Spider Yugoslavia R Troglohyphantes spinipes Kocevje Subterranean Spider Yugoslavia Family ARANEIDAE I Meta dolloff DoUoff Cave Spider USA Family GNAPHOSIDAE I Cesonia irvingi Key Gnaphosid Spider Bahamas: USA Family LYCOSIDAE E Adelocosa anops No-eyed Big-eyed Wolf Spider USA: Hawaiian Islands I Lycosa ericeticola Rosemary Wolf Spider USA R Pardosa diuturna Glacier Bay Wolf Spider USA I Sosippus placidus Lake Placid Funnel Wolf Spider USA Family ASAURIDAE V Dolomedes plantarius Great Raft Spider Austria; Belarus?; Belgium: Deimiark; France; Georgia?; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Netherlands: Poland; Romania; Russia: Slovakia; Sweden; Order PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA Family NEOBISHDAE I Microcreagris imperialis Empire Cave Pseudoscorpion USA E Microcreagris texana Tooth Cave Pseudoscorpion USA Order OPILIONES Family PHALANGODIDAE V Banksula melones Melones Cave Harveslman USA Class CRUSTACEA Order CLADOCERA Family DAPHNIDAE R Daphnia jollyi Water Flea Australia: Western Australia R Daphnia occidentalis Water Flea Australia: Western Australia R Daphnia nivalis Water Flea Australia: New South Wales Family CHYDORIDAE R Rhynchochydorus australiensis Water Flea Australia: New South Wales Order ANOSTRACA Family ARTEMHDAE I Artemia monica Mono Lake Brine Shrimp USA Family BRANCHINECTIDAE I Branchinecta gigas Giant Fairy Shrimp Canada; USA 152 Invertebrates: crustaceans Family BRANCHIPODIDAE I Parartemia contractu Brine Shrimp Australia: Western Australia Family THAMNOCEPHALTOAE K Branchinella apophysata Fairy Shrimp Australia: Western Australia K Branchinella basispina Fairy Shrimp Australia; Western Australia K Branchinella denticulata Fairy Shrimp Australia: Western Australia K Branchinella simplex Brine Shrimp Australia: Western Australia K Branchinella wellardi Fairy Shrimp Australia: Western Australia Order MYODOCOPINA Family CYPRIDINIDAE K Zonocypretta kalimna Seed Shrimp Australia: Western Australia Family NOTODROMADEDAE K Newnhamia fuscata Seed Shrimp Australia: New South Wales K Newnhamia insolita Seed Shrimp Australia: New South Wales Order PODOCOPINA Family LIMNOCYTHERIDAE K Limnocythere porphyretica Seed Shrimp Australia: Western Australia Order CALANOIDA Family CENTROPAGIDAE R Boeckella nyoraensis Australia R Calamoecia auslralica Australia: Victoria R Calamoecia elongata Australia: Western Australia Order HARPACTICOIDA Family CANTHOCAMPTIDAE K Canthocamptus echinopyge Australia: Tasmania K Canthocamptus dedeckkeri Australia: Victoria K Canthocamptus tasmaniae Australia: Tasmania K Canthocamptus longipes Australia: Victoria K Canthocamptus mammillifurca Australia: Victoria K Canthocamptus sublaevis Australia: Victoria K Fibulacamptus gracilior Australia: Victoria K Fibulacamptus bisetosus Australia: Western Australia Order THORACICA Family BALANIDAE I Armatobalanus nefrens USA I Balanus aquila USA Order ANASPIDACEA Family ANASPIDIDAE I Allanaspides helonomus Syncarid Shrimp Australia: Tasmania V Allanaspides hickinani Syncarid Shrimp Australia: Tasmania K Anaspides sp. Syncarid Shrimps Australia: Tasmania I Paranaspides lacustris Great Lake Shrimp Australia: Tasmania Family PSAMMASPIDIDAE K Eucrenonaspides oinotheke Australia: Tasmania 153 THREATENED SPECIES Order ISOPODA Family OROLANIDAE V Antrolana lira Madison Cave Isopod USA I Arubolana imula Aniba K Mexilana saluposi Mexico K Speocirolana affinis Mexico K Speocirolana interstidalis Mexico K Speocirolana thermydromis Mexico Family SPHAEROMATIDAE K Tkermosphaeroma dugesi Mexico K Tkermosphaeroma milleri Mexico K Tkermosphaeroma smithi Mexico K Tkermospkaeroma subequalum Mexico E Tkermospkaeroma thermophilum Socorro Isopod USA Family TRICHONISCIDAE K Metatrichoniscoides celticus United Kingdom Family STYLONISCIDAE I Slyloniscus sp. Australia: Tasmania Family ARMADILLIDAE I Echinodillo cavaticus Australia: Tasmania Family PHREATOICIDAE I Mesacanthotelson setosis Australia: Tasmania R Onckotelson brevicaudatus Australia: Tasmania R Onchotelson spatulatus Australia: Tasmania R Urampkisopus pearsoni Australia: Tasmania Family ASELUDAE I Caecidotea barri Clifton Cave Isopod USA I Caecidotea macropoda Bat Cave Isopod USA I Caecidotea nickajackensis Nickajack Cave Isopod USA I Lirceus culveri Rye Cove Cave Isopod USA E Lirceus usdagalun Lee County Cave Isopod USA Family STENASELUDAE I Mexistenasellus coahuila Mexico R Mexistenasellus parzefalli ParzefaU's Stenasellid Mexico R Mexistenasellus wilkensi Wilken's Stenasellid Mexico Order AMPHIPODA Family GAMMARIDAE I Gammarus ackeronytes Illinois Cave Amphipod USA I Gammarus bousfieldi Bousfield's Amphipod USA I Gammarus desperatus Noel's Amphipod USA I Gammarus kyalieioides Diminutive Amphipod USA I Gammarus pecos Pecos Amphipod USA 154 Invertebrates: crustaceans Family ORCHESTHDAE Spelasorchestia koloana Kaui Cave Amphipod USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CRANGONYCTTOAE Allocrangonyx hubrichti Central Missouri Cave Amphipod USA Allocrangonyx pellucidus Oklahoma Cave Amphipod USA Crangonyx dearolfi Pennsylvania Cave Amphipod USA Crangonyx grandimanus Florida Cave Amphipod USA Crangonyx hobbsi Hobb's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus araeus Tidewater Interstitial Amphipod USA Stygobromus arizonensis Arizona Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus balconius Balcones Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus barri Bail's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus bifurcatus Bifnrcated Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus bowman! Bowman's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus clantoni Clanton's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus conradi Bumsville Cove Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus cooperi Cooper's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus dejectus Cascade Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus elatus Elevated Spring Amphipod USA Stygobromus emarginatus Greenbrier Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus ephemerus Ephemeral Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus flagellatus Ezell's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus gradyi Grady's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus hadenoecus Devil's Sinkhole Amphipod USA Stygobromus harai Hara's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus hayi Hay's Spring Amphipod USA Stygobromus heteropodus Pickle Springs Amphipod USA Stygobromus hubbsi Malhein Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus identatus Tidewater Stygonectid Amphipod USA Stygobromus longipes Long-legged Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus mackenziei Mackenzie's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus montanus Mountain Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus morrisoni Morrison's Cave Amphipod USA 155 THREATENED SPECIES Stygobromus mundas Bath County Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus nortoni Norton's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus onondagaensis Onondaga Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus ozarkensis Ozark Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus parvus Minute Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus pecki Peck's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus pizdnii Pizzini's Amphipod USA Stygobromus putealis Wisconsin Well Amphipod USA Stygobromus reddelli ReddeU's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus smithii Alabama Well Amphipod USA Stygobromus spinatus Spring Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus stellmacki SteUmack's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus subtilis Subtle Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus wengerorum Wengeror's Cave Amphipod USA Order DECAPODA Family ATYIDAE E Palaemonias alabamae Alabama Cave Shrimp USA E Palaemonias ganteri Kentucky Cave Shrimp USA E Syncaris pacifica California Freshwater Shrimp USA I Typhlatya monae Mona Cave Shrimp Puerto Rico Family PALAEMONIDAE I Palaemonetes antrorum Balcones Cave Shrimp USA V Palaemonetes cummingi Squirrel Chimney Cave Shrimp USA Family CAMBARIDAE I Cambarus batchi Bluegrass Crayfish USA I Cambarus bouchardi Big South Fork Crayfish USA I Cambarus catagius Greenshom Burrowing Crayfish USA I Cambarus chasnwdactylus New River Crayfish USA I Cambarus extraneus Chickamanga Crayfish USA I Cambarus obeyensis Obey Crayfish USA E Cambarus zopkonastes HeU Creek Crayfish USA I Orconectes jeffersoni Louisville Crayfish USA E Orconectes shoupi Nashville Crayfish USA I Procambarus acherontis Orlando Cave Crayfish USA 156 Invertebrates: crustaceans I Procamharus connus CoTTollton Crayfish USA I Procambarus lepidodactylus Pee Dee lotic Crayfish USA Family ASTACIDAE V Astacus astacus Noble Crayfish Austria: Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Latvia?; Lithuania; Moldova?; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania?; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Ukraine; Yugoslavia [Cyprus; Italy; Switzerland] R Austropotamobius pallipes White-clawed Crayfish Austria; Czech RepubUc?; France; Germany; Hungary?; Ireland; Italy; Portugal; Slovakia; Spain; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia K Austropotamobius torrentium Stone Crayfish Austria; Czech Republic?; France; Germany; Hungary; Slovakia; Switzerland; Yugoslavia E Pacifastacus fortis Shasta Crayfish USA Family PARASTACIDAE I Astacoides madagascariensis Madagascar Freshwater Crayfish Madagascar I Astacopsis gouldi Giant Tasmanian Lobster Australia: Tasmania I Cherax tenuimanus Marron Australia: Western Australia R Engaeus australis Lilly Pilly Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Victoria K Engaeus mallacoota Mallacoota Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Victoria R Engaeus martigener Fumeaux Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Flinders Island K Engaeus orramakunna Mount Arthur Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Tasmania R Engaeus phyllocercus Narracan Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Victoria R Engaeus rostrogaleatus Strzelecki Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Victoria V Engaeus spinicaudatus Scottsdale Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Tasmania V Engaeus sternalis Warragul Biurowing Crayfish Australia: Victoiia E Engaewa sinulis Australia I Euastacus armatus Murray River Cray Australia R Euastacus bindal Australia: Queensland I Euastacus bispinosus Glenelg River Cray Australia: Victoria R Euastacus eungella Australia: Queensland R Euastacus flecker! Australia: Queensland R Euastacus hystricosus Australia: Queensland R Euastacus jagara Australia: Queensland R Euastacus maidae Australia: Queensland R Euastacus monteithorum Australia: Queensland R Euastacus robertsi Australia: Queensland R Euastacus setosus Australia: Queensland R Euastacus urospinosus Australia: Queensland Fanuly COENOBITIDAE R Birgus latro Coconut Crab (Indo-Pacific) 157 THREATENED SPECIES Family PINNOTHERIDAE K Parapinnixa affinis Califomian Bay Pea Crab USA Class INSECTA Order THYSANURA FamUy MACHILIDAE I Machiloides heteropus Hawaiian Long-palp Bristletail USA: Hawaiian Islands I Machiloides perkinsi Perkin's Club-palp Bristletail USA: Hawaiian Islands Order COLLEMBOLA Family NEANURIDAE I Acanthanura dendyi Australia: Tasmania I Acanthanura sp. Australia: Tasmania I Megalanura tasmaniae Australia: Tasmania I Womersleymeria bicornis Australia: Tasmania I Womersleymeria sp.l Australia: Tasmania I Womersleymeria sp.2 Australia: Tasmania Order EPHEMEROPTERA Family SIPHLONURIDAE I Ameletus falsus False Mayfly USA I Isonychia diversa Diverse Mayfly USA R Tasmanophlebia lacus-coerulei Large Blue Lake Mayfly Australia Family BAETIDAE I Heterocleon berneri Bemer's Two-winged Mayfly USA Family OUGONEURHDAE I Homoeoneuria cahabensis Cahaba Sand-filtering Mayfly USA I Homoeoneuria dolani Blackwater Sand-filtering Mayfly USA Family HEPTAGENIIDAE I Pseudirion meridionalis Meridion Blackwater Mayfly USA Family BEHNINGIIDAE I Dolania americana American Sand-burrowing Mayfly USA Family EPHEMERIDAE I Ephemera compar Colorado Burrowing Mayfly USA I Ephemera triplex West Virginia Burrowing Mayfly USA Family EPHEMERELLIDAE I Ceratella frisoni Prison's Mayfly USA I Ceratella spiculosa Spicluose Mayfly USA I Ephemerella argo Argo Mayfly USA Family CAENIDAE I Brachycercus flavus Yellow Mayfly USA Order ODONATA Family AMPHIPTERYGIDAE I Amphipteryx agrioides Belize; El Salvador, Guatemala: Honduras; Mexico Family CHLOROCYPHIDAE I Rhinocypha hageni Philippines: Jolo 158 Invertebrates: insects R Rhinocypha latimaculata Philippines: Tawi Tawi Rhinocypha ogasawarensis Japan: Ogasawara Rhinocypha uenoi Japan: Iriomote Family CALOPTERYGIDAE R Calopteryx angustipennis USA E Calopteryx syriaca Jordan; Syria; Turkey I Hetaerina rudis Guatemala; Mexico Family SYNLESTIDAE R Chlorolesles apricans South Africa: eastern Cape R Chlorolesles draconicus South Africa R Ecchlorolestes nylephtha South Africa R Ecchlorolestes peringueyi South Africa V Phylolestes ethelae Dominican Republic Family LESTIDAE R Indolestes boninensis Japan: Ogasawara Family MEGAPODAGRIONIDAE E Amanipodagrion gilliesi Tanzania Heteragrion eboratum Guatemala; Honduras Heteragrion tricellulare Guatemala; Mexico Hypolestes clara Jamaica Hypolestes trinitatis Cuba Paraphlebia zoe Mexico Rhipidolestes okinawanus Japan: Okinawa Thaumatoneura inopinata Costa Rica; Panama Family HEMIPHLEBUDAE R Hemiphlebia mirabilis Australia Family COENAGRIONIDAE I Aciagrion rarum Angola I Argiagrion leoninum Sierra Leone E Argiocnemis solitaria Mauritius I Argiocnemis umbargae Cameroon R Boninagrion ezoin Japan: Ogasawara I Ceriagrion mourae Mozambique V Coenagrion mercuriale Southern Damselfly ?Albania; Algeria; Austria: Belgium; Bulgaria?; Czech Republic?; France; Germany; Hungary?; Italy; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Moldova?; Morocco; Netherlands; Portugal; Romania?; Slovakia?; Spain; Switzerland; Tunisia; Ukraine?; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia? I Enallagma camerunense Cameroon I Enallagma polychromaticum South Africa V Enallagma recurvatum Barrens Bluet Damselfly USA E Ischnura gemina San Francisco Forktail Damselfly USA I Megalagrion adytum Adytum Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Megalagrion leptodemas Leptodemas Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Megalagrion nigrohamatum Nigrohamatum Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Megalagrion nigrolineatum Black-lined Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) 159 THREATENED SPECIES I Megalagrion oahuense Oahu Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Megalagrion oceanicum Oceanic Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Megalagrion pacificum Pacific Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Megalagrion xanlhomelas Orange-black Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands E Mortonagrion hirosei Japan V Nehalennia pallidula USA K Pseudagrion quadrioculatum Tsiae. Family PLATYCNEMIDIDAE I Metacnemis angusta Soudi Africa E Platycnemis mauriciana Mauritius FamUy PLATYSTICTIDAE Palaemnema chiriquita Costa Rica Palaemnema gigantula Costa Rica Palaemnema melanota Costa Rica Palaemnema paulicoba Mexico Palaemnema revenlazoni Costa Rica Family PSEUDOSTIGMATIDAE V Mecistogaster asticta Brazil E Mecistogaster pronoti BrazU Family EPIOPHLEBIIDAE V Epiophlebia laidlawi Relict Himalayan Dragonfly India; Nepal Family AESHNIDAE K R Acanthaeshna victoria Australia Aeshna meruensis Tanzania Aeshna persephone USA I Aeshna viridis Austria; Czech Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?: Finland; Germany; Hungary; Latvia?: Lidiuania?; Netherlands; Poland; Russia Slovakia?; Sweden; Yugoslavia? I Aeshna williamsoniana Mexico V Cephalaeschna acutifrons India R Oligoaeschna kunigamiensis Japan: Okinawa Family GOMPHIDAE R Asiagomphus yayeyamensis Japan: Yayeyama V Burmagomphus sivalikensis India Cornigomphus guineensis Equatorial Guinea Diaphlebia pallidistylus Costa Rica Epigomphus camelus Costa Rica Epigomphus clavatus Guatemala Epigomphus crepidus Mexico Epigomphus paulsoni Mexico Epigomphus subsimilis Costa Rica Epigomphus verticornis Costa Rica K Erpetogomphus lampropeltis USA R Gomphurus consanguis Cherokee ClubtaU Dragonfly USA R Gomphurus lynnae USA 160 Invertebrates: insects R Gomphurus modes tus Gulf Clubtail USA R Gomphus diminutus Diminutive Clubtail USA R Gomphus grasUni France: Spain R Gomphus hodgesi Hodges' Clubtail USA I Gomphus sandrius Tennessee Clubtail Dragonfly USA R Gomphus septima Septima's Clubtail Dragonfly USA R Hylogomphus geminatus Twin-Striped Clubtail USA R Hylogomphus parvidens USA I Isomma hieroglyphicum Madagascar R Leplogomphus yayeyamensis Japan: Isliigaki, Iriomote R Onychogomphus assimilis Armenia; Azerbaijan: Georgia: Turkey E Onychogomphus macrodon Israel: Jordan; Turkey R Ophiogomphus acuminatus USA V Ophiogomphus anomalus Canada; USA E Ophiogomphus cecilia Austria: Belarus?: Bulgaria; China; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia?; Lithuania?; Luxemboiug; Moldova?; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey?; Ukraine? V Ophiogomphus howei Howe's Midget Snaketail Dragonfly USA R Ophiogomphus incurvatus USA R Paragomphus sinaiticus Egypt; Niger, Oman; Saudi Arabia; Sudan R Progomphus bellei BeUe's Sand ClubtaU USA I Progomphus risi Mexico V Stylurus potulentus Yellow-sided Clubtail USA R Stylurus townesi Bronze Clubtail Dragonfly USA Family PETALURIDAE K Petalura pulcherrima Australia Family CORDULEGASTERIDAE E Cordulegaster mzymtae Armenia: Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russia?; Turkey R Chlorogomphus iriomotensis Japan: Iriomote E Zoraena sayi Florida Spiketail Dragonfly USA Family CORDULODAE I Antipodochlora braueri New Zealand V Austrocordulia leonardi Australia R Hemcordulia ogasawarensis Japan: Ogasawara R Hemicordulia okinawensis Japan: Okinawa. Amami I Lihellulosoma minuta Madagascar R Macromia ishidai Japan: Yayeyama R Macromia kubokaiya Japan; Okinawa R Macromia margarita USA R Macromia splendens Shining Macromia Dragonfly France: Portugal; Spain R Macromia urania Japan; Yayeyama 161 THREATENED SPECIES V Oxygastra curtisii Orange-spotted Emerald Belgium: France; Germany; Italy; Morocco; Netherlands; Portugal; Spain; Switzerland; United Kingdom R Somatochlora brevicincta Canada R Somatochlora calverti Calverts' Emerald USA E Somatochlora hineaiia Ohio Emerald Dragonfly USA R Somatochlora incurvata Canada; USA R Somatochlora margarita Big Thicket Emerald Dragonfly USA R Somatochlora ozarkensis USA V Williamsonia lintneri Banded Bog Skimmer Dragonfly USA Family UBELLUUDAE K Aethiothemis watuliki Congo K Allorhizucha campioni Sierra Leone K Anectothemis apicalis Zaire R Boninthemis insularis Japan: Ogasawara E Brachythemis fuscopalliala Iraq; Israel; Turkey I Brachythemis liberiensis Guinea-Bissau; Liberia K Coitgothemis longistyla Zaire I Leucorrhinia alhifrons Austria; Belarus?: Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lidiuania?; Netherlands; Norway: Poland; Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine? K Leucorrhinia caudalis Austria: Belarus?: Belgium: Czech Republic?; Estonia?; Finland; France: Germany: Hungary; Latvia?: Lithuania?; Netherlands; Norway; Poland: Russia: Sweden: Ukraine?; Yugoslavia? Lihellula angelina Japan Lihellula jesseana Purple Chaser USA Lyriothemis tricolor Japan: Iriomote Monardithemis flava Angola: Zambia Orthetrum rubens South Africa Palpopleura albifrons Gabon Trithemis hartwigi Equatorial Guinea Trithemis nigra Sao Tom6 and Principe: Piincipe Urothemis luciana South Africa K Urothemis thomasi Ethiopia; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Somalia Order BLATTARIA Family BLATITDAE I Aspiduchus cavernicola Tuna Cave Roach Puerto Rico Order MANTODEA Family MANTIDAE E Apteromantis aptera Spain Order GRYLLOBLATTARIA Family GRYLLOBLATTIDAE V Grylloblatta chirurgica Mount St. Helens' Grylloblattid USA 162 Invertebrates: insects Order ORTHOPTERA Family STENOPELMATIDAE I Ammopelmatus kelsoensis Kelso Jerusalem Cricket USA I Ammopelmatus muwu Port Conception Jerusalem Cricket USA V Deinacrida carinata Herekopare Island Weta New Zealand V Deinacrida fallai Poor Knights Weta New Zealand V Deinacrida heteracantha Wetapunga New Zealand V Deinacrida parva Kaikoura Weta New Zealand V Deinacrida rugosa Stephens Island Weta New Zealand V Deinacrida sp. Mahoenui Giant Weta New Zealand I Deinacrida tibiospina Nelson Alpine Weta New Zealand E Hemiandrus sp. Tusked Weta New Zealand E Hetnidaina ricta Banks Peninsula Weta New Zealand I Stenopelmatus cahuilaensis Coachella Valley Jerusalem Cricket USA I Stenopelmatus navajo Navajo Jerusalem Cricket USA Family RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE I Daihinihaenetes arizonensis Arizona Giant Sand Treader Cricket USA I Macrobaenetes kelsoensis Kelso Griant Sand Treader Cricket USA I Macrobaenetes valgum Coachelia Giant Sand Treader Cricket USA I Pristoceuthophilus sp. Samwell Cave Cricket USA I Tasmanopleclron isolatum Australia: Tasmania I Utabaenetes tanneri Tanner's Black Camel Cricket USA Family TETnGONIIDAE R Austrosaga spinifer Australia: Western Australia V Baetica ustulata Spain I Banza nihoae Nihoa Banza Conehead Katydid USA: Hawaiian Islands I Belocephalus micanopy Big Pme Key Conehead Katydid USA I Belocephalus sleigh ti Keys Short-winged Conehead Katydid USA I Conocephaloides remotus Remote Conehead Katydid USA: Hawaiian Islands R Hemisaga elongata Australia: Northern Territory R Hemisaga lucifer Australia: Western Australia R Hemisaga vepreculae Australia: Western Australia I Idiostatus middlekaufi Middlekauf s Shieldback Katydid USA R Isophya harzi Carpathian Basin R Ixalodectes flectocercus Australia: Western Australia R Kawanphila pachomai Australia: Western Australia R Metrioptera domogledi Carpathian Basin R Nanodectes bulbicercus Australia: South Australia 163 THREATENED SPECffiS I Neduba longipennis Santa Monica Shieldback Katydid USA E Onconotus servillei Caipathian Basin R Pachysaga munggai Australia: Western Australia R Pachysaga strohila Australia: Western Australia R Phasmodes jeeba Australia: Western Australia R Psacadonotus insulanus Australia: Kangaroo Island R Psacadonotus seriatus Australia: Western Australia V Saga pedo Predatory Bush Cricket ?Arniema; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria; China?; Czech Republic; France; Georgia; Germany?; Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkmenia; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia R Throscodecles xederoides Australia: Western Australia R Throscodecles xiphos Australia: Western Australia R Windbalea viride Australia: Western Australia R Zaprochilus ninae Australia: New South Wales Family GRYLLOTALPIDAE I Gryllotalpa major Prairie Mole Cricket USA Family GRYLLIDAE I Caconemobius howarthi Howarth's Cave Cricket USA; Hawaiian Islands I Caconemobius schauinslandi Schauinsland's Bush Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands I Caconemobius varius Kaumana Cave Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands I Cycloptilum irregularis Keys Scaly Cricket USA I Leptogryllus deceptor Oahu Deceptor Bush Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands I Oecanthus laricis Laricis Tree Cricket USA I Thaumatogryllus cavicola Volcanoes Cave Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands I Thaumatogryllus variegatus Kauai Thin-footed Bush Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands Family EUMASTACIDAE I Eumorsea pinaleno Pinaleno Monkey Grasshopper USA I Psychomaslatix deserticola Desert Monkey Grasshopper USA Family ACRIDIDAE I Acrolophitus pulchellus Idaho Point-headed Grasshopper USA I Appalachia arcena Michigan Bog Grasshopper USA I Chloaeltis aspasma Siskiyou Chloealtis Grasshopper USA R Chortippus acroleucus Carpathian Basin R Miramella irena Carpathian Basin R Odontopodisma montana Carpathian Basin R Odontopodisma rubripes Hungary R Podismopsis transsylvanica Carpathian Basin I Schayera baiulus (Catliptamus bandits) Australia: Tasmania I Spharagemon superbum USA 164 Invertebrates: insects R Stenobothrodes eurasius Carpathian Basin R Zubovskia banatica Carpathian Basin Family TETRIGIDAE R Bienkotetrix transsylvanicus Carpathian Basin I Tetrix sierrana Sierra Pygmy Grasshopper USA I Tettigidea empedonepia Torreya Pygmy Grasshopper USA Order DERMAPTERA Family LABIDURIDAE E Labidura herculeana Saint Helena Earwig Saint Helena Order PLECOPTERA Family NEMOURIDAE I Lednia tumana Meltwater Stonefly USA I Nemours wahkeena Wahkeena Falls Flightless Stonefly USA Family NOTONEMOURTOAE I Kimminsoperla biloba Australia: Tasmania I Kimminsoperla williamsi Australia: Tasmania Family CAPNITOAE I Capnia lacustra Lake Tahoe Benthic Stonefly USA Family LEUCTRIDAE I Leuctra szczytkoi Schoolhouse Springs Stonefly USA Family TAENIOPTERYGIDAE I Taeniopteryx starki Leon River Stonefly USA Family PERLIDAE I Beloneuria georgiana Georgia Stonefly USA I Beloneuria jamesae Cheaha Stonefly USA I Hansonoperla appalachia Hanson's Appalachian Stonefly USA Family PELTOPERLIDAE I Soliperla fenderi Fender's Stonefly USA Family EUSTHENHDAE E Eusthenia nothofagi Otway Stonefly Australia I Eusthenia reticulata Australia: Tasmania Family GRIPOPTERYGIDAE R Leptoperla cacuminis Mount Kosciusko Wingless Stonefly Australia R Riekoperla darlingtoni Mount Donna Buang Wingless Stonefly Australia Order ZORAPTERA Family ZOROT'VPIDAE I Zorotypus swezeyi Swezey's Zoroapteran USA: Hawaiian Islands Order ANOPLURA Family HAEMATOPINTOAE E Haematopinus oliveri Pygmy Hog Sucking Louse India Order HEMIPTERA Family BELOSTOMATIDAE I Belostoma saratogae Saratoga Springs Bug USA 165 THREATENED SPECIES Family NAUCORIDAE E Ambrysus amargosus Ash Meadows Bug USA I Pelocoris shoshone Amargosa Bug USA Family MESOVELIIDAE I Cavaticovelia aaa Aaa Water Treader Bug USA Family MACROVELIIDAE I Oravelia pege Dry Creek Cliff Strider Bug USA Family MIRIDAE I Cyrtopeltis phyllostegiae Mirid Leaf Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Kalania hawaiiensis Lanai Leaf Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Family REDUVKDAE I Empicoris pukhrus Pulchrus Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesidiolestes ana Ana Wingless Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesidiolestes insularis Mount Tantalus Wingless Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesidiolestes roberti Robert's Wingless Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesidiolestes selium Selium Wingless Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Siacella smithi Smith's Reduviid Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Family LYGAEIDAE I Metrarga obscura Mauna Loa Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Neseis alternatus Kauai Band-legged Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Neseis haleakalae Mount Haleakala Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesocryptias villosa Villosan Flightless Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nysius frigatensis French Frigate Shoal Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nysius neckerensis Necker Goosefoot Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nysius nihoae Nihoae Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nysius sulfusus Necker Bunchgrass Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Oceanides bryani Bryan's Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Oceanides perkensi Perldn's Oceanides Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Oceanides rugosiceps Rough-headed Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Family RHOPALIDAE I Ithamar annectans Annectans Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Ithamar hawaiiensis Hawaiian Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Order HOMOPTERA FamUy CIXIIDAE I Oliarus consimilis Kauai Parti-coloured Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Oliarus discrepans Wild Cotton Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Oliarus lanaiensis Lanai Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands 166 Invertebrates: insects I Oliarus lihue Lihue Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Oliarus myoporicola Barber's Point Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Family DELPHACIDAE I Nesorestias filicicola Mt Tantalus Shoitwing Fem Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne acuta lao Valley Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne bridwelli Bridewell's Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne cyrtandrae Nahiku Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne cyrtandricola Glenwood Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne kuschei Kusche's Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne leahi Diamond Head Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne longipes Long-footed Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne sulcata Keanae Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Family QCADIDAE V Magicicada cassini Cassini Periodical Cicada USA V Magicicada septendecim Decim Periodical Cicada Canada V Magicicada septendecula Decula Periodical Cicada USA I Maoricicada myersi Myers' Cicada New Zealand Family TETnGARCTIDAE I Tettigarcta tormentosa Australia: Tasmania Family QCADELLIDAE I Felexamia rubranura Red-veined Prairie Leafhopper USA Family APHIDIDAE I Ceriferella leucopogonis Australia: Tasmania Order NEUROPTERA Family TTHONIDAE I Oliarces clara USA: California, Hawaiian Islands Family HEMEROBIIDAE I Nesothauma halakalae Haleakala Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Pseudopsectra cookeorum Cooke's Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Pseudopsectra lobipennis Lobe-wing Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Pseudopsectra swezeyi Swezey's Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Pseudopsectra usingeri Usinger's Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands Family MYRMELEONTTDAE I Eidoleon perjurus Molokai AnUion USA: Hawaiian Islands Order COLEOPTERA Family CARABIDAE I Agonum belleri BeUer's Groimd Beetle USA E Aplothorax burchelli Saint Helena 167 THREATENED SPECIES V Carabus intricatus Blue Ground Beetle Albania; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy: including Sicily; Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Slovakia?; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia E Carabus olympiae France; Italy V Elaphrus viridis Delta Green Ground Beetle USA V Mormolyce phyllodes Ghost Walker Beetle Malaysia E Rhadine persephone Tooth Cave Ground Beetle USA Family QCINDEUDAE I Cicindela arenicola Idaho Dunes Tiger Beetle USA I Cicindela caderi Cazier's Tiger Beetle USA E Cicindela columbica Columbia River Tiger Beetle USA I Cicindela nmrginata Tiger Beetle USA I Cicindela marginipennis Cobblestone Tiger Beetle USA I Cicindela puritana Puritan Tiger Beetle USA Family HALIPLIDAE I Brychius hungerfordi Hungerford's Crawling Water Beetle USA I Haliplus nitens Disjunct Crawling Water Beetle USA Family DYTISCIDAE I Acilius duvergeri Algeria; Italy; Morocco; Portugal; Spain I Agabus clypealis Denmark; Germany; Poland; Russia; Sweden E Agabus discicollis Ethiopia E Agabus hozgargantae Spain: Andalucia I Agabus rumppi Death Valley Agabus Diving Beetle USA I Aglymbus bimaculatus Brazil I Aglymbus hromeliarum Trinidad and Tobago I Colymbetes piceus Egypt; Iran; Iraq; Saudi Arabia E Deronecles aljibensis Spain: Andalucia I Deronectes costipennis Portugal; Spain I Deronectes depressicollis Spain: Andalucia I Deronectes ferrugineus Portugal I Deronectes wewalkai Spain I Desmopachria conchramis Fig Seed Diving Beetle USA R Dytiscus latissimus Denmark; F inlan d; Germany; Poland; Siberia; Sweden R Graptodytes delectus Spain: Canary Islands Haideoporus texanus Texas Cave Beetle USA Hydaticus decorus Egypt; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Yemen Hydaticus okalehubyi Indonesia: Irian Jaya Hydroporus elusivus Elusive Diving Beetle USA Hydroporus folkertsi Folkert's Diving Beetle USA 168 Invertebrates: insects Hydroporus hirsutus Woolly Diving Beetle USA Hydroporus humilis Egypt: Sinai Hydroporus leechi Leech's Skyline Diving Beetle USA Hydroporus mariannae Israel Hydroporus oasis Egypt Hydroporus productus Algeria; Spain Hydroporus spangleri Spangler's Diving Beetle USA Hydroporus sulphurius Sulphur Springs Diving beetle USA Hydroporus utahensis Utah Diving Beetle USA Hydrolarsus compunctus Spain: Canary Islands Hydrotarsus pilosus Spain: Canary Islands Hygrotus curvipes Curved-foot Diving Beetle USA Hygrotus diversipes Narrow-foot Diving Beetle USA Hygrotus fontinalis Travertine Band-thigh Diving Beetle USA Hygrotus sylvanus Sylvan Diving Beetle USA Hyphydrus dani Indonesia: Irian Jaya Lacconectus birmanicus Myanmar Lacconectus corayi Singapore Lacconectus heinertd Thailand Lacconectus javanicus Indonesia: Java Lacconectus laccophiloides Philippines Lacconectus minutus Indonesia: Sumatra Lacconectus muluensis Malaysia: Sarawak Lacconectus oceanicus Indonesia: Mentawai Islands Lacconectus pulcher Malaysia: Sabah Lacconectus punctatus Viet Nam Lacconectus punctipennis Indonesia: Bali, Java Lacconectus ritsemae Indonesia: Java Lacconectus sabahensis Malaysia: Sabah Meladema imbricata Spain; Canary Islands Meladema lanio Portugal: Madeira Platynectes buruensis Indonesia: Bum Platynectes decastigma Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Moluccas; Philippines? Pleurodytes dineutoides Indonesia; Malaysia Potamonectes canariensis Spain: Canary Islands Potamonectes cazorlensis Spain: Andalucia Potamonectes insignis Egypt; Saudi Arabia Potamonectes lanceolatus Egypt; Saudi Arabia Potamonectes walkeri Egypt Rhantus crypticus Ecuador Rhantus limbatus Argentina; Brazil; Uruguay 169 THREATENED SPECIES R Rhithrodytes agnus Portugal I Sandracottus baeri Malaysia: Sabah; Philippines: Balabac I Sandracottus bizonatus Malaysia: Sabah I Sandracottus chevrolati Indonesia: Sumbawa. Timor I Sandracottus maculatus Indonesia: Java; Malaysia: Penang I Sandracottus rotundatus Indonesia: Sulawesi Family GYRINIDAE I Spanglerogyrus albiventris Red Hills Unique Whirligig Beetle USA Family HYDRAENIDAE I Gymnochthebius maureenae Maureen's Minute Moss Beetle USA I Hydraena maureenae Maureen's Moss Beetle USA I Limnebius aridus Animas Minute Moss Beetle USA I Limnebius texanus Texas Minute Moss Beetle USA I Limnebius utahensis Utah Minute Moss Beetle USA I Ochthebius crassalus Wing-shoulder Minute Moss Beetle USA I Ochthebius putnamensis Indiana Minute Moss Beetle USA I Ochthebius recticulus Wilbur Springs Minute Moss Beetle USA Family LEIODIDAE I Glacicavicola bathysciodes Blind Cave Beetle USA Family SILPHIDAE E Nicrophorus americanus American Burying Beetle Canada: USA Family HYDROPHILIDAE I Chaetarthria leechi Leech's Water Scavenger Beetle USA I Chaetarthria utahensis Utah Water Scavenger Beetle USA I Cymbiodyta arizonica Arizona Water Scavenger Beetle USA I Hydrochara rickseckeri Ricksecker's Water Scavenger Beetle USA I Paracymus seclusus Seclusive Water Scavenger Beetle USA Family LUCANIDAE E Apterocychus honoluluensis Kauai Flightless Stag Beetle USA: Hawaiian Islands V Dorcus auricuiatus New Zealand V Dorcus ithaginis New Zealand Family TROGIDAE V Trox howelli Caracara Commensal Scarab Beetle USA Family GEOTRUPIDAE V Typhaeus hiostius Italy: Sardinia Family SCARABAEIDAE I Aegialia concinna Ciervo Scarab Beetle USA I Aegialia crescenta Cresent Dune Scarab Beetle USA I Aegialia haroyi Hardy's Scarab Beetle USA 170 Invertebrates: insects Aegialia magnifica Large Scarab Beetle USA Anomala exigua Exiguous Scarab Beetle USA Anomala eximia Archbold Scarab Beetle USA Anomala tibialis Tibial Scarab Beetle USA Aphodius fordi Ford's Beetle USA Aphodius troglodytes Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle USA Ataenius superficialis Big Pine Key Dung Beetle USA Ataenius woodruffi Woodruffs Dung Beetle USA Copris gopheri Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle USA Cyclocephala miamiensis Miami Roundhead Scarab Beetle USA Glaresis arenata Kelso Dune Scarab Beetle USA Gronocarus multispinosus Spiny Florida Sandhill Scarab Beetle USA Lichnanthe albopilosa White Sand Bear Scarab Beetle USA Lichnanthe ursina Pacific Sand Bear Scarab Beetle USA Mycotrupes pedester Scrub Island Burrowing Scarab Beetle USA Onthophagus polyphemi Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle USA K Oryctes chevrolati Reunion E Osmoderma eremita Hermit Beetle Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein: Lithuania?; Moldova?; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia I Peltotrupes youngi Ocala Burrowing Scarab Beetle USA I Polylamina pubescens Woody Gulf Dune Scarab Beetle USA I Polyphylla anteronivea Saline Valley Snow-front Scarab USA I Polyphylla avittata Spotted Warner Valley Dunes Scarab USA I Polyphylla barbata Barbate Scarab Beetle USA I Polyphylla nubila Atascodera Scarab Beetle USA V Prodontria lewisi Cromwell Chafer New Zealand I Pseudocotalpa giulianii Giuliani's Dune Scarab Beetle USA I Serica frosti Frost's Spring Scarab Beetle USA I Serica tantula Tantula Scarab Beetle USA I Trigonopelastes floridana Scrub Palmetto Flower Scarab Beetle USA Family BUPRESTIDAE E Buprestis splendens Golds treifiger Albania; Austria; Belarus?; Denmark?; Finland; Greece; Poland?; Russia?; Spain; Sweden?; Yugoslavia? 171 THREATENED SPECIES Family ELMINTHIDAE Atractelmis wawona Wawawona Riffle Beetle USA Cylloepus parkeri Parker's Riffle Beetle USA Dubiraphia brunnescens Brownish Riffle Beetle USA Dubiraphia giulianii Giuliani's Riffle Beetle USA Dubiraphia parva Little Riffle Beetle USA Dubiraphia robusta Robust Riffle BeeUe USA Heterelmis stephani Stephan's Riffle Beetle USA Microcylloepus browni Brown's Riffle Beetle USA Optioservus browni Brown's Riffle Beetle USA Optioservus canus Pinnacles Riffle Beetle USA Optioservus phaeus Scott Riffle Beetle USA Stenelmis douglasensis Douglas Riffle Beetle USA Stenelmis gammoni Gammon's Riffle Beetle USA Zaitzeva thermae Warm Spring Riffle Beetle USA Family PSEPHENIDAE Acneus beeri Beer's False Water Penny Beetle USA I Acneus burnelli Bumells False Water Penny Beetle USA I Alabamaubria starki Stark's False Water Penny Beetle USA I Dicranopselaphus variegatus Variegated False Water Penny Beetle USA I Psephenus arizonensis Arizona Water Penny Beetle USA I Psephenus montanus White Mountains Water Penny Beetle USA Family ELATERIDAE V Amychus candezei Chatham Island Amychus New Zealand: Chatham Island V Amychus granulatus Cook Strait Amychus New Zealand I Eanus hatchi Hatch's Click Beetle Canada: USA Family EUCNEMIDAE I Paleoxenus dohmi Dohm's Elegant Eucnemid Beetle USA Family LAMP'iTUDAE I Micronaspis floridana Florida Intertidal Firefly USA Family ANOBIIDAE I Holcobius pikoensis Piko Anobiid Beetle USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CUCUJIDAE E Cuciyus cinnaberinus Austria; Czech Republic?; Estonia?; Fmland; Germany; Hungary; Latvia?; Lithuania; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Yugoslavia Family TENEBRIONIDAE I Coelus globosus Globose Dune Beetle Mexico; USA 172 Invertebrates: insects I Coelus gracilis San Joaquin Dune Beetle USA R Polposipus herculeanus Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid Beetle Seychelles Family MELOIDAE I Lytta hoppingi Hopping's Blister Beetle USA I Lytta inseperata Mojave Desert Blister Beetle USA I Lytta mirifica Anthony Blister Beetle Mexico; USA I Lytta moesta Moestan Blister Beetle USA I Lytta molesta Molestan Blister Beetle USA I Lytta morrisoni Morrison's Blister Beetle USA Family ANTmCIDAE I Anthicus antiochensis Antioch Dunes Beetle USA I Anthicus sacramento Sacramento Beetle USA Family CERAMBYCIDAE E Aeschrithmysus dubautianus USA; Hawaiian Islands E Aeschrithmysus swezeyi USA; Hawaiian Islands E Aeschrithmysus terryi USA; Hawaiian Islands E Cerambyx cerdo Cerambyx Langicom Algeria; Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Georgia?; Hungary; Iran; Moldova?; Morocco; Poland; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tunisia; Turkey?; Ukraine; United Kingdom? I Dryobius sexnotatus Six-banded Longhom Beetle USA K Macrodontia cervicornis Brazil; Peru E Morimus funereus ?Belgium; Czech Republic?; Germany?; Hungary; Moldova; Romania; Slovakia?; Ukraine; Yugoslavia I Necydalis rudei Rude's Longhom Beetle USA; Hawaiian Islands E Nesithmysus bridwelli USA: Hawaiian Islands E Nesithmysus f robe si USA: Hawaiian Islands E Nesithmysus haasi USA: Hawaiian Islands E Nesithmysus swezeyi USA: Hawaiian Islands E Rosalia alpina Rosalia Longicom Algeria; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belgium?; Bulgaria; Czech Republic Denmark?; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Iran?; Israel; Jordan? Lebanon?; Liechtenstein; Morocco Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania Russia?; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria Tunisia; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Family CHRYSOMELIDAE I Donacia idola Bog Idol Leaf Beetle USA Family CURCUUONIDAE V Anagotus fairbumi Flax Weevil New Zealand V Anagotus stephenensis Stephen's Island Weevil New Zealand V Anagotus turbotti Turbott's Weevil New Zealand E Deinocossonus nesiotes Oahu Nesiotes Weevil USA; Hawaiian Islands 173 THREATENED SPECIES I Dysticheus rotundicollis Antioch Dune Weevil USA V Gymiwpholus lichenifer Lichen Weevil Papua New Guinea V Hadramphus spinipennis Coxella Weevil New Zealand: Chatham Is V Hadramphus stilbocarpae Knobbled Weevil New Zealand E Heteramph us filicum USA: Hawaiian Islands V Heterexis seticostatus New Zealand V Karocolens pittospori New Zealand V Lyperobius hultoni Wellington Speargrass Weevil New Zealand V Megacolabus sculpturalus New Zealand R Microcryptorhynchus orientissimus Pitcaim Islands: Henderson Island I Miloderes nelsoni Nelson's Weevil USA I Miloderes rulieni Rulien's Weevil USA I Nesotocus giffordi Gifford's Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesotocus kauaiensis Kauai Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesotocus munroi Munro's Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands E Nothaldonis peaci New Zealand V Oclaitdius laeviusculus New Zealand I Onchobarus langei Lange's El Segundo Dune Weevil USA I Pentarthrum obscura Obscure Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands E Pentarthrum pritchardias USA: Hawaiian Islands R Rhyncogonus hendersoni Pitcaim Islands: Henderson Island I Stenotrupis pritchardiae Nihoa Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands I Trigonoscuta brunnotesselata Brown-tassel Weevil USA I Trigonoscuta doyeni Doyen's Dune Weevil USA V Utias piceus New Zealand Order MECOPTERA Family APTEROPANORPIDAE I Apteropanorpa tasmanica Australia: Tasmania Order DIPTERA Family PSYCHODIDAE I Nemapalpus nearcticus Sugarfoot Modi fly USA Family MYCETOPHILIDAE I Arachnocampa lasmaniensis Australia: Tasmania Family BLEPHAROCERIDAE E Edwardsina gigantea Giant Torrent Midge Australia E Edwardsina lasmaniensis Tasmanian Toirent Midge Australia: Tasmania Family TABANIDAE I Apatalestea rossi Ross's Apatalestes Tabanid Fly USA I Asaphomyia floridensis Florida Asaphomyian Tabanid Fly USA 174 Invertebrates: insects I Asaphomyia texanus Texas Asaphomyian Tabanid Fly USA E Brennania belkini Belkin's Dune Tabanid Fly Mexico; USA I Merycomyia brunnea Brown Merycomyian Tabanid Fly USA Family ACROCERIDAE I Eulonchus marialiciae Mary Alice's Small-headed Fly USA Family ASILIDAE I Cophura hurdi Antioch Robberfly USA I Efferia antiochi Antioch Robberfly USA I Melapogon hurdi Kurd's Robberfly USA Family APIOCERIDAE I Raphiomydas triochilus Valley Mydas Fly USA Family EMPIDIDAE I Chersodromia hawaiiensis Hawaiian Dance Fly USA: Hawaiian Islands Family S'ifRPHIDAE I Mixogaster delongi Delong's Flower Fly USA Family ASTEHDAE I Bryonia bipunctata Nihoa Two-spotted Asterid Fly USA: Hawaiian Islands Family EPHYDRIDAE I Paracoenia calida Wilber Springs Shore Fly USA Order TRICHOPTERA Family RHYACOPHILIDAE I Rhyacophila alexandra Alexander's Caddisfly USA I Rhyacophila colonus Obrien Caddisfly USA I Rhyacophila fenderi Fender's Caddisfly USA I Rhyacophila haddocki Haddock's Caddisfly USA I Rhyacophila lineata Castle Crags Caddisfly USA I Rhyacophila mosana BiJobed Caddisfly USA I Rhyacophila spinata Spiny Caddisfly USA I Rhyacophila unipunclata One-spot Caddisfly USA Family GLOSSOSOMATIDAE I Agapetus artesus Artesian Caddisfly USA I Agapetus denningi Denning's Caddisfly USA I Agapetus medicus Arkansas Caddisfly USA I Protoptila area San Marcos Caddisfly USA Family HYDROPTILIDAE I Hydroptila decia Knoxville Micro Caddisfly USA 175 THREATENED SPECIES I Neotrichia kitae Kite's Micro Caddisfly USA I Ochrotrichia alsea Alsea Micro Caddisfly USA I Ochrotrichia contorta Contorted Micro Caddisfly USA I Ochrotrichia phenosa Deschutes Micro Caddisfly USA I Ochrotrichia provosti Provost's Micro Caddisfly USA I Ochrotrichia vertreesi Vertree's Micro Caddisfly USA I Oxyethira florida Florida Micro Caddisfly USA Family PHILOPOTAMIDAE I Dolophilodes oregona Oregon Caddisfly USA Family STENOPSYCHIDAE I Stenopsychodes lineata Australia: Tasmania Family POLYCENTROPODIDAE I Tasmanoplegas spilota Australia: Tasmania Family LIMNEPHILIDAE I Apatania tavala Cascades Caddisfly USA I Archaeophylax vernalis Australia: Tasmania I Cryptochia excella Kings Canyon Caddisfly USA I Cryptochia neosa Blue Mountains Caddisfly USA I Ecclisomyia bilera King's Creek Caddisfly USA I Farula davisi Green Springs Mountain Caddisfly USA I Farula jewetti Mount Hood Caddisfly USA I Farula reaperi Tombstone Prairie Caddisfly USA I Glyphopsyche missouri Missouri Caddisfly USA I Limnephilus alconura Kiamath Caddisfly USA I Limnephilus atercus Fort Dick Caddisfly USA I Neothramma andersoni Colombian Gorge Caddisfly USA I Oligophlebodes mostbento Tombstone Prairie Oligophlebodes USA I Philocasca oron Clatsop Caddisfly USA Family LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE I Lepidostoma fischeri Fischer's Caddisfly USA I Lepidostoma goedeni Goeden's Caddisfly USA Family KOKDUTOAE I Taskiria mccubbini Australia: Tasmania I Taskropsyche lacustris Australia: Tasmania Family PLECTROTARSIDAE I Nanoplectrus truchnasi Australia: Tasmania Family SERICOSTOMATIDAE I Agarodes ziczac Zigzag Blackwater Caddisfly USA 176 Invertebrate's: insects Family ODONTOCERIDAE I Psilotreta hansoni USA Family PHILORHEITHRIDAE I Ramiheithrus kocinus Australia: Tasmania Family LEPTOCERIDAE I Ceraclea floridana Florida Longhom Caddisfly USA I Ceraclea vertreesi Vertree's Caddisfly USA I Oecetis parva Little Longhom Caddisfly USA I Westriplectes pedderensis Australia: Tasmania Order LEPIDOPTERA Family HEPIALIDAE V Lelo venus Silver Spotted Ghost Moth South Africa V Zelotypia stacyi Bent Wing Swift Moth Australia Family GRACILLARIIDAE I Petrochroa neckerensis Necker Leaf-miner Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands E Phildoria wilkesiella USA: Hawaiian Islands Family GELECIfflDAE V Kiwaia jeanae New Zealand Family CARPOSINIDAE I Heterocrossa viridis Green Carposinid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands Family SESHDAE I Synanthedon castaneae Chestnut Clearwing Modi USA Family TORTRICIDAE R Grapholitha edwardsiana San Francisco Tree Lupine USA I Spheterista oheoheana Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands I Spheterista pterotropiana Green-Banded Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands I Spheterista reynoldsiana Wallupe Leaf-Roller Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands Family COCHYLIDAE I Carolella busckana Busk's Gall Moth USA Family HESPERIIDAE R Dalla octomaculata Eight-Spotted Skipper Costa Rica; Panama R Epargyreus antaeus Jamaica R Epargyreus spana Dominican Republic K Euscheman rafflesia Australia E Hesperia dacotae Dakota Skipper Canada; USA V Kedestes chaca South Africa V Metisella syrinx Bamboo Sylph South Africa V Panoquina errans Wandering Skipper Mexico; USA I Prohlema bulenta Rare Skipper USA I Syrichtus cribrellum Spinose Skipper Georgia; Moldavia?; Romania; Russia; Ukraine 177 THREATENED SPECIES K Syrichlus lessellum Tessellated Skipper ?Annenia; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria: Georgia?; Greece; Iran; Romania?; Russia; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia V Tsitana dicksoni Dickson's Sylph South Africa Family MEGATHYMIDAE I Stallingsia maculosus Manfneda Giant Skipper Mexico; USA Family PAPILIONIDAE R Archon apollinaris Annenia; Bulgaria; Greece; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Romania; Syria; Turkey; Turkmenistan I Atrophaneura atropos Philippines: Palawan V Atrophaneura jophon Sri Lankan Rose Sri Lanka R Atrophaneura luchti Indonesia: Java K Atrophaneura palu Indonesia: Sulawesi V Atrophaneura schadenbergi Philippines: Luzon R Baronia brevicornis Short-homed Baronia Mexico V Battus zetides Zetides Swallowtail Dominican Republic; Haiti K Bhulanitis ludlowi Ludlow's Bhutan Swallowtail Bhutan: Tashiyangsi Valley R Bhutanitis mansfieldi Mansfield's Three-tailed Swallowtail China: Sichuan. Yunnan R Bhutanitis thaidina Chinese Three-tailed Swallowtail China ■V Eurytides iphitas Yellow Kite Swallowtail Brazil K K R V R I R I V R K I E Eurytides marcettinus Jamaican Kite Jamaica Graphium aurivilliusi Zaire Graphium epaminondas Andamans Swordtail India: Andaman Islands Graphium idaeoides Philippines Graphium levassori Comoro Islands Graphium meeki Meek's Graphium Papua New Guinea: Islands Bougainville; Solomon V V Graphium megaera Philippines: Palawan Graphium mendana Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands Graphium procles Malaysia: Sabah Graphium sandawanum Philippines: Mindanao Graphium stresemanni Indonesia: Moluccas Luehdorfia chinensis Chinese Luehdorfia China Luehdorfia japonica Japanese Luehdorfia Japan; Taiwan Ornithoptera aesacus Indonesia: Obi Ornithoptera alexandrae Queen Alexandra's Birdwing Papua New Guinea: Popondetta in Northern Province of New Guinea Ornithoptera chimaera Chimaera Birdwing Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea Ornithoptera croesus Indonesia: Moluccas Ornithoptera meridionalis Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea 178 Invertebrates: insects K R Ornithoptera paradisea Paradise Birdwing Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea Ornithoptera rolhschildi Rothschild's Birdwing Indonesia: Arfak Mountains in Irian Jaya Ornithoptera tithonus Indonesia: Irian Jaya Papilio acheron Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Papilio antimachus African Giant Swallowtail Angola; Benin?; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Cote d'lvoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Rwanda; Sierra Leone; Togo?; Uganda; Zaire Papilio aristophontes Comoro Islands Papilio aristor Scarce Haitian Swallowtail R Papilio jordani Jordan's Swallowtail Indonesia: Sulawesi V Papilio leucotaenia Cream-banded Swallowtail Bunmdi; Rwanda; Uganda R Papilio mangoura Madagascar I Papilio manlius Mauritius V Papilio maraho Taiwan K Papilio maroni French Guiana V Papilio moerneri Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago V Papilio morondavana Madagascan Emperor Swallowtail Madagascar V Papilio neumoegeni Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands K J--^V/II11III^C*1J X-VW^UL/U.^.!) ftAUALA V Papilio osmana Papilio benguetanus Philippines Philippines: Luzon V Papilio phorbanta Papilio caiguanabus Papillon La Pature Poey's Black Swallowtail Reunion Cuba R Papilio sjoestedti Papilio carolinensis Kilimanjaro Swallowtail Philippines: Mindanao Tanyania Papilio chikae R Papilio toboroi Philippines: Luzon Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Papilio esperanza Islands Mexico R Papilio weymeri Papilio garleppi Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago Bolivia; Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Peru; V Parides ascanius Suriname Huminense Swallowtail Papilio grosesmithi BrazU Madagascar V Parides burchellanus Papilio himeros Brazil Argentina; Brazil K Parides coelus Papilio homerus French Guiana Homerus Swallowtail R Parides hahneli Jamaica Hahnel's Amazonian Swallowtail Papilio hospiton Brazil Corsican Swallowtail K Parides klagesi France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia Venezuela 179 THREATENED SPECIES K K K Parides pizarro Brazil; Peru Parides steinbachi Bolivia Parnassius apollo Apollo Albania; Andorra; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria; Qiina: Xinjiang Uygur; Czechoslovakia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary?; Italy: includiug Sicily; Iraq; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Liechtenstein; Mongolia; Netherlands?; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Parnassius autocrator Afghanistan; Tajikistan Teinopalpus aureus Golden Kaiser-I-Hind China: Guangdong; Viet Nam? Teinopalpus imperialis Kaiser-I-Hind Bhutan; China: Hubei, Myanmar, Nepal Sichuan; India: Troides andromache Malaysia: Sabah. Kalimantan Sarawak; Indonesia?: V Troides dohertyi Talaud Black Birdwing Indonesia: Talaud Islands I Troides prattorum Indonesia: Bum Family PDERIDAE I Artogeia virginiensis West Virginia White Canada; USA E Belenois orgygia South Africa R Mylothris carcassoni Zimbabwe Family LYCAENIDAE R Acrodipsas illidgei midge's Ant-Blue Australia V Agriades zullichi Spain V Alaena margaritacea South Africa R Aloeides caledoni South Africa R Aloeides carolynnae South Africa R Aloeides denlatis Lesotho; South Afirica R Aloeides egerides South Africa I Aloeides kaplani South Africa R Aloeides lutescens South Africa R Aloeides merces South Africa I Aloeides nollothi South Africa R Aloeides nubilus South Africa I Aloeides pringlei South Africa R Aloeides rossouwi South Africa V Arawacus aethesa Brazil R Aslauga australis Soudi Africa R Capys penningtoni South Africa E Chrysoritis cotrelli South Africa R Chrysoritis oreas Drakensburg Copper South Africa V Cyanophrys bertha Brazil I Cyclyrius mandersi Mauritius V Erikssonia acraeina South Africa R lolaus aphrmeoides (Epamera aphnaeoides) South Africa R lolaus lulua (.Pseiidiolaus lulua) White Spotted Sapphire South Africa 180 Invertebrates: insects Joiceya praeclarus Brazil Lepidochrysops bacchus Wineland Blue South Africa Lepidochrysops badhami South Africa Lepidochrysops balli South Africa Lepidochrysops jefferyi South Africa Lepidochrysops littoralis South Africa Lepidochrysops loewensteini South Africa Lepidochrysops lotana South Africa Lepidochrysops oosthuizen South Africa Lepidochrysops outeniqua South Africa Lepidochrysops penningtoru South Africa Lepidochrysops pephredo South Africa Lepidochrysops poseidon South Africa Lepidochrysops pringlei South Africa Lepidochrysops quickelbergei South Africa Lepidochrysops swanepoeli South Africa Lepidochrysops titei South Africa Lepidochrysops victori South Africa Lepidochrysops wykehami South Africa Lycaena dispar Large Copper Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland?; France; Georgia?; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova?; Mongolia?; Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Russia; R V R Slovakia; Switzerland; Turkey?; Ukraine; Yugoslavia; Lycaena hermes Hermes Copper Mexico; USA Maculinea alcon (including M. reheli) Alcon Large Blue Albania?; Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria?; Czech Republic?; Denmark; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan?; Lithuania; Moldova?; Netherlands; Poland?; Romania; Russia; Slovakia?; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Maculinea arion Large Blue Albania?; Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria?; China; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France: including Corsica; Georgia?; Germany; Greece; Hungary?; Iran?; Italy; Japan?; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lidiuania?; Moldova?; Poland; Romania?; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Maculinea arionides Greater Large Blue China; Japan; former USSR Maculinea nausithous Dusky Large Blue Armenia?; Austria; Bulgaria; Azerbaijan?; Belarus?; Czech Republic?; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan?; Moldova?; Poland; Romania?; Russia; Spain; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Maculinea teleius Scarce Large Blue Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic?; France; Georgia?; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan?; Mongolia?; Poland; Russia; Spain?; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Nolarthrinus binghami India Nirodia belphegor Brazil Orachrysops ariadne {Lepidochrysops ariadne) South Africa Orachrysops niobe South Africa 181 THREATENED SPEQES R Oreolyce dohertyi Naga Hedge Blue India V Oxychaeta dicksoni Dickson's Copper South Africa E Paralucia spinifera Bathurst Copper Australia R Phasis pringlei South Africa I Plebejus emigdionis San Emigdio Blue USA R Poecilmitis adonis South Africa R Poecilmitis aureus South Africa R Poecilmitis azurius South Africa R Poecilmitis balli South Africa R Poecilmitis daphne South Africa R Poecilmitis endymion South Africa R Poecilmitis henningi South Africa R Poecilmitis hyperion South Africa R Poecilmitis Irene South Africa R Poecilmitis kaplani South Africa R Poecilmitis lyncurium Tsomo River Copper South Africa I Poecilmitis lyndseyae South Africa I Poecilmitis orientalis South Africa I Poecilmitis pan South Africa R Poecilmitis penningtoni South Africa R Poecilmitis pyramus South Africa R Poecilmitis rileyi South Africa R Poecilmitis stepheni South Africa R Poecilmitis swanepoeli South Africa I Poecilmitis trimeni South Africa R Poecilmitis wykehami South Africa V Polyommatus humedasae Piedmont Anomalous Blue Italy R Polyommatus galloi Biggin's Anomalous Blue Italy V Polyommatiis golgus (Plebicula golgus) Sierra Nevada Blue Spain V Spindasis collinsi Tanzania K Strymon avalona Avalon Hairstreak USA V Styx infernalis Peru I Thestor brachycerus South Africa I Thestor compassbergae South Africa I Thestor dryburghi South Africa R Thestor kaplani Kaplan's Thestor South Africa R Thestor pringlei South Africa I Thestor rossouwi South Africa I Thestor stepheni South Africa R Thestor strutti South Africa 182 Invertebrates: insects I Thestor swanepoeli South Africa R Thestor tempe South Afiica R Thestor yildizae South Africa R Trimenia wallengrenii Wallengren's Copper South Africa V Uranothauma usambarae Tanzania Family DANAIDAE R Amauris comorana Comoro Islands R Amauris nossima Comoro Islands; Madagascar R Amauris phoedon Mauritius R Anetia briarea Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti R Anetia cubana Cuba R Anetia Jaegeri Dominican Republic; Haiti R Anetia pantheratus Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti K Danaus cleophile Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica R Euploea albicosta Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Euploea blossomae Philippines R Euploea caespes Indonesia R Euploea configurata Indonesia: Sulawesi R Euploea Cordelia Indonesia: Sulawesi R Euploea dentiplaga Indonesia R Euploea doretta Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago R Euploea eboraci Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago R Euploea eupator Indonesia: Sulawesi R Euploea euphon Mauritius; Rdunion; Rodrigues R Euploea gamelia Indonesia: Java R Euploea lacon Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago R Euploea latifasciata Indonesia: Sulawesi R Euploea magou Indonesia: Sulawesi R Euploea martinii Indonesia: Sumatra R Euploea mitra Seychelles R Euploea tobleri Philippines R Euploea tripunctata Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Idea electro Philippines R Idea iasonia Sri Lanka R Idea malabarica India K Idea tambusisiarm Sulawesi Tree Nymph Indonesia: Sulawesi R Ideopsis hewitsonii Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Ideopsis klassika Indonesia R Ideopsis oberthurii Indonesia R Parantica albata Indonesia: Java, Sumatra R Parantica clinias Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago R Parantica crowleyi Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan ; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak R Parantica dannatti Philippines E Parantica davidi Philippines 183 THREATENED SPECIES R Paralitica garamanris Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Islands K Paranlica kirbyi Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea R Paralitica kuekenthali Indonesia: Sulawesi R Paralitica marcia Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Paralitica menadensis Indonesia: Sulawesi R Paralitica milagros Philippines R Paralitica nilgiriensis India R Paralitica philo Indonesia R Paralitica phyle Philippines R Paralitica pseudomelaneus Indonesia: Java R Paralitica pumila New Caledonia R Paralitica rotundata Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago R Paralitica schoenigi Philippines R Paralitica sulewattan Indonesia: Sulawesi R Paralitica taprobana Sri Lanka R Paralitica tityoides Indonesia: Sumatra R Paralitica toxopei Indonesia: Sulawesi R Paralitica wegneri Indonesia R Paralitica weiskei Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea R Protoploea apatela Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea R Tiradelphe schneideri Solomon Islands R Tirunuda euploeomorpha Solomon Islands R Tirunuda gautama China: Hainan; India: Nicobar Islands; Malaysia: Langkawi Islands; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam Family SATYRDDAE E Coenonympha oedippus False Ringlet Austria; Belgium; France; Germany; Hungary, Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan?; Liechtenstein; Mongolia?; Poland; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Switzerland; Ukraine V Erebia christi Raetzer's Ringlet Italy; Switzerland I Erebia gorgone Gavamie Ringlet France; Spain R Erebia ottomana Ottoman Brassy Ringlet Albania; Bulgaria; France; Greece; Italy; Turkey; Yugoslavia R Erebia scipio Larche Ringlet France; Italy R Erebia sthennyo False Dewy Ringlet Prance; Spain V Erebia sudetica Sudeten Ringlet Austria; Czech Republic?; France; Hungary; Italy; Poland; Romania; Slovakia?; Switzerland R Lethe distans Scarce Red Forester India; Myanmar R Lethe margaritae Bhutan; India R Lethe ramadeva Bhutan; India; Myanmar R Lethe satyavati India V Stygionympha dicksoni Dickson's Brown South Africa 184 Invertebrates: insects Family NYMPHALIDAE I Anaea floridalis Florida Leafwing USA I Antanartia borbonica Madagascar. Mauritius: Rdunion R Apaturopsis kilusa Madagascar R Apaturopsis pauliani Madagascar E Boloria acrocnema Uncompahgre FritiUary Butterfly USA R Charaxes cowani Madagascar V Charaxes marieps South Africa V Charaxes usambarae Tanzania V Cymolhoe amaniensis Tanzania R Cymothoe aurivillii Tanzania V Cymothoe magambae Tanzania R Cymothoe melanjae Malawi V Cymothoe teita Kenya I Euryphura achlys Mottled Green Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; South Afirica; Tanzania; Zimbabwe I Euthalia malapana Taiwan R Euxanthe madagascariensis Madagascar V Fabriciana elisa Corsican FritiUary France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia E Heliconius nattereri Natterer's Longwing Brazil E Hypodryas maturna Scarce FritiUary Austria; Belgium; Czech RepubUc?; France; Germany: Greece: Hungary; Kazakhstan?: Lithuania: Luxemburg: Poland: Romania; Russia; Sweden; Yugoslavia V Hypolimiias antevorta Tanzania R Neptis manasa Pale Hockeystick SaUer China; India R Neptis nycteas India: Sikkim E Phalanta philiberti SeycheUes E Phyciodes batesi Tawny Crescent Butterfly USA I Salamis angustina Salamis Retrecie Madagascar. Mauritius; Reunion I Sasakia charonda Japan; Taiwan R Smerina manoro Madagascar I Speyeria idalia Regal FritiUary Canada; USA Family ACRAEIDAE R Acraea hova Madagascar R Acraea sambavae Madagascar Fanuly PYRALIDAE V Kupea electilis New Zealand I Margaronia cyanomichla Blue Margaronian USA: Hawaiian Islands I Margaronia exaula Green Margaronian USA: Hawaiian Islands I Oeoblia dryadopa Ohenaupaka Oeobian Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands 185 THREATENED SPECIES Family GEOMETRIDAE Acalyphes philorites Australia: Tasmania Dirce aesiodora Australia: Tasmania Dirce lunaris Australia: Tasmania Dirce oriplancta Australia: Tasmania Dirce Solaris Australia: Tasmania Fletcherana ioxantha loxantha Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands Family LASIOCAMPmAE E Eriogaster catax Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; Slovakia; Spain; Yugoslavia V Phyllodesnta ilicifolia Small Lappet Moth ?Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Quna; Czech Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Italy?; Japan; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania?; Mongolia?; Norway?; Poland; Romaiua; Russia; Slovakia?; Spain?; Sweden; Switzerland?; Ukraine? Family SATURNIDDAE V Graellsia isabelae Spanish Moon Moth France; Spain Family SPHINGIDAE V Euproserpinus euterpe Kern Primrose Sphinx Moth USA E Euproserpinus wiesri Prairie Sphinx Moth USA V Hyles hippophaes ?Afghanistan; Armenia?; Azerbaijan?; China: Xinjiang; France; Georgia?; Germany; Greece; Iran; Iraq?; Kazakhstan?; Kyrgyzstan?; Mongolia; Pakistan?; Romania; Spain; Switzerland; Syria; Tajikistan?; Turkey; Turkmenistan?; Uzbekistan?; Yugoslavia E Manduca blackburni Blackburn's Sphinx Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) V Proserpinus proserpina Willowherb Hawkmoth ?Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belgium; Bulgaria; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iran; Iraq?; Italy; Lebanon; Kazakhstan?: Morocco; Portugal; Spain; Switzerland; Syria?; Turkey; Turkmenistan?; Uzbekistan Family NOCTUIDAE I Catocala marmorata Marbled Underwing Moth USA I Catocala pretiosa Precious Underwing Moth USA I Erythroecia hebardi Hebard's Noctuid Moth USA I Lithophane lemmeri Letnmer"s Noctuid Moth USA I Pyreferra ceromatica Ceromatic Noctuid Moth Canada; USA ^ Order HYMENOPTERA Family EUPELMIDAE I Eupelmus nihoaensis Nihoa Eupelmus Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Family BETHYLIDAE I Sclerodermus nihoaensis Nihoa Sclerodermus Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Family MUTILLIDAE I Myrmosula pacifica Antioch MutiUid Wasp USA Family FORMICIDAE K Aneuretus simoni Sri Lankan Relict Ant Sri Lanka V Formica aquilonia European Red Wood Ant Austria; Belarus; Bulgaria; Finland; France; Germany; Italy; Latvia; Norway; Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; LInited Kingdom; Yugoslavia 186 Invertebrates: insects K Formica lugubris European Red Wood Ant Austria; Bulgaria; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Norway; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Formica polyctena European Red Wood Ant Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Formica pratensisi nigricans European Red Wood Ant Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Formica rufa European Red Wood Ant Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Etenmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lidiuania; Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Formica uralensis European Red Wood Ant Belarus, Denmark, Estonia. Finland. France, Germany; Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia. Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine Nothomyrmecia macrops Australian Ant Australia Family VESPIDAE E Odynerus niihauensis Niihau Vespid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands E Odynerus soror Soror Vespid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Family SPHECIDAE E Deinomimesa hawaiiensis Hawaiian Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands E Deinomimesa punae Puna Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands E Ectemnius curtipes Short-foot Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands E Ectemnius fulvicrus Brown Cross Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands E Ectemnius giffardi Giffaid's Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands E Ectemnius haleakalae Haleakala Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands I Eucerceris rujiceps Redheaded Sphecid Wasp USA E Nesomimesa kauaiensis Kauai Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands E Nesomimesa perkins USA: Hawaiian Islands E Nesomimesa sciopteryx Shade-winged Sphecid Wasp USA; Hawaiian Islands I Philanthus nasalis Antioch Sphecid Wasp USA Family MEGACfflLIDAE K Chalicodoma pluto Wallace's Giant Bee Indonesia: Moluccas Phylum ONYCHOPHORA Family PERIPATIDAE R Macroperipatus insularis Jamaica V Mesoperipatus tholloni Congo R Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis Jamaica V Speleoperipatus spelaeus Jamaica 187 THREATENED SPEQES Family PERIPATOPSIDAE V Opisthopatus roseus South Africa V Peripatoides indigo New Zealand R Peripatoides suteri New Zealand V Peripatopsis alba South Africa R Peripatopsis clavigera South Africa E Peripatopsis leonina South Africa: Signal Hill near Capetown V Tasmanipatus barretti Australia: Tasmania V Tasmanipatus anophthalmus Australia: Tasmania Phylum ECHINODERMATA Class ECHINOIDEA Order ECHINOIDA Family ECHINIDAE K Echinus esculentus European Edible Sea Urchin (North-east Atlantic) 188 List 2 EXTINCT SPECIES Vertebrates Class MAMMALIA Order DASYUROMORPHIA Family THYLACINIDAE Ex Thylacinus cynocephalus Thylacine Australia: Tasmania (1934) Order PERAMELEMORPfflA Family PERAMEUDAE Ex Chaeropus ecaudatus Pig-footed Bandicoot Australia (1907) Ex Macrotis leucura Lesser Bilby Australia (1931) Ex Perameles eremiana Desert Bandicoot Australia (1935) Order DIPROTODONTIA Family POTOROIDAE Ex Caloprymnus campestris Desert Rat-kangaroo Australia (1935) Ex Potorous platyops Broad-faced Potoroo Australia (1875) Family MACHiOPODIDAE Ex Lagorchestes asomatus Central Hare-wallaby Australia (1931) Ex Lagorchestes leporides Eastern Hare-wallaby Australia (1890) Ex Macropus greyi Toolache Wallaby Australia (1927) Ex Onychogalea lunata Crescent Nailtail Wallaby Australia (1964) Order INSECTIVORA Family NESOPHONTIDAE Nesophontes hypomicrus Atalaye Nesophontes Dominican Republic; Haiti Nesophontes micrus Western Cuban Nesophontes Cuba Nesophontes paramicrus Saint Michel Nesophontes Dominican Republic; Haiti Nesophontes zamicrus Haitian Nesophontes Dominican Republic; Haiti Nesophontes sp. Cayman Islands Order CHIROPTERA Family PTEROPODIDAE Ex Acerodon lucifer Panay Giant Fruit Bat Philippines: Panay (1888) Ex? Dobsonia chapmani Philippine Bare-backed Fruit Bat Philippines: (Zebu, Negros (1964) Ex Nyctimene sanctacrucis Solomon Islands: Santa Cruz Islands Ex? Pteropus brunneus Australia: Percy Island Ex Pteropus loochoensis {Pteropus mariaimus loochoensis) Okinawa Flying-fox Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa) Ex Pteropus pilosus Palau Flying-fox Palau (19th C) Ex Pteropus subniger Mauritius: Reunion Ex? Pteropus tokudae Guam Flying-fox Guam (1968) Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE Ex Phyllonycteris major Puerto Rican Flower Bat Puerto Rico Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Ex? Kerivoula africana Tanzanian Woolly Bat Tanzania Ex Pipistrellus sturdeei Bonin Pipistrelle Japan: Ogasawara-shoto 191 EXTINCT SPECIES Family MYSTACINIDAE Ex Myslacina robusta New Zealand Greater Short-tailed Bat New Zealand: Big South Cape Island. Solomon Island (1960s) Order CARNIVORA Family CANIDAE Ex Dusicyon australis Falkland Island Wolf Falkland Islands (1876) Family PHOCIDAE Ex Monachus tropicalis Caribbean Monk Seal Bahamas; Colombia: Isla de Providencia; Cuba; Guadeloupe; Haiti: Alta Vela; Honduras; Jamaica: Pedro Cays; Mexico; USA (1962) Family PROCYONIDAE Ex? Procyon gloveralleni (Procyon lotor gloveralleni) Barbados Raccoon Barbados Order SIRENIA Family DUGONGIDAE Ex Hydrodamalis gigas Steller's Sea Cow (Bering Sea; North Pacific Ocean) Russia; USA? (1768) Order PERISSODACTYLA Family EQUIDAE Ex Equus quagga (Equus burchellii quagga) Quagga South Africa (1883) Order ARTIODACTYLA Family SUIDAE Ex? Sus bucculentus (Sus verrucosus bucculentus) Vietnam Warty Pig Viet Nam Family CERVIDAE Cervus schomburgki (Cervus duvaucetli schomburgki) Schomburgk's Deer Thailand (1932) Family BOVIDAE Ex Gazella rufina Red GazeUe Algeria (19th C) Ex Hippotragus leucophaeus Bluebuck South Africa (18(X)) Order RODENTIA Family MURIDAE Ex ConiluTus albipes Rabbit-eared Tree-rat Australia (1875) Ex? Crateromys paulus Din Island Cloud Rat Philippines: Din Island Ex? Leimacomys buettneri Togo Ex Leporillus apicalis Lesser Stick-nest Rat Australia (1933) Megalomys desmarestii Martinique Rice Rat Martinique (1902) Megalomys luciae Saint Lucia Rice Rat Saint Lucia (19th C) Nesoryzomys darwini Santa Cruz Rice Rat Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Ex Notomys amplus Short-tailed Hopping-mouse Australia (1894) Ex Notomys longicaudatus Long-tailed Hopping-mouse Australia (1901) Ex Notomys macrotis (includes A', megalotis) Big-eared Hopping-mouse Australia (pre 1850) Ex Notomys mordax Darling Downs Hopping-mouse Australia (pre 1846) Oligoryzomys victus Saint Vincent Rice Rat Saint Vincent (1897) 192 Vertebrates Ex? Oryzomys nelsoni Nelson's Rice Rat Mexico Ex Peromyscus pembertoni Pemberton's Deer Mouse Mexico: San Pedro Nolasco Island Ex Pitymys bavaricus Bavarian Pine Vole Germany Ex Pseudomys fieldi Alice Springs Mouse Australia (1895) Ex Pseudomys gouldii Gould's Mouse Australia (1930) Raltus macleari Maclear's Rat Christmas Island (1908) Rattus nativitatis Bulldog Rat Christmas Island (1908) Family ECHIMYIDAE Boromys offella Cuba Boromys torrei Cuba Brotomys contractus Dominican Republic; Haiti Brotomys voratus Dominican Republic; Haiti Family CAPROMYIDAE Capromys sp. Cayman Islands Geocapromys columbianus Cuba Geocapromys sp. Cayman Islands Isolobodon portoricensis Dominican Republic; Haiti [Puerto Rico] (20th C) Plagiodontia velozi Dominican Republic; Haiti Order LAGOMORPHA Family OCHOTONIDAE Ex Prolagus sardus Sardinian Pika Italy: Sardinia; France: Corsica (18th C) Class AVES Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Family DROMAHDAE Dromaius ater King Island Emu Australia: King Island Dromaius baudinianus {Dromaius diemenianus) Kangaroo Island Emu Australia: Kangaroo Island (1803) Family AEPYORNITHIDAE Aepyornis maximus Great Elephantbird Madagascar (1650) Family ANOMALOPTERYGIDAE Dinornis torosus Brawny Great Moa New Zealand (1670) Eurapteryx gravis Burly Lesser Moa New Zealand (1640) Megalaperyx didinus South Island Tokoweka New Zealand (1785) Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE Ex Podilymbus gigas Atitlan Grebe Guatemala (1980-1986/7) Order PROCELLARHFORMES Family PROCELLARIIDAE Pterodroma sp. Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) Order PELICANIFORMES Family PHALACROCORACIDAE PhalacTocorax perspicillatus PaUas's Cormorant Russia: Bering Straits (1852) 193 EXTINCT SPECIES Order CICONnPORMES Family ARDEIDAE Ixohrychus novaezelandiae Black-backed Bittern New Zealand (1900) Nycticorax mauritianus Mauritius Night-heron Mauritius (by 1700) Nycticorax megacephalus Rodrigues Night-heron Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761) Nycticorax sp. Reunion (by 1700) Family QCONIIDAE Ciconia sp. Reunion (1674) Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Borbonibis latipes Rdunion Flightless Ibis Reunion (1773) Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE Alopochen mauritianus Mauritian Shelduck Mauritius (1698) Anas theodori Mauritian Duck Mauritius; ?R6union (1696) Camptorhynchus labradorius Labrador Duck Canada; USA (1878) Cygnus sumnerensis Chatham Island Swan New Zealand: Chatham Island (1590-1690) Mergus australis Auckland Islands Merganser New Zealand (1905) Ex Rhodonessa caryophytlacea Pink-headed Duck India: Myanmar, Nepal (1935) Order FALCONIFORMES Family FALCONIDAE Falco sp. Reunion (1674) Ex Polyborus lutosus Guadalupe Caracara Mexico: Guadalupe Island (1900) Order GALLIFORMES Family PHASIANIDAE Coturnix novaezelandiae New Zealand Quail New Zealand (1875) Ex Ophrysia superciliosa Himalayan Quail India (1868) Order GRUIFORMES Family RALUDAE Aphanapteryx bonasia Red Rail Mauritius (1700) Aphanapteryx leguafi Rodrigues Rail Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761) Atlantisia elpenor Ascension Flightless Crake United Kingdom: Ascension Island (1656) Fulica newtoni Mascaiene Coot Mauritius; Rdunion (1693) Gallinula pacifica Samoan Moorhen Western Samoa: Savaii (1908-1926) Gallirallus dieffenbachii Dieffenbach's Rail New Zealand: Chatham Island (1840) Gallirallus lafresnayanus New Caledonian Rail New Caledonia (1904) Gallirallus modestus Chatham Islands Rail New Zealand: Chatham Island (1900) Gallirallus pacificus Tahiti Rail French Polynesia (1773-4) Gallirallus wakensis Wake Island Rail USA: Wake Island (1945) Ex Nesoclopeus woodfordi Woodford's Rail Papua New Guinea; ?SoIomon Islands: Guadalcanal, Santa Isabel (1936) 194 Vertebrates Porphyria albus (Notoniis alba) Lord Howe Swamphen Australia: Lord Howe Island (1834) Porzana monasa Kosrae Crake Federated States of Micronesia (1827) Porzana palmeri Laysan Crake USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1944) Porzana sandwichensis Hawaiian Crake USA: Hawaiian Islands (1898) Order CHARADRHFORMES Family SCOLOPAODAE Prosobonia leucoptera Tahitian Sandpiper French Polynesia; Moorea. Tahiti (1773) Family CHARADRICDAE Haematopus meadewaldoi Canary Islands Oystercatcher Spain: Canary Islands (1913) Family LARIDAE Alca impennis Great Auk Canada; Denmark: Faeroe Islands: Greenland; Iceland; Russia; United Kingdom (1844) Order COLUMBIFORMES FamUy RAPHIDAE Pezophaps solitaria Rodrigues Solitaire Mauritius: Rodrigues (1765^ Raphus cucullatus Dodo Mauritius (1665) Raphus solitarius Reunion Solitaire Reunion (1710-1715) Family COLUMBIDAE Alectroenas nitidissima Mauritius Blue Pigeon Mauritius (1835) 'Alectroenas' rodericana Rodrigues Pigeon Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) Ex Ex Columba jouyi Ryukyu Pigeon Japan: Nansei-shoto (1936) Columba versicolor Bonin Wood Pigeon Japan: Ogasawara-shoto (1889) Eclopistes migratorius Passenger Pigeon USA (1914) Microgoura meeki Choiseul Pigeon Solomon Islands: (Zhoiseul (1904) Ptilinopus mercierii Red-moustached Fruit-Dove French Polynesia: ?Fatuhiva, Hivaoa, ?Tahuata (1922) Order FSITTACIFORMES Family LORIIDAE Charmosyna diadema New Caledonian Lorikeet New Caledonia (1860) Family PSITTAC3DAE Ara tricolor Cuban Red Macaw Cuba (1885) Conuropsis carolinensis Carolina Parakeet USA (1914) Cyanoramphus ulietanus Raiatea Parakeet French Polynesia: Raiatea (1773) Cyanoramphus zealandicus Black-fronted Parakeet French Polynesia: Tahiti (1844) 'Lophopsittacus' bensoni Mauritius Grey Parrot Mauritius (1765) Lophopsittacus mauritianus Mauritius Parrot Mauritius (1675) Mascarinus mascarinus Mascarene Patrot Reunion (1775 in wUd, 1834 in captivity) 'Necropsittacus' rodericanus Rodrigues Parrot Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761) 195 EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Nestor productus Norfolk Island Kaka Norfolk Island (1851) Psephotus pulcherrimus Paradise Parrot Australia (1927) Ex Psittacula exsul Newton's Parakeet Mauritius: Rodrigues (1876) Psittacula wardi Seychelles Parrot SeycheUes (1870) Order CUCULIFORMES Family CUCULIDAE Ex Coua delalandei Snail-eating Coua Madagascar (1930) Order STRIGIFORMES Family STRIGIDAE 'Athene' murivora Rodrigues Little Owl Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) ?Sauzieri sp. Mauritian Owl Maiuitius Ex Sceloglaux albifacies Laughing Owl New Zealand (1914) 'Scops' commersoni Mauritian Owl Mauritius (1836) Family AEGOTHELIDAE Aegotheles savesi New Caledonian Owlet-nightjar New Caledonia (1880) Order APODIFORMES Family TROCHILIDAE Chlorostilbon bracei Grace's Emerald Bahamas (1877) Order PASSERIFORMES Family XENICIDAE Xenicus lyalli Stephens Island Wren New Zealand: Stephens Island (1874) Family PYCNONOTIDAE Hypsipetes sp. Mauritius: Rodrigues (1600s?) Family MUSCICAPIDAE Ex Eutrichomyias rowleyi Cerulean Paradise-Flycatcher Indonesia: Sangihe (1978) Gerygone insularis Lord Howe Gerygone Australia: Lord Howe Island Turnagra capensis Piopio New Zealand (1955) Tardus ravidus Grand Cayman Thrush Cayman Islands (1938) Zoothera terrestris Bonin Thrush Japan: Ogasawara-shoto (1928) Family ZOSTEROPIDAE Zosterops strenuus Robust White-eye Australia: Lord Howe Island (1928) Family MELIPHAGIDAE Chaetoptila angustipluma Kioea USA: Hawaiian Islands (1860) Moho apicalis OahuOo USA Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1837) Moho nobilis Hawaii Oo USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (1934) Family DREPANIDAE Chloridops kona Kona Grosbeak USA: Hawaiian Islands (1894) Ciridops anna Ula-ai-hawane USA: Hawaiian Islands (1892) Drepanis funerea Black Mamo USA: Hawaiian Islands (1907) Drepanis pacifica Hawaii Mamo USA: Hawaiian Islands (1899) 196 Vertebrates Ex Paroreomyza flammea Molokai Creeper USA; Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) (1963) Rhodacanthis flaviceps Lesser Koa-finch USA: Hawaiian Islands (1891) Rhodacanthis palmeri Greater Koa-finch USA: Hawaiian Islands (1896) Viridonia sagittirostris Greater Amakihi USA: Hawaiian Islands (1900) Family ICTERIDAE Quiscalus palustris Slender-billed Grackle Mexico (1910) Family FRINGILLIDAE Chaunoproctus ferreorostris Booin Grosbeak Japan; Ogasawara-shoto (1890) Spiza townsendi Townsend's Fmch USA (1833) Family PLOCEIDAE Foudia sp. Reunion Fody Reunion (1671) FamUy STURNIDAE Aplonis corvina Kosrae Mountain Starling Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae (1828) Aplonis fusca Tasman Starling Australia; Lord Howe Island. Norfolk Island Aplonis mavornata Mysterious Starling Unknown (1825) Ex Aplonis pelzelni Pohnpei Starling Federated States (1956) Fregilupus varius R^imion Starling Rdunion (1854) NecTospar rodericanus Rodrigues Starling Mauritius; Rodrigues (1726) of Micronesia: Pahnpei Family CALLAEIDAE Heteralocha acutirostris Huia New Zealand (1907) Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINES Family TESTUDINIDAE Cylindraspis borbonica Reunion (1800) Cylindraspis indica Reunion (1800) Cylindraspis inepta Mauritius (early 18tli C) Cylindraspis peltastes Mauritius: Rodrigues (1800) Cylindraspis triserrata Mauritius (early 18th C) Cylindraspis vosmaeri Mauritius; Rodrigues (1800) Order SAURIA FamUy GEKKONIDAE Hoplodactylus delcourti New Zealand (mid 19th C) Ex Phelsuma gigas (includes P. edwardnewlonii and P. newtonii) Rodrigues Day Gecko Mauritius: Rodrigues Family IGUANIDAE Leiocephalus eremitus USA; Navassa Island (1900) Leiocephalus herminieri Martinique (1830s) Family IHUDAE Ameiva cineracea Guadeloupe (early 20th C) Ameiva major Martinique Cjiant Ameiva Martinique Family SCINODAE Leiolopisma mauritiana Mauritius (1600) Ex? Macroscincus coctei Cape Verde Giant Skink Cape Verde; Branco. Razo (early 20th O 197 EXTINCT SPECffiS Ex? Tachygia microlepis Tonga Ground Skink Tonga: Tongatapu Ex? Tetradactylus eastwoodae Eastwood's Longtailed Seps South Africa Family ANGUIDAE Ex? Celestus occiduus Jamaica Giant Galliwasp Jamaica (1840) Order SERPENTES Family TYPHLOPIDAE Typhlops cariei Mauritius (17tli C) Family BOIDAE Ex? Bolyeria muUocarinata Round Island Boa Mauritius: Round Island (1975) Family COLUBRIDAE Alsophis sancticrucis Saint Croix Racer Virgin Islands of the United States (20th C) Class AMPfflBIA Order ANURA Family DISCOGLOSSIDAE Ex? Discoglossus nigriventer Israel Painted Frog Israel: Lake Huleh (1940) Family RANIDAE Ex? Arthroleptides dutoiti Kenya: Mt. Elgon Ex? Rana fisheri (Rana onca. Rana pipiens fisheri) Vegas Valley Leopard Frpg USA (1960) Ex? Rana tlaloci Mexico Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES Family PETROMYZONTIDAE Ex Lampetra minima Miller Lake Lamprey USA (1953) Class ACTE^OPTERYOn Order CYPRINIFORMES Family CYPRINIDAE Ex? Acanthobrama hulensis Israel: Lake Huleh Ex? Cyprinus yilongensis China: Yunnan Province Ex Evarra bustamantei Mexican Dace Mexico (1970) Ex Evarra eigenmanni Mexican Dace Mexico (1970) Ex Evarra tlahuacensis Mexican Dace Mexico (1970) Ex Gila crassicauda Thicktail Chub USA (1957) Ex Lepidomeda altivelis Pahranagat Spinedace USA (1940) Ex Notropis amecae Ameca Shiner Mexico (1970) Ex Notropis autidion Durango Shiner Mexico (1965) Ex Notropis orca Phantom Shiner Mexico; USA (1975) Ex Pogonichthys ciscoides Clear Lake Splittail USA (1970) Ex Rhinichthys deaconi Las Vegas Dace USA (1955) Ex Stypodon signifer Stumptooth Minnow Mexico (1930) Family CATOSTOMIDAE Ex Chasmistes muriei Snake River Sucker USA (1928) Ex Lagochila lacera Harelip Sucker USA (1910) 198 Vertebrates Order SILURIFORMES Family TRICHOMYCTERIDAE Ex Rhizosomichthys totae Colombia: Lake Tota Order SALMONIFORMES Family RETROPEWIDAE Ex Prototroctes oxyrhynchus New Zealand Grayling New Zealand (192Qs) FamUy SALMONIDAE Ex Coregonus alpenae Longjaw Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA (1978) Ex Coregonus johannae Deepwater Cisco (Great Lakes) Canada; USA (1955) Ex Salvelinus agassid Silver Trout USA (1930) Order ATHERESflFORMES Family MELANOTAENIEDAE Ex? Melanolaenia eachamensis (possibly a form of M. spleiidida) Lake Eacham Rainbowfish Australia Order CYPRTNODONTIFORMES Family CYPRINODONTIDAE Ex Cyprinodon latifasciatus Perrito de Parras Mexico (1930) Ex? Cyprinodon spp. Perritos de Sandia Mexico Ex Fundulus albolineatus Whiteline Topminnow USA (1900) Family GOODEIDAE Ex Characodon garmani Parras Characodon Mexico (1900) Ex Empetrichthys merriami Ash Meadows Killifish USA (1953) Family POECILIIDAE Ex Gambusia amistadensis Amislad (jambusia USA (1973) Ex Gambusia georgei San Marcos (jambusia USA (1983) Ex Priapella bonita Guayacon Ojiazul Mexico Order SYNGNATHIFORMES Family SYNGNATHIDAE Ex Syngnathus watermayeri River Pipefish South Africa Order SCORPAENIFORMES Family COTTIDAE Ex Cottus echinatus Utah Lake Sculpin USA (1928) Order PERCIFORMES Family PERCIDAE Ex? Elheostoma sellare Maryland Darter USA Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class TURBELLARIA Order TRICLADIDA Family KENKIIDAE Ex? Romankenkius pedderensis Lake Pedder Planarian Australia: Tasmania Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order ARCHEOGASTROPODA Family LOTTBDAE Ex Lottia alveus Eelgrass Limpet USA 199 EXTINCT SPECIES Family HELICDSflDAE Ex Ogasawarana chichijimaim Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana habei Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana hirasei Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana metamorpha Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana rex Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana yoshiwarana Japan: Ogasawara Order MESOGASTROPODA FamUy CYCLOPHORIDAE Ex Cyclosurus mariei Mayotte Ex Cyclophorus horridulum Mayotte Family lOMATIASIDAE Ex Tropidophora carinata Mauritius; Rdunion (1881) Ex Tropidophora desmazuresi Mauritius: Rodrigues Ex Tropidophora semilirata Mayotte Family AQCULIDAE Ex? Renea bourguignatiana France; Italy Family HYDROBUDAE Ex Bythinella intermedia Austria Ex Bythiospeum pfeifferi Austria Ex? Bythiospeum tschapecki Austria Ex? Iglica gratulahunda Austria Ex Lithoglyphus umbilicata (Clappia umbilicata) Umbilicate Pebblesnaii USA Ex Ohridohauffenia drimica Yugoslavia (1980s) Ex? Posticobia norfolkensis Australia: Norfolk Island Family ASSIMINEIDAE Ex Conacmella vagans Japan: Ogasawara Ex Omphalotropis plicosa Mauritius Family PLEUROCERIDAE Ex Anculopsis anthonyix (Leptoxis anthonyix) Anthony's River Snail USA Ex Anculosa clipeata (Leptoxis clipeata) Agate Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa formanii (Leptoxis formanii) Interrupted Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa ligata (Leptoxis ligata) Rotund Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa lirata (Leptoxis lirata) Lyrate Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa occulata (Leptoxis occulata) Bigmouth Rocksnail USA Ex Aculopsis praerosa (Leptoxis praerosa) Onyx Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa showalteri (Leptoxis showalteri) Coosa Rocksnail USA Ex Anculosa vittala (Leptoxis vittata) Striped Rocksnail USA Ex Goniobasis alabamensis (Elimia alabamensis) Mud F.limi^ USA 200 Invertebrates Ex Goniobasis clausa (Elimia clausa) Closed Elimia USA Ex Goniobasis fusiformis (Elimia fusiformis) Fusiform Elimia USA Ex Goniobasis hartmanniana (Elimia hartmanniana) BUgh-spired Flimia USA Ex Goniobasis impressa (Elimia impressa) Constricted Flimia USA Ex Goniobasis Jonesi (Elimia jonesi) Hearty Elimia USA Ex Goniobasis laeta (Elimia laeta) Ribbed Flimia USA Ex Goniobasis pilsbryi (Elimia pilsbryi) Rough-lined Elimia USA Ex Goniobasis pupaeformis (Elimia pupaeformis) Pupa Elimia USA Ex Goniobasis pygmaea (Elimia pygmaea) Pygmy Flimia USA Ex Goniobasis varians (Elimia varians) Puzzle Flimia USA Ex Gyrotoma excisa Excised Slitshell USA (1924) Ex Gyrotoma lewisii Striate Slitshell USA (1924) Ex Gyrotoma pagoda Pagoda Slitshell USA (1924) Ex Gyrotoma pumila Ribbed SUtsheU USA (1924) Ex Gyrotoma pyramidata Pyramid Slitshell USA (1924) Ex Gyrotoma walkeri Round Slitshell USA (1924) Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family ACHATINELLIDAE Ex? Ackatinella abbreviata USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Ex Ex Ex Ackatinella budJii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella caesia USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Achatinella casta USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1963) (early 1900s) (early 1900s) Achatinella decora USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Ex? Achatinella dimorpha USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex? Achatinella elegans USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex? Achatinella juddii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex? Achatinella juncea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Achatinella lehuiensis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Achatinella livida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Achatinella papyracea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex? Achatinella rosea USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Achatinella spaldingi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Achatinella thaanumi USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Achatinella valida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Achatinella vittata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1952) (1958) (1922) (1945) (1949) (1938) (1900s) (1951) (1953) 201 EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Auriculella expansa Ex? Amastra umbilicata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Ex Auriculella uniplicala Ex Carelia anceophila USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Ex Lamellidea monodonta Ex Carelia bicolor Japan: Ogasawara USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1970) Ex Lamellidea nakadai Ex Carelia cochlea Japan: Ogasawara USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Ex Newcombia philippiana Ex Carelia cumingiana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Ex Partulina crassa Ex Carelia dolei USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai) (1914) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Ex Partulina montagui Ex Carelia evelynae USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1913) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Ex Perdicella fulgurans Ex Carelia glossema USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Ex Perdicella maniensis Ex Carelia hyattiana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Ex Perdicella zebra Ex Carelia kalalauensis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1945/47) Ex? Perdicella zebrina Ex Carelia knudseni USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Family AMASTRIDAE Ex Carelia lirata Ex Amastra albolabris USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Carelia lymani Ex Amastra cornea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Carelia mirabilis Ex Amastra crassilabrum USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Carelia necra Ex? Amastra elongata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Carelia olivacea Ex? Amastra forbesi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Carelia paradoxa Ex Amastra pellucida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Carelia periscelis Ex Amastra porcus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Carelia pilsbryi Ex Amastra reticulata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Carelia sp. Ex Amastra subrostrata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Carelia sinclairi Ex Amastra subsoror USA: Hawaiian Islands (Niihau) Ex USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Amastra tenuisoira Ex Carelia tenebrosa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) 2Q2 Invertebrates Ex Carelia turricula USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) Family PUPILLIDAE Ex? Leiostyla abbreviata Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Leiostyla cassida Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Leiostyla gibba Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Leiostyla keterodon Portugal: Madeira Ex? Leiostyla lamellosa Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Leiostyla simulator Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex Pupilla obliquicosta (Pupa obliquicosta) Saint Helena (1870s) Family VERTIGINIDAE Ex Campolaemus perexilis Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Gastrocopta chichijimana Japan: Ogasawara Ex Gastrocopta ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara Ex Lyropupa perlonga USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Nesopupa turtoni Saint Helena (1870s) Family CERASTUEDAE Ex Rhachis comorensis Mayotte Ex Rhachis sanguineus Mauritius Family PARTULIDAE Ex Partula qffinis French Polynesia: TaMti Ex Partula approximata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula atilis French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula attenuata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula aurantia French Polynesia: Mooiea Ex Partula auriculata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula Candida French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula castanea French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula cedistia French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula citrina French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula clara French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex Partula compacta French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula crassilabris French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula cuneata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula dolichostoma French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula exigua French Polynesia: Moorea (1977) Ex Partula filosa French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex Partula formosa French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula fusea French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula garretti French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula hyalina French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex Partula imperforata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula leptochila French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula levilineata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula levistriata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula lutea French Polynesia: BoraBora Ex Partula microstoma French Polynesia: Raiatea 203 EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Partula mirabilis French Polynesia: Moorea Ex Partula mooreana French Polynesia: Moorea Ex Partula nodosa French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex Partula otaheitana French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex Partula producta French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex Partula protea French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula protracta French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula radiata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula raiatensis French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula remota French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula rustica French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula salifana Mount Alifana Partula Guam Ex Partula suturalis Sutural Partula French Polynesia: Moorea Ex Partula taeniata French Polynesia: Moorea Ex Partula thalia French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula tohiveana Iiench Polynesia: Moorea Ex Partula tristis French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula turgida French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula variabilis French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula vittata French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Samoana abbreviata American Samoa (1940) Family ORTHAUCIDAE Ex Aspastus loyaltiensis (Leuchocharis loyaltiensis) New Caledonia (1900s) Ex Aspastus porphyrocheila (Leuchocharis porphyrocheila) New Caledonia (1900s) Family FERUSSACIIDAE Ex? Amphorella iridescens Portugal: Madeira Ex? Cecilioides eulima Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Family SUBULINIDAE Ex Chilonopsis blofeldi Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis exulatus Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis helena Samt Helena (1870s) Ex? Chilonopsis melanoides Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis nonpareil Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis subplicatus Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis subtruncatus Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Chilonopsis turtoni Saint Helena (1870s) Family STREPTAXTOAE Ex Edentulina thomasetti SeycheUes (1908) Ex Gibbus lyonetianus Mauritius (1905) Ex Gonidomus newtoni Mauritius (1867) Ex Gonospira nevilli Mauritius Ex? Gulella antelmiana Mauritius Ex Gulella mayottensis Mayotte Family ENDODONTIDAE Ex Hirasea biconcava Japan: Ogasawara 204 Invertebrates Ex Hirasea eutheca Japan: Ogasawara Ex Hirasea goniobasis Japan: Ogasawara Ex Hirasea hypolia Japan: Ogasawara Ex Hirasea major Japan: Ogasawara Ex Hirasea nesiotica Japan: Ogasawara Ex Hirasea planulata Japan: Ogasawara Ex Hirasea sinuosa Japan: Ogasawara Ex Hirasea clara (Hirasielia clara) Japan: Ogasawara Ex Kondoconcha othnius French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Libera subcavernula Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Ex Libera tumuloides Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Ex Mautodonlha acuticosta French Polynesia: Raialea (1880s) Ex Mautodonlha boraborensis French Polynesia: Borabora (1880s) Ex Mautodonlha ceuthma French Polynesia: Raivavae (1880s) Ex Mautodontha consimilis French Polynesia: Raiatea (1880s) Ex Mautodontha consobrina French Polynesia: Huahine (1880s) Ex Mautodontha maupiensis French Polynesia: Maupiti (1880s) Ex Mautodontha parvidens French Polynesia: Society Islands (1880s) Ex Mautodontha punctiperforata French Polynesia: Moorea (1880s) Ex Mautodontha saintjohni French Polynesia: Borabora (1880s) Ex Mautodontha subtilis French Polynesia: Huahine (1880s) Ex Mautodontha unilamellata Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Ex Mautodontha zebrina Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Ex Opanara altiapica French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Opanara areaensis French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Opanara bitridentata French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Opanara caliculata French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Opanara depasoapicata French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Opanara duplicidentata French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Opanara fosbergi French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Opanara megomphala French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Opanara perahuensis French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Orangia cookei French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Orangia maituatensis French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Orangia sporadica French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Ptychodon dianae (P seudohelenoconcha dianae) Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Ptychodon laedssima iPseudohelennconcha laelissima) Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Ptychodon persoluta (Pseudohelenoconcha persoluta) Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Ptychodon spurca (Pseudohelenoconcha spurca) Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Rhysoconcha atanuiensis French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Rhysoconcha variumbilicata French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Ruatara koarana French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Ruatara oparica French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) 205 EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Taipidon anceyana French Polynesia: Hiva Oa (1880s) Ex Taipidon marquesana French Polynesia: Nuku ffiva (1880s) Ex Taipidon octolamellata French Polynesia: Hiva Oa (1880s) Ex Thaumatodon multilamellata Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1880s) Family CHAROPIDAE Ex Helenoconcha leplalea Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Helenoconcha minulissima Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Helenoconcha polyodon Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Helenoconcha pseustes Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Helenoconcha sexdentata Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Helenodiscus bilamellata Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Helenodiscus vernoni Samt Helena (1870s) Ex Sinployea canalis Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Sinployea decorticata Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Sinployea harveyensis Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Sinployea otareae Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Sinployea planospira Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Sinployea proximo Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Sinployea rudis Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Sinployea lenuicostata Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Sinployea youngi Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Family DISCIDAE Ex? Discus guerinianus Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Family SUCCINEIDAE Ex Succinea guamensis Guam Family HELDCARIONIDAE Ex? Caldwellia philyrina Mauritius Ex Ctenoglypta newtoni Mauritius (1871) Ex? Erepta stylodon Mauritius Ex Erepta ne villi Mauritius Ex Harmogenanina linophora Mauritius; Reunion Ex Harmogenanina subdetecta Reunion Ex Pachystyla rufozonata Mauritius (1869) Family ARIOPHANTIDAE Ex Colparion madgei Mauritius: Rodrigues (1938) Ex Vitrinula chaunax Japan: Ogasawara Ex Vitrinula chichijimana Japan: Ogasawara Ex Vitrinula hahajimana Japan: Ogasawara Family CAMAENIDAE Ex Mandarina luhuaim Japan: Ogasawara Family HEUCIDAE Ex Chilostoma ziegleri Austria Ex? Discula lyelliana Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Discula tetrica Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Geomitra delphinuloides Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex? Pseudocampylaea lowei Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) (late 19th C) Family ARIONIDAE Ex Arion simrothi Germany 206 Invertebrates Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONIDA Family UNIONIDAE Ex Alasmidonta robusta Cardina Elktoe USA Ex? Dysnomia arcaeformis? (Epioblasma arcaefonnis7) Sugarspoon USA (1940s) Ex Dysnomia biemarginata (Epioblasma biemarginata) Angled Riffleshell USA (1960s) Ex Dysnomia flexuosa (Epioblasma flexuosa) LeafsheU USA (1940s) Ex Dysnomia haysiana (Epioblasma haysiana) Acomshell USA Ex Dysnomia lefevrei (Epioblasma lefevrei) USA Ex Dysnomia lenior (Epioblasma lenior) Narrow Catspaw USA (1965) Ex? Dysnomia lewisiil (Epioblasma lewisiil) Forkshell USA (1964) Ex Dysnomia personata (Epioblasma personata) Round Combshell USA (1930) Ex Dysnomia propinqua (Epioblasma propinqua) Tennessee Riffleshell USA (1930) Ex Dysnomia sampsoni (Epioblasma sampsoni) Wabash RifflesheU USA (1950s/60s) Ex Dysnomia stewardsoni (Epioblasma stewardsoni) Cumberland LeafsheU USA (1930) Phylum ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA Order AMPHIPODA Family PARAMELITIDAE Ex? Austrogammarus australis Australia: Melbourne, Victoria Family CRANGONYCTIDAE Ex Slygobromus lucifugus Rubious Cave Amphipod USA Order DECAPODA Family ATYIDAE Syncaris pasadenas Pasadena Freshwater Shrimp USA (1933) Family ASTACHDAE Ex? Pacifastacus nigrescens Sooty Crayfish USA (1860s) Class INSECTA Order EPHEMEROPTERA Family SIPHLO^fURIDAE Ex Acanthometropus pecatonica Pecatonica River Mayfly USA (1927) Family EPHEMERIDAE Ex Pantagenia robusta Robust Burrowing Mayfly USA Order ODONATA Family COENAGRIONIDAE Ex? Megalagrion jugorum Jugorum Megalagrion Damselfly USA; Hawaiian Islands Family GOMPHIDAE Ex? Ophiogomphus edmundo Edmund's Snaketail Dragonfly USA Family UBELLUUDAE Ex? Sympetrum dilatatum Saint Helena 207 EXTINCT SPECIES Order ORTHOPTERA Family TETTIGONIIDAE Ex Neduba exrincta Antioch Dunes Shieldback Katydid USA (1937) Order PHASMATOPTERA Family PHASMATEDAE Ex? Dryococelus australis Lord Howe Island Stick-insect Australia: Lord Howe Island. Ball's Pyramid (1970s) Order PLECOPTERA Family CHLOROPERLIDAE Ex Alloperla roherti Robert's Stonefly USA Order HOMOPTERA Family PSEUDOCOCCIDAE Ex Clavicoccus erinaceus USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Phyllococcus oahuensis USA: Hawaiian Islands Order COLEOPTERA Family CARABIDAE Mecodema punctellum New Zealand: Stephens Island Family DYTISCIDAE Ex? Hygrotus artus Mono Lake Diving Beetle USA Ex? Megadytes ducalis Brazil Ex? Rhantus alutaceus New Caledonia Ex? Rhantus novacaledoniae New Caledonia Ex? Rhantus orbignyi Argentina; Brazil Ex? Rhantus papuanus Papua New Guinea Ex? Siettitia balsetensis Perrin's Cave Beetle France Family CERAMBYCIDAE Ex Xylotoles costatus New Zealand: Chatham Island (1930s) Family CHJRCULIONIDAE Ex Dryophthorus distinguendus USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Dryotribus mimeticus USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex? Hadramphus tuberculatus New Zealand (1910) Ex Macrancylus linearis USA; Hawaiian Islands Ex Oedemasylus laysanensis USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex? Pentarthrum blackburni Blackburn's Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands Rhyncogonus bryani USA; Hawaiian Islands Ex? Trigonoscuta rossi Fort Ross Weevil USA Ex? Trigonoscuta yorbalindae Yorba Linda Weevil USA Order DIPTERA Family TABANIDAE Ex Stonemyia voluliiia Volutine Stoneyian Tabanid Fly USA Family DOUCHOPODIDAE Ex Campsicnemus mirabilis USA; Hawaiian Islands Family DROSOPHILIDAE Ex Drosophila lanaiensis USA: Hawaiian Islands Order TRICHOPTERA Family RHYACOPHILIDAE Ex Rhyacophila amabilis Castle Lake Caddisfly USA Family HYDROPSYCHIDAE Hydropsyche tobiasi Tobias' Caddisfly Germany (1920s) 208 Invertebrates Family LEPTOCERIDAE Ex Triaenodes phalacris Athens Caddisfly USA Ex Triaenodes tridonata Three-tooth Caddisfly USA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family NEPTICULIDAE Ex? Eclodemia castaneae American Chestnut Moth USA Ex? Ectodemia phleophaga Phleophagan Chestnut Moth USA Family TISCHERirDAE Ex? Tischeria perplexa Chestnut Clearwing Moth USA Family COLEOPHORIDAE Ex? Coleophora leucochrysella USA Family ARGYRESTHIIDAE Ex? Argyreslhia castaneela Chestnut Ermine Moth USA Family ZYGAENIDAE Levuana irridescens Levuana Motli USA; Hawaiian Islands (1929) Family LYCAENIDAE Ex Deloneura immaculata South Africa Ex Glaucopsyche xerces Xerces Blue USA (early 1940s) Ex Lepidochrysops hypopolia South Africa Family LIBYTHEIDAE Ex Libythea cinyras Mauritius (1865) Family PYRALIDAE Genophantis leahi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Hedylepta asaphrombra USA: Hawaiian Islands (1970s) Hedylepta continuatalis USA: Hawaiian Islands (1958) Hedylepta epicentra USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Hedylepta euryprora USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Hedylepta fullawayi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Hedylepta laysanensis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) Hedylepta meyricki USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Hedylepta musicola USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui, Molokai) Hedylepta telegrapha USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Oeobia sp. USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1911) Family GEOMETRIDAE Ex? Scotorythra megalophylla Kona Giant Looper Modi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (early 1900s) Ex? Scotorythra nesiotes Ko'olau Giant Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Ex? Scotorythra paratactis Hawaiian Hopseed Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Ex? Trilocleis microphylla Ola 'a Peppered Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (1890s) Family SPHINGIDAE Ex? Tinostoma smaragditis Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kauai USA: Hawaiian Islands Family NOCTLODDAE Ex? Agrotis crinigera Poko Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (1926) Ex Agrotis fasciata Midway Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Midway) 209 EXTINCT SPECIES Ex? Agrotis kerri Kerr's Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Frencli Frigate Shoals) (1923) Ex Agrotis laysanensis Laysan Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1911) Ex Agrotis photophila USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Agrotis procellaris USA: Hawaiian Islands (pre 1900) Ex? Helicoverpa confusa Confused Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (post 1927) Ex Helicoverpa minuta Minute Noctuid Modi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lisianski) (pre 1911) Ex Hypena laysanensis Laysan Dropseed Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (1911) Ex? Hypena newelli Hilo Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Ex? Hypena plagiota Lovegrass Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu) Ex? Hypena senicula Kaholuamano Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) 210 Lists THREATENED GENERA (etc) THREATENED GENERA (etc) Class ACTTNOPTERYGn Order PERCIFORMES Family QCHLIDAE I Haplochromine spp. (> 250 spp.) Lake Victoria cichlid fishes (Lake Victoria) Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda I Tilapiine spp. (2 spp.) Lake Victoria cichlid fishes (Lake Victoria) Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda Phylum ANNELIDA Class OLIGOCHAETA Order HAPLOTAXIDA Family MICKOCHAETIDAE V Microchaetus (23 species) South African Giant Earthworms South Africa V Proatidricus (17 species) South African Giant Earthworms South Africa V Tritogenia (approx. 13 species) South African Giant Earthwonns South Africa Family ACANTHODRDLIDAE V Chilola (13 species) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthwonns South Africa V Diplotrema (15 species) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms South Africa V Microscolex (3 species) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms Lesotho; South Africa V Udeina (59 species) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms Lesotho; South Africa Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order COLEOPTERA Family ELATERIDAE E Eopenthes (17 species) Hawaiian Click Beetles USA: Hawaiian Islands I Itodacnus spp. Necker Click Beetles USA: Hawaiian Islands Family (3RAMBYCIDAE E Plagithmysus (49 species) USA: Hawaiian Islands Family AGLYCYDERIDAE E Proterhinus (72 species) Hawaiian Proterhinus Beetles USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CURCULIONIDAE I Oodemas (whole genus) Windward Chain Weevils USA: Hawaiian Islands E Rhyncogonus (22 species) (at least one species extinct) Hawaiian Snout Beetles USA: Hawaiian Islands Order LEPIDOPTERA Family PYRALIDAE I Hedylepta (14 species) (some species listed in extinct section) Hedyleptan Moths USA: Hawaiian Islands Order HYMENOPTERA Family COLLETTOAE I Hylaeus (64 species) (Nesoprnsopis) (some species probably extmct) Yellow-faced Bee USA: Hawaiian Islands 213 List 4 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Vertebrates Class MAMMALIA Order CHIROPTERA Family PTEROPODIDAE V Pteropus seychellensis aldabrensis Aldabra Flying-fox Seychelles: Aldabra AtoU Family VESPERTILIONIDAE I Lasiurus cinereus semotus Hawaiian Hoary Bat USA: Hawaiian Islands K Myotis formosus bartelsi (M. bartelsi) Barters Myotis Indonesia: Java R Myotis formosus hermani (M. Iiermani) Herman's Myotis Indonesia: Sumatra Order PRIMATES Family LEMURIDAE E Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis Alaotran Gentle Lemur Madagascar K Hapalemur griseus griseus Grey Gentle Lemur Madagascar V Hapalemur griseus occidentalis Western Gentle Lemur Madagascar R Eulemur fulvus albifrons White-fronted Lemur Madagascar V Eulemur fulvus albocollaris White-collared Lemur Madagascar V Eulemur fulvus collaris Collared Lemur Madagascar R Eulemur fulvus fulvus Brown Lemur Madagascar V Eulemur fulvus mayottensis Mayotte Lemur Mayotte R Eulemur fulvus rufus (E. macaco rufus) Red-fronted Lemur Madagascar V Eulemur fulvus sanfordi (E. macaco sanfordi) Sanford's Lemur Madagascar E Eulemur macaco flavifrons Sclater's Lemur Madagascar V Eulemur macaco macaco Black Lemur Madagascar Family CALLITRICHIDAE E Callithrix argentata leucippe Golden-white Bare-ear Marmoset Brazil E Saguinus bicolor bicolor Pied Tamarin Brazil V Saguinus fuscicollis leucogenys Andean Saddle-back Tamarin Peru V Saguinus imperator imperator Black-chinned Emperor Tamarin Bolivia: Brazil; Peru Family CEBIDAE E Alouatta fusca fusca Northern Brown Howling Monkey Brazil E Aloutta belzebul ululata Red-handed Howling Monkey Brazil E Aloutta palliata aequatorialis South Pacific Blackish Howling Monkey Colombia; Ecuador; Panama?; Peru V Aotos lemurinus griseimembra Night Monkey Colombia E Ateles belzebuth hybridus Hybrid Spider Monkey Colombia; Venezuela E Ateles belzebuth marginatus White-whiskered Spider Monkey Brazil 217 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES V CalUcebus cupreus omatus Ornate Titi Colombia E CalUcebus personatus barbarabrownae Northern Bahian Blond Titi Brazil E CalUcebus personatus melanochir Southern Bahian Masked Titi Brazil E CaUicebus personatus nigrifrons Black-fronted Titi BrazU E CaUicebus personatus personatus Northern Masked Titi Brazil V CaUicebus torquatus lucifer Widow Monkey Brazil; Colombia; Peru V Cebus albifrons cuscinus White-fronted Capuchin Bolivia?; Peru V Cebus albifrons yuracus Andean White-fronted Capuchin Ecuador, Peru V Cebus apella robustus Robust Tufted Capuchin Brazil E Cebus apella xanthosternos Yellow-breasted Capuchin Monkey Brazil E Chiropotes satanas satanas Black Saki BrazU V Chiropotes satanas utahicki Uta ffick's Bearded Saki Brazil E Lagothrix lagotricha lugens Colombian Woolly Monkey Colombia Family CERCOPITBECIDAE K Cercocebus albigena aterrimus (C. aterrimus) Black Mangabey Angola; Zaire E Cercocebus galeritus galeritus Tana River Mangabey Kenya; Tanzania K Cercocebus galeritus 'sanjeV Sanje Mangabey Tanzania Cercocebus torquatus torquatus Collared Mangabey Cameroon; Congo; Cote dTvoire; Equatorial Guinea: Rio Muni; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone Cercopithecus diana roloway Roloway Guenon Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Togo Macaca ochreata brunnescens (M. brunnescens) Muna-Butung Macaque Indonesia: Butung. Muna Macaca fuscata yakui Yakushima Macaque Japan Macaca nemestrina pagensis (M. pagensis) Mentawai Macaque Indonesia: Mentawai Islands, Siberut. Sipora, North and South Pagai Islands Macaca tonkeana hecki (M. Iiecki) Heck's Macaque Indonesia: Sulawesi Papio hamadryas papio (P. papio) Guinea Baboon Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau?; Liberia?; Mali; Mauritania; Senegal; Sierra Leone Procolobus badius temminckii (Procolobus temminckii) {Procolobus badius has been included in the genus Colobus) Temminck's Red Colobus Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Senegal Procolobus badius waldroni Miss Waldron's Bay Colobus Cote d'lvoire; Ghana Procolobus badius pennantii (P. pennantii) Eastern Red Colobus Equatorial Guinea: Fernando Po Procolobus badius bouvieri (P. pennantii bouvieri) Bouvier's Red Colobus Congo 218 Vertebrates K Procolobus badius ellioti (P. rufomitratiis ellioti) Elliot's Red Colobus Uganda (ex?); Zaire K Procolobus badius foai {P. rufomitralus foai. P. pennantii foai) Foa Red Colobus Zaire E Procolobus badius gordonorum {P. gordonorum. P. pennantii gordonorum) Uhehe Red Colobus Tanzania E Procolobus badius kirkii (Procolobus kirkii. P. pennantii kirkii) Zanzibar Red Colobus Tanzania; Zanzibar Tanzania; [Pemba Island] K Procolobus badius oustaleti (P. rufomitralus oustaleti, P. pennantii oustaleti) Oustalet's Red Colobus Central African Republic; Sudan?; Zaire V Procolobus badius tephrosceles (P. rufomitralus tephrosceles. P. pennantii tephrosceles) Uganda Red Colobus Burundi; Rwanda; Tanzania; Uganda K Procolobus badius tholloni (P. rufomitratiis tholloni, P. pennantii tholloni) Thollon's Red Colobus Zaire E Procolobus badius preussi (P. preussi. P. pennanti preussi) Preuss's Colobus Cameroon; Nigeria (ex?) V Procolobus badius rufomitratus (P. rufomitratus. P. ritfomitratus rufomitratus) Tana River Colobus Kenya E Pygathrix roxellana bieti (fygathrix bieti, sometimes included in Rhinopitliecus) Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey China Family HOMINIDAE E Gorilla gorilla beringei Mountain Gorilla Burundi (ex?); Rwanda; Virunga Volcano region Uganda; Zaire: E Pan troglodytes verus West African Chimpanzee Cote dTvoire; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau (ex?); Liberia; Mali; Senegal; Sierra Leone [Gambia] Order CARNIVORA Family FELIDAE E Acinonyx jubatus venaticus Asiatic Cheetah Iran R Caracal caracal michaelis (Lynx caracal michaelis. Fells caracal michaelis) Turkmenian Caracal Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenia; Uzbekistan E Felis margarita scheffeli Pakistan Sand Cat Pakistan E Prionailurus bengalensis iriomolensis (Prionailurus iriomoteiisis, sometimes included in Felis) Iriomote Cat Japan: Iriomote Island E Panthera leo persica Asiatic Lion India E Panthera pardus orientalis Amur Leopard China; D.PJi. Korea; Korea Republic; Russia E Panthera pardus nimr South Arabian Leopard Oman; Saudi Arabia; Yemen E Panthera pardus kotiya Sri Lankan Leopard Sri Lanka V Panthera pardus japonensis North C3iinese Leopard China I Panthera pardus saxicolor North Persian Leopard Afghanistan; Iran; Turkmenistan I Panthera pardus melas Javan Leopard Indonesia; Java E Puma concolor coryi (Felis concolor coryi) Florida Cougar USA 219 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES E Puma concolor couguar (Felis concolor cougar) Eastern Puma Canada; USA Family HERPESTIDAE E Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora Sokoke Bushy-tailed Mongoose Kenya; Tanzania Family HYAENIDAE E Hyaena hyaena barbara Barbary Hyaena Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia Family MTTS TFT.TD AF Ex? Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes Big Thicket Hog-nosed Skunk USA: Texas E Eira barbara senex Greyheaded Tayra Belize; Guatemala: Mexico V Lutra longicaudis longicaudis (L. platensis. also assigned to Lontra) La Plata Otter Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay?; Uruguay V Lutra lutra lutra European Otter Eurasia E Martes flavigula robinsoni Javan Yellow-throated Marten Indonesia: Java R Martes melampus tsuensis Tsushima Island Marten Japan K Melogale personata orientalis (M. orientalis) Javan Feiret-badger Indonesia: Java I Martes dbellina brachyura Japanese Sable Japan: Hokkaido V Vormela peregusna peregusna European Marbled Polecat Bulgaria; Greece; Romania; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Family ODOBENIDAE K Odobenus rosmarus laptevi Laptev Walrus Russia Family OTARHDAE Ex Zalophus calif omianus japonic us Japanese Sealion Japan; D.P.R. Korea; Korea Republic Family PHOCIDAE V Phoca hispida botnica Baltic Ringed Seal Estonia?; Finland; Russia; Sweden V Phoca hispida ladogensis Ladoga Rmged Seal Russia: Lake Ladoga E Phoca hispida saimensis Saimaa Ringed Seal Finland: Lake Saimaa K Phoca vitulina mellonae Ungava Seal Canada; Greenland V Phoca viiulina stejnegeri Kuril Seal Kuril Sea Family URSIDAE E Selenarctos thibetanus gedrosianus (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus) Baluchistan Bear Iran; Pakistan Ex Ursus arctos nelsoni Mexican Grizzly Bear Mexico; USA Family VTVERRIDAE I Arctictis binturong whitei Palawan Binturong Philippines: Palawan E Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata Javan Small-toothed Palm Civet Indonesia: Java I Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei Angolan CusLmanse Angola R Genetta genetta isabelae Ibiza Genet Spain: Ibiza E Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor (P lignicolor) Mentawai Pahn Civet Indonesia: Sumatra I Poiana richardsoni liberiensis Leighton's Linsang Liberia; Cote d'lvoire; Sierra Leone 220 Vertebrates E Viverra megaspila civettina (V. civettina) Malabar Large-spotted Civet India: Kerala Order PERISSODACTYLA Family EQUIDAE Ex? Equus ferus przewalskii (£. caballus przewalskii. E. przewalskii) Przewalski's Horse China; Mongolia Ex? Equus hemionus hemionus North Mongolian Kulan MongoUa Ex Equus hemionus hemippus Syrian WUd Ass Iran; Iraq; Israel: Saudi Arabia; Syria E Equus hemionus khur Indian WUd Ass India E Equus hemionus kulan Kulan Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan I Equus hemionus luteus Gobi Kulan China; Mongolia E Equus hemionus onager Onager Iran V Equus kiang holderi Eastern Kiang China I Equus kiang kiang Western Kiang India; Nepal I Equus kiang polyodon Southern Kiang China; India: Sikkim E Equus zebra zebra Cape Mountain Zebra South Africa Family RHINOCEROTIDAE E Ceratotherium simum cottoni Northern White Rhinoceros Zaire Order ARTIODACTYLA Family SUIDAE V Hylochoerus meinertzhageni ivoriensis Western Forest Hog West Africa Ex Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus Cape Warthog South Africa: Cape Province V Phacochoerus aethiopicus delameri Somali Warthog Kenya; Somalia I Phacochoerus qfricanus aeliani Eritrean Warthog Djibouti; Eritrea R Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus Palawan Bearded Pig Philippines: Balabac, Palawan, Calamian Islands V Sus barbatus oi Western Bearded Pig Indonesia: Sumatra, Kundur. Ungar Islands; Malaysia V Sus scrofa riukiuanus Ryukyu Islands Wild Pig Japan: Ryukyu Islands Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE Ex Hexaprotodon liberiensis keslopi Nigeria Family TRAGULIDAE V Tragulus napu nigricans Balabac Chevrotain Philippines: Balabac Island Family CERVIDAE E Cervus elaphus yarkandensis Yarkand Deer China E Cervus eldii eldii Manipur Brow-antlered Deer India E Cervus eldii siamensis Thailand Brow-antlered Deer Cambodia; China (ex?); Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam 221 THREATENED AND EXTE^CT SUBSPECIES Ex? Cervus nippon grassianus Shansi Sika China E Cervus nippon keramae Ryukyu Sika Japan: Ryukyu Islands E Cervus nippon mandarinus Nortli China Sika China E Cervus nippon pseudaxis (C. n. kopschi) South China Sika China; Viet Nam I Cervus nippon sichanicus Sichuan Silca China E Cervus nippon taiouanus Fonnosan Sika Taiwan (ex?) [Japan: Oshima Island] R Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis Cedros Island Mule Deer Mexico: Cedros Island E Odocoileus virginianus clavium Key Deer USA: Florida Keys E Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Argentinian Pampas Deer Argentina E Rangifer tarandus pearyi Peary Caribou Canada Family ANmOCAPRIDAE E Antilocapra americana peninsularis Baja California Pronghom Mexico E Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Sonoran Pronghom Mexico; USA Family BOVIDAE E Aepyceros melampus petersi Black-faced Impala Angola; Namibia Ex Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus Bubal Hartebeest Algeria; Egypt; Morocco; Tunisia E Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei Swayne's Hartebeest Ethiopia E Alcelaphus buselaphus tora Tora Hartebeest Eritrea?; Ethiopia; Sudan Ex Ammotragus lervia ornatus Egyptian Barbary Sheep Egypt E Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi Golden Takin China I Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor Mishmi Takin Bhutan; China; India; Myanmar K Budorcas taxicolor tibetana Sichuan Takin China K Budorcas taxicolor whitei Bhutan Takin Bhutan; China; India R Capra aegagrus blythi Sind Ibex Pakistan E Capra aegagrus chialtanensis Chiltan Goat Pakistan R Capra aegagrus cretica Cretan Goat Greece R Capra aegagrus turcmenica Turkman Wild Goat Turkmenistan E Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica Pyrenean Ibex Spain R Capra pyrenaica victoriae Gredos Ibex Spain E Capricornis sumatraensis sumatraensis Sumatran Serow Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia R Cephalophus ogilbyi crusalbum White -legged Duiker Congo?; Gabon E Cephalophus nigrifrons rubidus Ruwenzori Black-fronted Duiker Uganda; Zaire? 222 Vertebrates R Damaliscus dorcas dorcas Bontebok South Africa V Damaliscus lunatus korrigum Koirigum Benin; Buridna Faso; Cameroon; Niger; Nigeria; Togo Ex? Gazella dorcas saudiya Saudi Gazelle Iraq?; Kuwait?; Saudi Arabia?; United Arab Emirates?: Yemen? E Gazella gazella acaciae Acacia Gazelle Israel; Jordan? R Gazella gazella farasani Farasan Gazelle Saudi Arabia: Farasan Islands E Gazella gazella muscatensis Muscat Gazelle Oman E Gazella subgutturosa marica Arabian Sand Gazelle Iran?; Jordan; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Syria?; United Arab Emirates; Yemen? E Hippotragus niger variant Giant Sable Antelope Angola Ex Kobus leche robertsi Roberts' Lech we Zambia E Nemorhaedus baileyi baileyi Tibetan Red Goral China K Nemorhaedus baileyi cranbrooki Red Goral India: Myamnar V Nemorhaedus caudatus evansi Evans' Lcmg-taUed Goral Thailand E Nemorhaedus goral bedfordi Western Himalayan Goral Pakistan E Oreotragus oreotragus porteousi Western Klipspringer Nigeria V Ourebia ourebi haggardi Haggard's Oribi Kenya; Somalia K Ovis ammon ammon Altai Argali China: Mongolia: Russia Ovis ammon darwini Mongolian Argali. Gobi Ai;gali China; Mongolia Ovis ammon hodgsoni Tibetan Argali China; India: Nepal Ovis ammon jubata Shansi ArgaU. Northern Chinese Argali China Ovis ammon karelini Tien Shan Argali China; Kazakhstan Ovis ammon nigrimontana Kara Tau Argali Kazakhstan Ovis ammon polH Marco Polo Argali. Pamir Argali Afghanistan; China; Pakistan; Tadjikistan Ovis canadensis cremnobates Peninsular Bighorn Sheep Mexico: USA Ovis canadensis mexicana Mexican Bighorn Sheep Mexico: USA Ovis canadensis weemsi Weems' Bighorn Sheep Mexico Ovis nivicola borealis Putorean Snow Sheep. Norilsk Snow Sheep Russia Ovis orientalis arkal Transcaspian Urial Iran; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Ovis orientalis blanfordi Blanford's Urial Pakistan Ovis orientalis bocharensis Bukhara Urial Tajikistan; Uzbekistan Ovis orientalis cycloceros Afghan Urial Afghanistan; Pakistan; Turkmenistan Ovis orientalis gmelini Armenian Mouflon Armenia: Azerbaijan; Iran; Turkey 223 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES K Ovis orientalis isphahanica Esfahan Mouflon Iran K Ovis orientalis laristanica Laristan Mouflon Iran R Ovis orientalis musimon European Mouflon France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia V Ovis orientalis ophion Cyprus Mouflon Cyprus K Ovis orientalis orientalis Red Sheep Iran V Ovis orientalis punjabiensis Punjab Urial Pakistan E Ovis orientalis severtzovi Severtzov's Urial Uzbekistan E Ovis orientalis vignei Ladahk Urial India; Pakistan E Redunca fulvorufula adamauae Western Mountain Reedbuck Cameroon; Nigeria V Redunca fulvorufula chanleri Chanler's Mountain Reedbuck Ethiopia; Kenya; Sudan; Tanzania; Uganda K Rupicapra rupicapra asiatica Turkish Chamois Turkey I Rupicapra rupicapra batcanica Balkan Chamois Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; Yugoslavia E Rupicapra rupicapra cartusiarm Chartreuse Chamois France R Rupicapra rupicapra caucasica Caucasian Chamois Georgia; Russia V Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica Tatra Chamois Poland; Slovakia V Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata Apennine Chamois Italy: Ahiizzo National Park E Saiga tatarica mongolica Mongolian Saiga Mongolia E Tragelaphus derbianus derbianus (T. oryx derbianus, also assigned to Tawotragus) Western Giant Eland Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau; Mali?; Senegal V Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci Eastern Bongo Kenya Order RODENTIA Family APLODONTIDAE I Aplodontia rufa nigra Point Arena Mountain Beaver USA: California I Aplodontia rufa phaea Point Reyes Mountain Beaver USA: California Family SCIURIDAE E Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Carolina Flying Squirrel USA E Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus Virginia Flying Squinel USA R Glaucomys volans goldmani Mexican Flying Squirrel Mexico R Glaucomys volans guerreroensis Guerrero Flying Squirrel Mexico R Glaucomys volans oaxacensis Oaxaca Flying Squirrel Mexico E Ratufa indica dealbata Dangs Giant Squirrel India E Ratufa indica elphinstoni Maharashtra Giant Squirrel India E Sciurus niger cinereus Delmarva Fox Squirrel USA E Tamias minimus atristriatus (Eutamias minimus atristriatus) New Mexico Least Chipmunk USA: New Mexico 224 Vertebrates E Tamias quadrivittatus australis (Eutamias quadrivittatus australis) Organ Mountains Oiipmunk USA: New Mexico E Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis Mount Graham Red Squirrel USA: Arizona Family CASTORIDAE E Castor canadensis frondator Broad-tail Beaver Mexico E Castor canadensis mexicanus Rio Grande Beaver Mexico E Castor fiber birulai Mongolian Beaver Mongolia Family GEOMYIDAE R Thomomys umbrinus emotus Southern Pocket Gopher USA: New Mexico Family HETEROMYIDAE E Dipodomys heermanni morroensis Morro Bay Kangaroo-rat USA K Dipodomys microps leucotis Houserock Qiisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat USA: Arizona E Dipodomys nitratoides exilis Fresno Kangaroo Rat USA: CaUfomia E Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides Tipton Kangaroo Rat USA: California E Perognathus inornatus psammophilus (P. longimembris psammophilus) Salinas Pocket Mouse USA: California E Perognathus longimembris brevinasus Los Angeles Little Pocket Mouse USA: California Family DIPODIDAE E Zapus hudsonius luteus (Z. princeps luteus) Meadow Jumping Mouse USA: New Mexico I Zapus trinotatus orarius Point Reyes Jumping Mouse USA: California Family MURIDAE E Microtus californicus scirpensis Amargosa Vole USA: Califomia E Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis Hualapai Vole USA: Arizona I Microtus mexicanus navaho USA: Arizona E Microtus pennsylvanicus chihuahuensis Chihuahua Vole Mexico E Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli Florida Saltmarsh Vole USA: Horida E Neotoma floridarm smalli Key Largo Woodrat USA V Neotoma fuscipes riparia San Joaquin Valley Woodrat USA: Califomia I Oryzomys palustris argentatus (0. argentatus) Silver Rice Rat USA E Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola Key Largo Cotton Mouse USA E Peromyscus polionotus allophrys Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse USA E Peromyscus polionotus ammobates Alabama Beach Mouse USA I Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris South-eastern Beach Mouse USA E Peromyscus polionotus phasma Anastasia Island Beach Mouse USA E Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis Perdido Key Beach Mouse USA 225 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES V Reithrodonlomys megalotis limicola Southern Marsh Harvest Mouse USA: California E Sigmodon arizonae plenus (S. hispidus plenus) Colorado River Cotton Rat USA: Arizona?, California Order LAGOMORPHA Family OCHOTONIDAE V Ochotona alpina argentata China V Ochotona alpina nirida Russia V Ochotona alpina ssp. Mongolia E Ochotona cansus sorrela China V Ochotona cansus morosa C hina E Ochotona pallasi hamica China; Mongolia I Ochotona pallasi sunidica China E Ochotona thibetana sUdmaria India I Ochotona thibetana huangensis China Family LEPORIDAE E Sylvilagus palustris hefneri Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit USA: Florida Keys Order MACROSCELIDEA Family MACROS CELIDIDAE K Petrodromus tetradactylus sangi Four-toed Elephant-shrew Kenya K Rhynchocyon cirnei cirnei Chequered Elephant-shrew Mozambique R Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni Henderson's Chequered Elephant-shrew Malawi Class AVES Order TINAMIFORMES Family TINAMIDAE E/Ex Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius (C. saltuarius) Magdalena Tinamou Colombia (ex?) Order FROCELLARnPORMES Family PROCELLARHDAE E/Ex Pterodroma hasitata caribbaea (P. caribbaea) Jamaica Petrel Jamaica (ex?) K Puffinus auricularis newelli (Piffinus newelli) Newell 's Shearwater USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii. Kauai) Order QCONHFORMES Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE I Bostrychia olivacea bocagei (B. bocagei) Dwarf OUve Ibis Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom6 Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE R Gallinula nesiotis comeri (Gallinula comeri) Gough Moorhen Saint Helena: Gough Island Order CHARADRHFORMES Family HAEMATOPODIDAE E Haematopus unicolor chathamensis (//. chathamensis) Chatham Islands Oystercatcher New Zealand: Chatham Islands Order PSITTACIFORMES Family PSmACHDAE K Aratinga holochlora brevipes (A. brevipes) Socorro Parakeet Mexico: Socorro Island 226 Vertebrates Order STRIGIFORMES Family STRIGIDAE K Otus magicus albiventris (0. alfredi) Flores Scops-Owl Indonesia: Flores R Otus magicus insularis (O. insularis) Seychelles Scops-Owl Seychelles: Mahe K Otus spilocephalus stresemanni (0. stresemanni) Sumatran Scops-Owl Indonesia: Sumatra Order APODIFORMES Family APODIDAE K Apus barbatus sladeniae (Apus sladeniae) Fernando Po Swift Angola; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Nigeria? Order CORACHFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE Ex Todirhamphus cinnamominus miyakoensis (Halcyon miyakoensis) Ryukyu Kingfisher Japan: Nansei-shoto Order PASSERIFORMES Family FURNARUDAE V Asthenes dorbignyi huancavelicae Pale-tailed Canastero Peru E Cinclodes excelsior aricomae (Cinclodes aricomae) Royal Cioclodes Bolivia; Peru Family COTINGIDAE R Laniisoma elegans elegans (L. elegans) Shrike-like Cotinga Brazil Family TYRANNIDAE E Onychorhynchus coronatus occidentalis Western Royal-Flycatcher Ecuador, Peru Family PYCNONOTIDAE K Hypsipetes borbonicus olivaceus (Hypsipetes olivaceus) Mauritius Bulbul Mauritius Family MUSCICAPIDAE K Gerygone magnirostris hypoxantha (G. hypoxantha) Biak Gerygone Indonesia: Biak E Tardus olivaceus helleri (T. Iielleri) Teita Thrush Kenya FamUy MELIPHAGIDAE K Manorina flavigula melanotis (M. melanotis) Black-eared Miner Australia Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINES Family EMYDIDAE V Trachemys scripta calUrostris (Pseudemys scripta calUrostris. Pseudemys ornata calUrostris. Chrysemys ornata calUrostris) Colombian Slider Colombia; Venezuela R Trachemys stejnegeri malonei (Pseudemys malonei. Pseudemys terrapen malonei, Chrysemys malonei) Inagua Island Turtle Bahamas: Great Inagua Island R Trachemys terrapen felis (Pseudemys felis) Cat Island Freshwater Turtle Pahamas: Cat Island] Family TESTUDINIDAE V Testudo graeca graeca (mcludes Testudo whitei. T. flavominimaralis Furculachelys whitei. F. nabeulensis) Spur-thighed Tortoise Algeria; Egypt?; Libya; Morocco; Spain; Tunisia [France; Italy] 227 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES V Testudo hermanni boettgeri (Tesliido hermanni hermanni) Eastern Hermann's Tortoise Albania; Bulgaria; Gfreece; Italy; Romania; Turkey; Yugoslavia [Malta] E Testudo hermanni hermanni {Testudo hermanni robertmertensi) Western Hermann's Tortoise France; Italy; Spain: Balearic Islands, [mainland] Order SAURIA Family PYGOPODIDAE V Aprasia rostrata roslrata Hermite Island Worm-lizard Australia Family AGAMIDAE V Tympanocryptis lineata pinguicolla South-eastern Lined Earless Dragon Australia Family IGUANIDAE K Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillei San Diego Homed Lizard Mexico: Baja California; USA: California Family LACERTIDAE R Podarcis filfolensis filfolensis (Lacerla filfolensis filfolensis) Filfola Lizard Malta: Filfola Island Family SCINCIDAE V Egernia pulchra longicauda Jurien Bay Rock-skink Australia E Eulamprus tympanum ssp. Dreeite Water Skink Australia R Gongylomorphus bojerii fontenayi (Scelotes bojeri) Macabe Forest Skink Mauritius: Macabe Forest Family ANIELLIDAE I Anniella pulchra nigra Black Legless Lizard USA: California Family VARANIDAE V Varanus griseus caspius Central Asian Etesert Monitor Central Asia Order SERPENTES Family BOIDAE R Charina bottae umbratica Rubber Boa USA: California R Epicrates monensis monensis {Epicrates gracilis monensis) Mona Island Boa Puerto Rico: Mona Island R Epicrates striatus fosteri Bahamas Boa Bahamas V Morelia spilota imbricata Western Australian Carpet Pydion Australia Family COLUBRIDAE V Drymarchon corals couperi Eastern Indigo Snake USA R Masticophis flagellum ruddockl San Joaquin Coachwhip USA: San Joaquin Valley. California R Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus Almeda Striped Racer USA: California V Matrix natrlx cettl Sardinian Grass Snake Italy: Sardinia R Nerodia fasclata taentata Atlantic Saltmaish Snake USA: Horida V Nerodia harteri paucimaculata Concho Water Snake USA: Colorado and Concho River system K Nerodia sipedon Insularum Lake Erie Water Snake (Lake Erie) Canada; USA E Thamnophls sirtalls tetrataenla San Francisco Garter Snake USA: California 228 Vertebrates Family ELAPIDAE V Notechis ater ater Krefft's Tiger Snake Australia Family VIPERIDAE V Crotalus willardi obscurus New Mexican Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake Mexico; USA R Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiaiia Transcaucasian Long-nosed Viper Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russia; Turkey E Vipera ursinii rakosiensis Orsini's Viper Austria (ex?); Hungary; Romania Class AMPfflBIA Order ANURA Family BUFONIDAE I Bufo boreas nelsoni (alternatively treated as a full species Bufo nelsoni) Amargosa Toad USA: Nevada Family HYUDAE I Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis Illinois Qiorus Frog USA Family PELOBATIDAE V Pelobates fuscus insubricus Italian Spadefoot Toad Italy: plains of River Po; Switzerland: Ticino (ex?) Order CAUDATA Family AMBYSTOMATIDAE R Amby stoma dumerilii dumerilii Lake Patzcuaro Salamander or Achoque Mexico: Lake Patzcuaro E Amby stoma macrodactylum croceum Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander USA: California V Ambystoma tigrinum californiense (Ambysloma californiense) California Tiger Salamander USA: CaUfomia Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES Family PETROMYZONTTDAE R Lampetra tridentata ssp. Pacific Lamprey USA Class ACTINOPTERYGn Order ACIPENSERIFORMES Family ACIPENSERIDAE V Acipenser oxyrhynchus ssp. Atlantic Sturgeon Canada; USA Order CYPRESflFORMES Family CYPRINIDAE V Dionda episcopa ssp. Roundnose Mimiow Mexico V Gila bicolor ssp. Tui Chub USA V Gila robusta ssp. Roundtail Chub Mexico; USA V Lepidomeda mollispinis ssp. Virgin Spinedace USA E Pseudorasbora pumila ssp. Ushimotsugo Japan: Honshu Island E Rhodeus atremius suigensis Suigen Zenitanago Japan: Honshu Island E Rhodeus ocellatus smithi Nippon Baratanago Japan: Yao city, Osaka V Rhinichthys cataractae ssp. Longnose Dace Canada; USA V Rhinichthys osculus ssp. Speckled Dace Canada; Mexico; USA Family CATOSTOMIDAE R Catostomus catostomus lacustris Jasper Longnose Sucker Canada 229 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES E Catostomus clarld intermedius White River Sucker USA R Catostomus dicobolus yarrowi Zimi Bluehead Sucker USA R Catostomus occidentalis lacusanserinus Goose Lake Sucker USA Ex Chasmistes liorus liorus June Sucker USA E Chasmistes liorus mictus June Sucker USA R Catostomus rimiculus ssp. Jenny Creek Sucker USA Order CHARACIFORMES Family CHARACIDAE R Astyanax mexicanus jordani Sardina Ciega Mexico Order SALMONIFORMES Family PLECOGLOSSIDAE E Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis Ryukyu Ayu-fish Japan: Ryukyu Islands Family SALMONIDAE V Onchorhynchus clarki ssp. Cutthroat Trout USA V Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys Beloribitsa Azerbaijan?; Khazakstan; Russia Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Family GOODEIDAE Ex Empetrichthys latos concavus Raycraft Ranch Poolfish USA E Empetrichthys latos latos Pahrump Poolfish USA Ex Empetrichthys latos pahrump Pahmmp Ranch Poolfish USA FamUy CYPRJNODONTDDAE R Cyprinodon salinus milleri Cottonball Marsh Pupfish USA R Cyprinodon salinus salinus Salt Creek Pupfish USA V Cyprinodon eximius ssp. Conchos Pupfish Mexico; USA E Cyprinodon macularius ssp. Desert Pupfish Mexico; USA V Cyprinodon nevadensis ssp. Amargosa Pupfish USA Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES Family GASTEROSTEEDAE E Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae Santa Ana Stickleback USA E Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni Unarmored Threespine Stickleback USA Order PERCIFORMES Family CENTRARCHIDAE R Lepomis megalotis ssp. Mojarra de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico R Micropterus salmQides ssp. Robalo de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico Family QCHLIDAE E Cichlasoma urophtalmus ericymba Mojarra de Buiha Mexico R Oreochromis alcalicus grahami L.ake Magadi Tilapia Kenya Family EMBIOTOCIDAE R Hysterocarpus traski pomo Russian River Tule Perch USA 230 Invertebrates Phylum MoUusca Class GASTROPODA Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Family HELIONIDAE V Pleuropoma zigzac ponapense Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Pleuropoma zigzac zigzac Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae Order MESOGASTROPODA Family DIPLOMMATTNIDAE V Palaina strigata kororensis Palau: Koror Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family CLAUSIUIDAE R Macrogastra lineolata euzieriana France Family DISCIDAE V Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis Idaho Banded Moimtain Snail USA R Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra Carinated Striate Banded Mountain Snail USA Family POLYGYRIDAE V Mesodon clarki nantahala Noonday Snail USA I Mesodon clausus trossulus Banded Mesodon USA I Stenotrema leai cheatumi USA Family CAMAENIDAE R Glyptorhagada wilkawillina umbilicata Australia: South Australia Family HELMESTTHOGLYFIIDAE I Eremarionta indioensis cathedralis Cathedral Desert Snail USA K Eremarionta rowelli bakerensis Baker Desert Snail USA K Eremarionta rowelli mccoiana McCoy Desert Snail USA K Helminthoglypta arrosa pomoensis USA I Helminthoglypta expansilabris mattolensis Cape Shoulderband USA K Helminthoglypta nickliniana awania Nicklin's Peninsula Snail USA I Helminthoglypta nickliniana bridges! USA I Helminthoglypta nickliniana contracosta USA E Helminthoglypta sequoicola consors USA K Helminthoglypta stiversiana miwoka Dented Peninsula Snail USA R Helminthoglypta stiversiana williamsi USA K Monadenia fidelis minor USA V Monadenia fidelis pronotis Rocky Coast Sideband USA K Monadenia yosemitensis yosemitensis Indian Yosemite Snail USA K Monadenia mormonum huttoni USA V Monadenia mormonum hirsuta USA Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOffiA Family MARGARITIFERIDAE I Margaritifera margarilifera durrovensis Ireland Family UNIONIDAE E Dysnomia florentina curtisi {Epioblasma florentina) Curtis Pearlymussel USA 231 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES E Dysnomia florentina florentina (Epioblasma florentina florentina) Yellow-blossom USA E Dysnomia florentina walkeri (^Epioblasma florentina walkeri) Tan RifflesheU USA E Dysnomia ohliquata obliquata (Epioblasma obliquata obliquata) Catspaw USA E Dysnomia obliquata perobliqua (Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua) White Catspaw USA E Dysnomia torulosa gubemaculum (Epioblasma torulosa gubemaculum) Green-blossom USA E Dysnomia torulosa rangiana (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) Northern RifflesheU Canada; USA E Dysnomia torulosa torulosa (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa) Tubercled-blossom Canada; USA Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ODONATA Family CALOPTERYGIDAE R Matrona basilaris japonica Japan: Amami-oshima, Okinawa, Tokunoshima Family COENAGRIONIDAE E Coenagrion hylasfreyi Frey's Damselfly Austria; Germany; Switzerland I Megalagrion amaurodytum fallax Fallax Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Megalagrion amaurodytum peles Pele Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Megalagrion amaurodytum waianaeanum Waianae Damselfly USA Hawaiian Islands E Seychellibasis alluaudi alluaudi Seychelles Family EUPHAEIDAE R Bayadera brevicauda ishigakiana Japan: Iriomote, Ishigaki Family PLATYCNEMIDAE R Coeliccia Jlavicauda masakii Japan: Yayeyama R Coeliccia ryakyuensis amamii Japan: Amami R Coeliccia ryakyuensis ryukyuensis Japan: Okinawa Family AESHNIDAE R R R Planaeschna ishigakiana ishigakiana Japan: Yayeyama Planaeschna ishigakiana nagaminei Japan: Amami Planaeschna risi sakishimana Japan: Yayeyama Family GOMPHIDAE R Asiagomphus amamiensis amamiensis Japan: Amami-oshima R Asiagomphus amamiensis okinawanus Japan: Okinawa I Ophiogomphus incurvatus alleghaniensis Alleghany Snaketail Dragonfly USA R Stylogomphus ryukyuensis asatoi Japan: Kerama. Okinawa R Stylogomphus ryukyuensis watanabei Japan: Iriomote Family CORDULEGASTERIDAE R Chlorogomphus brevistigmata okinawanus Japan: Okinawa R Chlorogomphus brunneus brunneus Japan: Okinawa R Chlorogomphus brunneus keramensis Japan: Kerama Family CORDULUDAE R Hemicordulia mindana nipponica Japan: Nakanoshima, Tanegashima, Yayeyama Family LIBELLULIDAE K Eleuthemis beuttikoferi quadrigutta Mozambique; Zimbabwe 232 Invertebrates R Leucorrhinia intermedia ijimai Japan: Hokkaido R Orthetrum poecilops miya. Cacatita 48 a/fra. Geocrinia 89 a//5a. Peripatopsis 188 albanyensis, Goniobasis 128 albata. Palaina 1 18 albata, Parantica 183 albatrus. Diomedea 35 alberti, Crax 41 albertinae, Streptocitfa 70 albertinum. Glaucidium 51 albicilla. Haliaeetus 39 albicosla, Euploea 183 albidens. Melomys 30 albifacies, Sceloglaux 196 alhifrons cuscinus. Cehus 218 albifrons, Leucorrhinia 162 albifrons, Palpopleura 162 albifrons yuracus, Cebus 218 albigena alerrimus. Cercocebus 218 albigularis, Rhinomylas 63 albinasus, Chiropotes 12 aWipectus, Pyrrfiura 50 albipennis. Penelope 41 albipes, Conilurus 192 albirostris, Cervus 26 albiroslris, Lagenorhynchus 20 albivallis, Lepidomeda 96 albiveniris. Spangle rogyrus 170 albizona, Vipera 85 albocarinata , Omphalotropis 126 albogularis, Zoslerops 65 albolabris. Amastra 202 albolimbatus . Megalurus 62 alboUneata, Hyla 87 albolineatus. Fundulus 199 albopilosa, Lichnanlhe 171 albopunctatus, Heletoporus 89 albosthalus, Chlidonias 46 Alburnus 94 a/fruj. Porphyrio 195 a/feu5, Scaphirfiynchus 93 >4/ca 195 alcalicus grahami, Oreochromis 230 ALCEDINIDAE 53, 227 A/cedo 53 Alcelaphus 222 alchichica, Poblana 108 ALCIDAE 46 alcimeda alcimeda. Cymothoe 236 Alcippe 60 a/con, Maculinea 181 alconura, Limnephilus 176 aldabrana, Nesillas 62 alebion chungianus, Graphium 234 alecto. Aelhalops 7 'Alectroenas' 195 Alectroenas 195 Alecirurus 57 A/e/fte 60 aleihorfjytidus. Bulimulus 134 alexandra. Rhyacophila 175 alexandrae. Ornillioptera 178 aiexandrae. Polytelis 50 alexandri, Gulickia 131 alfredi. Cervus 26 aliciae. Aglaeactis 52 Alionycleris 1 Alismodonla 146 a//ii5. Malaconolus 59 a/u//. Ciyloclanles 55 aljibensis, Deronecles 168 Allaclaga 29 allamanica. Vallonia 132 allanae. Lerista 82 AUanaspides 153 alleni. Grallaria 56 alleni, Zenarchopterus 106 Allenopilhecus 13 Alligator 11 ALLIGATORIDAE 77 allisonae. Antiponemertes 117 Allocebus 10 Allocfiaropa 137 Allocrangonyx 155 Alloperla 208 Allorliizuclui 162 Allotoca 105 alluaudi alluaudi. Seychellibasis 232 allynsmilhi. Helminthoglypta 145 Aloeides 1 80, 234 Alopochen 194 Aloualla 12,217 alpenae. Coregonus 199 alpina argentata, Ocholona 226 alpina nit Ida. Ochotona 226 alpina. Rosalia 173 alpina ssp.. Ocfiolona 226 alpinum . Bythiospeum 1 2 1 alpinus, Anairetes 57 alpinus, Cuon 15 alpinus. Cobiomorphus 113 alsea. Ochrolrichia 176 Alsodes 88 Alsophis 83. 198 allerna. Westraltrachia 143 aliernafus. Nesets 166 altiapica. Opanara 205 alticola. Perognailius 29 alticola. Poospiza 67 allicorpus. Varicorhinus 98 altilis, Lampsilis 147 altipinnis, Parambassis 109 altirostre. Chrysomma 60 allivelis. Lepidomeda 198 altivelis ryukyuensis. Plecoglossus 230 alutaceus. Rhantus 208 alvarezi, Cyprinodon 104 alvarezi. Gambusia 105 alvaroi. Pristidactylus 80 alveare. Pleurocera 129 alveus, Lollia 199 alvordensis. Gila 95 i4/3'/cj 87 Ahoniella 119 amabilis. Rhyacophila 208 awMdi, Weberogobius 1 15 amakosa albescens, Durbama 234 amakosa flavida, Durbania 234 amamiensis amamiensis, Asiagomphus 232 amamiensis okinawanus. Asiagomphus 232 Amandava 69 amaniensis, Cymothoe 185 Amanipodagrion 1 59 amargosus. Ambry sus 166 amarus, Hybognalhus 96 amarus, Puntius 97 Amastra 132. 202 AMASTREDAE 132, 202 amastroides. Bulimulus 134 amatoUca. Bufo 87 Amauris 183 Amaurocichla 60 amaurodytum fallax, Megalagrion 232 amaurodylum peles. Megalagrion 232 amaurodytum waianaeanum, Megalagrion 232 Amaurornis 43 Amazilia 52 Amazona 49 amazonina, Hapalopsittaca 49 ambagiosus, Placostylus 135 AMBASSIDAE 109 v4m6aj5/j 109 ambigua, Simpsoniconcha 149 Amblema 146 Ambloplites 110 AMBLYCIPITIDAE 100 AMBLYOPSIDAE 103 Amblyopsis 103 Amblyornis 70 Amblyrhynchus 79 Amblysomus 5. 6 Ambry sus 166 ambusta, Auriculella 131 iAmfey^roma 91, 229 AMBYSTOMATIDAE 91. 229 Ameca 105 amecae, Nolropis 198 Ameiva 81, 197 Ameletus 158 americana, Dolania 158 americana. Grus 43 americana peninsularis, Anldocapra 222 americana sonoriensis, Antilocapra 222 americanus, Driloleirus 151 americanus, Homarus 239 americanus. Nicropfiorus 170 americanus. Siphonorhis 52 amistadensis. Gambusia 199 Ammocrypta 1 1 1 Ammodillus 29 Ammodorcas 26 ammodytes transcaucasiana, Vipera 229 ammon ammon, Ovis 223 ammon dan\'ini, Ovis 223 ammon hodgsoni. Ovis 223 ammon jubata. Ovis 223 ammon karelini. Ovis ll'i ammon nigrimontana , Ovis 223 ammon polii, Ovis 223 Ammonitella 136 Ammopelmatus 163 Ammotragus 26. 222 amnicoloides. Somalogyrus 125 amniculus. Craterocephalus 107 amoenus. Phylloscopus 63 Amphidromus 141 amphiehaenus. Potamilus 149 Amphigyra 130 AMPHIPTERYGIDAE 158 242 Amphipteryx 158 AmphoreHa 135. 204 ampla. Anculosa 127 ampla, Goniobasis 128 Ampiirhagada 141 amplus, Notomys 192 ampullatus. Hyperoodon 23 amsterdamensis, Diomedea 35 Amychus 172 Amytornis 60 ana, Nesidiolestes 166 ANABANTIDAE 115 Anabarilius 94 Anaea 185 Anaecypris 94 anagiypticQ . Actinella 144 Anagotus 173 Anaireles 57 anakluvukensis, Salvelinus 103 >lna5 38, 194 Anaspides 153 ANASPIDIDAE 153 ANATIDAE 38. 194 anatolias. Aplianius 104 anatolicus. Acanthorutilus 94 anceopfula, Careiia 202 anceps. Pteralopex 8 anceyana, Taipidon 206 Ancharius 101 anchietae, Pleroles 8 Ancuiopsis 127, 200 Ancu/o5a 127. 128, 200 A ncylastrum 1 30 ANCYLIDAE 130 andersoni , Neothramma 176 andersoni. Phaulomys 30 andersonii, Hyla 87 andicola. Agriornis 57 andinus. Podiceps 35 ANDRENIDAE 236 andrewi, Barbus 94 andrewsi. Fregala 37 Andrias 91 andromache, Troides 180 Anectothemis 162 anelpistus. Diploglossus 82 anerythra. Pitta 57 AnW/a 183 anelianus. Pieropus 8 Aneurelus 186 angasianus, Bothriembryon 134 angaurana, Aaadonta 136 angelcabrerai, Capromys 32 angelina, Libellula 162 angelinae. Otus 51 angfa, Melanotaenia 107 angolensis, Epomophorus 1 ANGUIDAE 82, 198 anguinus, Proteus 92 Anguispira 136 angulata, Beddomeia 119 angulata. Tryonia 126 angullfer, Epicrates 83 angulosa. Thaanumella 127 angusta. Metacnemis 160 angusiina angustina, Salamis 236 angustina. Salamis 185 angusiina vinsoni, Salamis 236 angustior. Vertigo 133 angustipennis. Calopteryx 159 angustipluma . Chaetoptila 196 angustipons, Kinosternon 73 angustirostris. Marmaronelta 38 Anhydrophryne 90 ANIELLIDAE 228 anijimana, Mandanna 142 ANILUDAE 83 ankoberensis, Serinus 69 anna. Ciridops 196 annada annada. Erebia 235 annamarulae, Melaenornis 62 Annamemys 13 annamensis. Annamemys 73 annamurrayae. Phrantela 123 anneclans, Ilhamar 166 anneclens, Samoana 134 annettae, Goniobasis 128 Anmella 228 annulifera, Goniobasis 128 annulifera. Pleurocera 129 ANOBIIDAE 172 anodonta. Fluvidona 121 Anodonla 146 Anodorhynchus 49 Anoglypta 136 Ano/ii 79 Anomala 171 ANOMALOPTERYGDDAE 193 Anomalopus 81 ANOMALlfRIDAE 31 anomalus. Eleolhreptus 52 anomalus. Ophiogomplms 161 anomalus, Zoslerops 65 Anomochilus 83 Anon>'momv5 29 anophlhalmus . Oreonectes 98 anophthalmus. Sinocyclocheilus 98 anophlhalmus, Tasmanipatus 188 anops. Adelocosa 152 ansellorum, Crocidura 6 Ani^r 38 ansorgei ansorgei. Crossarchus 220 antaeus. Epargyreus 177 antalyensis, Capoeta 95 Anianartia 185, 236 anlarclicus, Rallus 44 anteisensis. Pseudamnicola 123 antelmiana. Gulella 204 anteronivea, Polyphylla 171 ante sella, Percina 1 1 1 antevorla. Hypolimnas 185 ANTHICIDAE 173 Anthicus 173 Anlhipalhidae 239 A^^^HIPATHIDAE 239 anthoides. Asthenes 55 anlhonyi. Neoloma 30 anthonyix, Ancuiopsis 200 Anthracoceros 54 Anlhreptes 65 An//iu5 58 antiguae, Alsophis 83 ArUilocapra 111 ANTILOCAPREDAE 222 Aniilope 26 antimachus, Papilio 179 antimena, Hypogeomys 30 antiochensis, Anthicus 173 anliochi. Ejferia 175 antiphales ceylonicus. Graphium 234 antipodes. Megadyptes 35 Antipodia 233 Anlipodochlora 161 ArUiponemertes 1 1 7 antisensis, Hippocamelus 26 antoniae, Carpodecles 56 Antrobia 119 Anlrolana 154 antrorum, Palaemonetes 156 AonvA' 17 i4o/05 217 i4o/u5 12 apache. Onchorhynclius 103 Apachecoccus 1 19 Apalis 60 Apalopteron 66 Apatalestea 174 Apatania 1 76 apatela, Proloploea 184 Apaturopsis 185 apella robustus, Cebus 218 apella xanthosternos, Cebus 218 apexfulva, Achatinella 130 Aphanapteryx 1 94 Apfujnius 104 Aphaoslracon 119 Aphelocepliala 60 APHIDID.AE 167 aphnaeoides. lolaus 180 Aphodius 171 Aphrastura 55 aphylla. Phyllonycteris 9 a/j/a. Trochomorpfia 139 apicalis. Anectothemis 162 apicalis. Leporillus 192 apicalis. Moho 196 apicalis. Paranlechinus 3 APIOCERn)AE 175 APEOCHEILIDAE 103 Aplochiton 102 Aplodonlia 224 APLODONTIDAE 224 Aplonis 70, 197 Aplothorax 1 67 Apodemia 235 APODIDAE 52,227 apolinari, Cistothorus 59 apollinaris, Archon 178 apollo. Parnassius 180 apollo vinningensis. Parnassius 234 apophysata. Branclunella 153 aporus, Megupsilon 105 appalachia. Hansonoperia i65 Appalachia 164 apperti, Phyllaslrephus 59 approximata . Parlula 203 approximata. Trochomorpha 139 Apra5/a 79, 228 apricans. Chlorolesles 159 Aproteles 1 aptera. Apleromanlis 162 Apterocychus 170 Apleromantis 162 Apteropanorpa 1 74 APTEROPANORPIDAE 174 APTERYGIDAE 35 Apteryx 35 A;7us 52, 227 aquali. Etheostoma 1 1 1 aqualica. Fonscochlea 122 aquila. Balanus 153 aquila, Fregala 37 Aquila 39 aquilo, Nolomys 30 aquilonia, Formica 186 Ara 49. 195 243 Arachnocampa 174 araclmoides. Brachyteles 12 arachnoides. Pyxis 75 araeus. Stygobromus 155 aral. Macrognathus 109 Aramtdopsis 43 ARANEIDAE 152 Arapaima 93 arata. Ogasawarana 117 Aratinga 49, 226 arausiaca. Amazona 49 jArowflcus 180 arhorea, Dendrocygna 38 Arborophila 41 area, Protoplila 175 arcaeformis? , Dysnomia 207 Arcana I or 60 arcanus. Ptilinopus 48 arcena. Appalachia 164 Archaeolacerla 80 i4 rchaeophylax 1 76 Archboldomys 29 arc/ieri. Heteromirafra 58 arclieri. Mesodon 140 archeyi. Leiopelma 88 >\rc/jon 178 arcigerens. Pleuroxta 143 Arcliclis 220 Arclocebus 1 1 Arctocepbalus 18 Arciogalidia 220 arcloides. Macaca 13 arctos nelsoni. Ursus 220 arcula. Alasmidonta 146 Ardea 37 ARDEIDAE 37. 194 ardens, Arborophila 41 ardens. Selasphorus 53 Ardeolis 44 ardesiaca. Rhopornis 56 arfaens/j, Opanara 205 arenaria, Caiinella 138 arenata. Glaresis 171 arenJcola. Cicindela 168 areolatus. Trichomycterus 101 arfakensis. Melanotaenia 107 Arganiella 119 argenlata leucippe. Callithrix 111 argenlea, Apalis 60 argentea. Harmogenanina 139 argenlina. Columba 46 ar genii ssimus. Plagopterus 97 Argiagrion 159 Argiocnemis 159 argo, Ephemerella 158 Argonemerles 117 argtij. Panulirus 239 argula. Partula 134 Argyresthia 209 ARGYRESTHnOAE 209 Argyrocupiia 234 argyrognomon lotis, Lycaeides 235 ariadne , Orachrysops 1 8 1 aridus. Balraclwseps 91 aridus, Limnebius 170 ARIIDAE 101 ariommumm. Moxostoma 99 anon. Maculinea 181 Arion 146. 206 ARIONIDAE 146. 206 arionides. Maculinea 181 ARIOPHANTIDAE 206 ahslodemus ponceanus. Paptlio 234 aristophonte.s. Papilio 179 arisior, Papilio 179 An"«5 101 ariionae. Apaclwcoccus 1 19 arizonae plenus. Sigmodon 116 arizonensis, Daihinibaenetes 1 63 arizonensis. Psephenus 172 arizonensis, Stygobromus 155 arizonicQ. Cymbiodyta 170 Arkansia 146 ARMADILLIDAE 154 Armatobalanus 153 armalus. Euastacus 157 armigera, Litliasia 129 armitageana . Aclinella 144 Armsia 132 arnee. Bubalus 27 arnuxii. Berardius 23 arremonops. Oreolhraupis 67 arrosa pomoensis, Helminthoglypla 23 1 artedii. Coregonus 102 Artemia 152 ARTEMIIDAE 152 arlesus, Agapelus 175 Arthroleptides 198 arlicense, Byihiospeum 121 articulala, Tropidophora 1 19 Artogeia 180 artus. Hygrotus 208 Arubolana 154 aruensis. Boslric/Uftys 113 Asaphomyia 174, 175 asaphrombra . Hedylepta 209 ASAURIDAE 152 ascanius. Parides 179 ascensa. Auslrochloritis 141 ASELLIDAE 154 fli/i/. Mirafra 58 Aslxmunella 140 Asiagomplius 160, 232 ASILIDAE 175 Aslauga 180 aslini, Turgenilubulus 143 asoka. Puntius 97 asomatus. Lagorchesles 191 aspasma. Chloaellis 164 Aspaslus 204 asper. Pseudobarbus 97 asper, Zinge! 1 1 2 asperrima. Glyptorhagada 141 asperrimus, Cottus 109 Aspidereies 77 Aspidites 83 Aspiduchus 162 asprella, Ammocrypta 1 1 1 asquamatus, Kosswigichthys 105 assimilis. Onycfiogomphus 161 Assiminea 126 ASSIMINEIDAE 126, 200 ASTACIDAE 157. 207 Astacoides 157 Astacopsis 157 astacus, Astacus 157 A5/acu5 157,227 ASTEIIDAE 175 aslhenes. Aphaostracon 1 19 Asthenes 55 aslicla. Mecislogasler 160 Astrapia 70 a5/ur, Eutriorchis 39 astuta, Amplirfjagada 141 A^ryanax 230 atacamensis, Bufo 87 aiacamensis. Telmatobius 89 Ataeniobius 105 A/aen/u.s 171 atanuiensis. Rfiysoconcha 205 Alelenc 6 A/Wej 12.217 Alelognathus 88 Alelornis 53 arer, Alsophis 83 (3/er a/er, Notecliis 229 afer, Dromaius 193 atercus, Limnephilus 176 aterrima, Plerodroma 35 'Athene' 196 Athene 5 1 ATHERINIDAE 106 a//7(5. Partula 203 atlanlica. Phenacolimax 140 allanticus. Larus 46 Atlantisia 43, 194 Atlapetes 66 atomus. Truncatellina 133 a/ra, Myiagra 62 a/ra. Porzana 44 a/ra, Pyriglena 56 Alractelmis 172 atramentaria, Victaphanta 136 alrata. Dorcopsis 4 atrala, Pteralopex 8 atremius suigensis, Rhodeus 229 atricapillus. Vireo 69 africeps, Echiopsis 84 Atrichornis 58 ATRICHORNITHIDAE 58 atripinne, Moxostoma 99 atrogularis. Clytoctantes 55 Atrophaneura 1 78 atropos. Atropimneura 178 atropurpurea, Alasmidonta 146 atropurpurea, Xipholena 57 atrorus, Cyprinodon 104 attenuata. Feresa 20 attenuata. Partula 203 attenuata. Samoana 134 attenuata. Stenella 21 Am/a 57 ATYIDAE 156. 207 aucklandica , Anas 38 aucklandica. Coenocorypha 45 audax, Cfiaracodon 105 audouinit. Larus 46 Aulacorhynchus 54 aulidion, Notropis 198 Aulopyge 94 auranlia, Partula 203 auranlia. Rfiinonicteris 9 aurantia, Tyto 51 aurata. Profelis 17 auratus. Isoodon 3 aurea, Diplommatina 1 18 aurea. Hypseleotris 1 13 aurea. Litoria 87 aureocincla. Bangsia 66 aureodorsalis. Buthraupis 66 aureola. Mandarina 142 aureonucha, Ploceus 70 aureus. Afrixalus 88 aureus. Hapalemur 10 aureus, Poecilmitis 182 aureus, Somatogyrus 125 244 aureus. Teinopalpus 180 auricapiUa, Aratinga 49 auricularia, Margarilifera 146 auricularis newelli, Puffinus 226 auncularis. Puffinus 36 auriculala. Pariula 203 auriculalus. Dorcus 170 Auriculella 131.202 aurila. Aprasia 19 aurita. Callilhhx 11 aurita. Ceogale 5 aurita. Myzopoda 9 auritus. Capromys 32 aurivillii, Cymolhoe 185 aurivilliusi. Graphium 178 auroUneata, Percina 1 1 1 aurorae. Ducula Al aurorae. Salamandra 92 australasia, Todirluimphus 53 australasica . Macquaria 1 10 australe. Cheirodon 99 australe. Etheostoma 1 1 1 austraUca. Calamoecia 153 australiensis, Rhynchochydorus 152 auslralis, Aslauga 180 auslralis. Ausirogammarus 207 auslralis. Basilichiftys 106 auslralis. Crateromys 29 auslralis. Dryococelus 208 auslralis. Dusicyon 192 auslralis. Engaeus 157 auslralis. Eubalaena 19 auslralis. Helixarion 139 auslralis. Ictalurus 100 auslralis. Lacerla 81 auslralis. Lagenorhynchus 20 auslralis. Lampsilis 147 auslralis. Megascolides 15 1 auslralis. Mergus 194 auslralis. Ningbingia 142 auslralis. Ordlrachia 142 auslralis, Pseudophyrne 89 auslralis. Telmalobufo 89 Auslralopliocaena 22 Auslrelaps 84 auslriaca. Orcula 133 auslriana. Belgrandiella 120 Auslroassiminea 126 Auslrochlorilis 14 1 /4 uslrocordulia 161 Ausirogammarus 207 Auslroglanis 100 Auslromenidia 106 Austropolamobius 157 Auslrosaga 163 aulocrator. Parnassius 180 Automolus 55 Avahi 1 1 avalona. Slrymon 182 avalonense, Radiocentrum 138 AvenionJa 119 avemalis. Fluminicola 121 avemi. Beddomeia 119 a v/rra/a , Polyphylla 1 7 1 avunculus, Pygalhrix 14 Awaou5 114 axelrodi. Chilaiherina 106 axillaris. Plerodroma 35 Aaj 25 ayresi. Sarothrura 44 Ay/iya 38 azurea. Cochoa 61 azurius. Poecilmilis 182 babellhuapi. Palaua 138 Babyrousa 25 babyrussa. Babyrousa 25 Baccalena 141 bacchus. Lepidochrysops 181 bacchus. Pyrgulopsis \1A bachmanii, Vermivora 68 baclrianus. Camelus 25 badeigularis. Spelaeornis 64 badensis. Byiliinella 1 20 badiiami. Lepidocfirysops 181 badia. Caiopuma 16 Badisles 141 badius bouvieri. Procolobus 218 badius ellioli, Procolobus 219 badius foai. Procolobus 219 badius gordonorum. Procolobus 219 badius kirkii. Procolobus 219 badius ouslaleti, Procolobus 219 badius pennaruii. Procolobus 218 badius preussi. Procolobus 219 badius rufomilralus. Procolobus 219 badius lemm.nckii, Procolobus 218 badius lephrosceles. Procolobus 219 badius ihollom, Procolobus 219 badius waldroni. Procolobus 218 iaer/. Aylhya 38 feaer/, Hylomyscus 30 iwen. Poospiza 67 fcaen , Sandracollus 1 70 Baelica 163 BAETIDAE 158 BAGRIDAE 100 baileyi baileyi. Nemorhaedus 223 baileyi cranbrooki, Nemorhaedus 223 baileyi. Crenichlhys 104 baileyi. Crocidura 6 baileyi. Nolurus 100 baileyi, Thermopliis 84 baileyi, Xenospiza 68 bailleui, Loxioides 68 bainsii. Sandelia 1 15 bairdi. Oreomysiis 68 bairdii. Berardius 23 bairdii. Tapirus 24 baiulus. Schayera 164 bakeri. Senculus 70 bakossiorum. THapia 1 13 Balaena 19 balaenarum. Slerna 46 Balaeniceps 37 BALAENICIPITIDAE 37 BALAENIDAE 19 Balaenoplera 20 BALAENOKTERIDAE 20 BALANIDAE 153 Balanliocheilos 94 Balanus 153 balbus. Mixophyes 89 balconius, Stygobromus 155 BALrrORtDAE 98 fta///, Lepidochrysops 181 /ja///. Poecilmilis 182 ballmanni, Malimbus 70 ballochi. Kiunga 107 balselensis, Sieliilia 208 balsloni. Nannalherina 1 10 banalica. Zubovsha 165 Bangsia 66 Banksula 152 bannermani, Ploceus 70 bannermani. Tauraco 50 Sanza 163 baoulan. Punlius 97 barbadensis. Amazona 49 barbara senex, Eira 220 barbala. Penelope 41 barbaia. Polyphylla 171 barbalus ahoenobarbus. Sus 221 barbaius. Amylornis 60 barbalus. Dendrorlyx 41 barbalus oi, Sus 221 barbalus sladeniae. Apus 227 barbalus. Xenuromys 3 1 barbouri, Graplemys 73 Ba;fru5 94 barerae bunla, Kedesles 233 Barkudia 81 barnardi. Auslroglanis 100 baroni. Melallura 53 Baronia 178 barreimiae. Garra 95 barrenensis. Letomola 137 barrerae. Octomys 32 barrelti. Tasmanipatus 188 darn, Caecidolea 154 /jam. Stygobromus 155 t.arrioi,Alsodes 88 barlelsi. Spizaetus 40 barloni. Chirosloma 106 barlom, Cichlasoma 1 12 basajauna. Oxychilus 140 basilar is japomca. Matrona 232 Basileulerus 68 Basilichihys 106 Basilornis 70 basimi. Caecocypns 95 basispina, Branchinella 153 baska. Balagur 73 Bassaricyon 18 Bassariscus 18 Balagur 73 balchi. Cambarus 156 balesi. Phyciodes 185 batesi, Ploceus 70 balesi, Prionomys 30 BATHYERGIDAE SI Balhyergus 31 balhysciodes, Glacicavicola 170 Ba//\s 60 Batomys 29 Balrachophrynus 88 Balrachoseps 91 Balrachoslomus 51 Balrachuperus 91 baltoides comstocki. Euphiloles 234 Ba//U5 178 Baudinella 141 baudinensis. Baudinella 141 baudinianus. Dromaius 193 bavarica. Byiliinella 120 bavaricus, Pitymys 193 Bayadera 232 Bdeogale 17,220 Bfamvi 29 beaumonli. Hemisloma 122 Bebrornis 60 beccarii. Cochoa 61 fjecjb. Plerodroma 35 beddardi, Bassaricyon 18 Beddomeia 119. 120 bednalli. Sinumelon 143 Bedolia 106 245 beeri , Acneus 172 BEHNINGIIDAE 158 Belenois 180 Belgrandiella 120 belkini, Brennania 175 bellei, Progomphus 161 belleri. Agonum 167 bellii. Beddomeia \ 19 bellula. Aciialinella 130 bellula. Goniobasis 128 Belocepfialus 163 Beloneuria 165 Belontia 115 BELONTUDAE 115 Belosloma 165 BELOSTOMATIDAE 165 belphegor. Nirodia 181 beltrani, Cyprinodon 104 belzebul ululala, Aloulla 217 belzebuth. Ateles 12 belzebuth hybridus. Ateles 111 belzebuth marginatus. Ateles 211 bemini, Tilapia 113 bengalensis, Eupodotts 44 bengalensis iriomotensis. Prionailurus 219 bengalensis. Vulpes 15 benguelanus. Papilio 179 benneii. Badisles 141 bennetti, Cazella 27 benneltii, Cynogale 19 benschi. Manias 43 bensoni. ' Lophopsittacus 195 den^on/, Pseudocossyphus 63 beoticus, Pseudophoxinus 97 Berardius 23 bergeri, Homopus 74 i»er^(, Gymnocliaracinus 99 berkeleyi, Hemicycla 145 berlandieri, Gopherus 74 berlepschi, Aceslrura 52 berlepschi. Asthenes 55 berlepschi. Dacnis 66 berlepschi, Thripophaga 55 bernardini. Catostomus 99 bernardino allyni. Euphilotes 234 bernardinus, Yaquicoccus 126 berneri, Heterocleon 158 bernieri. Anas 38 bernsleini. Sterna 46 bernsteinii, Megapodius 40 bertha, Cyanophrys 180 BETHYLIDAE 186 belsileanus, Ptychochromoides 113 Bettongia 4 beultikofeh quadrigulla. Eleuthemis 232 bezoarticus celer, Ozotoceros 222 bezoarticus. Ozotoceros 26 Bhutanitis 178 biangulata, Georissa 1 17 biangulatus. Somatogyrus 125 B/(3/a5 55 bibronii, Pseudophryne 89 bicarinata. Bythinella 120 bicarinata, Discula 144 bicolor bicolor. Saguinus 217 bicolor, Carelia 202 bicolor. Rhyacornis 63 bicolor ssp.. Gila 229 Wconcava, Hirasea 204 biconica. Trichia 143 bicornis, Diceros 25 bicornis, Womersleymeria 158 bidens. Mesoplodon 23 bidwtlli. Papuexul 142 biemarginafa . Dysnomia 207 Bienkotetrix 165 i?(>n, Fe//\y 16 foiVr/. Garrulax 61 bifasciatus. Cyprinodon 104 bifurcatus. Slygobromus 155 bifurcus, Chiloglanis 101 bilamellata, Helenodiscus 206 bilera. Ecclisomyia 176 billakalina, Fonscochlea 122 biloba. Kimminsoperla 165 bimaculalus. Aglymbus 168 bindal. Euastacus 157 binghami. Notarthrinus 181 Binneya 146 binominata. Lampsilis 147 binturong whitei, Arctictis 220 biplicata, Lamellidea 131 bipunclata, Bryania 175 B/rgus 157 birmanicus. Lacconectus 169 bisaltide andamana. Doleschallia 236 Bisclioffena 137 bischojfensis. Bischqffena 137 bisetosus. Fibulacamptus 153 bishopi, Moho 66 Bison 26 bispinosus. Euastacus 157 bisulcus, Hippocamelus 26 B//ii 85 bitorquatus. R/iinopiHus 45 bitridentata. Opanara 205 bizonatus, Sandracottus 170 blackburni. Manduca 186 blackburni, Penlarthrum 208 blainvillei, Pontoporia 23 blakistoni. Kelupa 51 blanci. Noiopierus 93 Blastocerus 25 BLATTIDAE 162 bleheri, Chilatherina 106 BLEPHAROCERIDAE 174 blewilli, Athene 51 blight, Myiophonus 62 blofeldi, Chilonopsis 204 blombergi. Bulimulus 134 blossomae, Euploea 183 blumenbachii. Crax 41 blythii. Tragopan 42 boanensis. Monarclm 62 bocagii. Amaurocichla 60 bocagrande, Cyprinella 95 bocourti. Phoboscincus 82 Boeckella 153 boehlkei. Elassoma 1 10 boesemani. Melanolaenia 107 Boettgeria 133 BOIDAE 83, 198, 228 boitonei. Cynolebias 103 bojerii fonlenayi, Gongylomorplius 228 Bolborhynchus 49 i)o//ii. Columba 46 bollonst. Placo stylus 135 Bo/ona 185 Bolyeria 198 bomalonotum, Leiolopisma 82 bombus. Acestrura 52 bonana. Icterus 69 bonasia. Apluinapteryx 194 bonasus. Bison 26 Boninagrion 159 Boninena 133 boninensis, Gaslrocopla 133 boninensis, Indolestes 159 boninensis. Liardetia 139 Boninosuccinea 138 Boninthemts 162 bonita. Priapella 199 bontliaina. Ficedula 61 /jo/ir/. Telmalherina 108 boonsongi. Parahelicops 84 boraborensis, Mautodonllia 205 boraxobius. Gila 95 Borbonibis 194 borbonica, Antanartia 185 borbonica, Cylindraspis 197 borbonica mauritiana. Antanartia 236 borbonicus olivaceus. Hypstpetes 227 bordaensis. Glyptorhagada 142 borealis, Balaenoptera 20 borealis. Lissodelphis 21 borealis, Numemus 45 borealis, Picoides 54 boreas nelsoni. Bufo 229 borneensis. Orlitia 74 borneoensis, Callagur 73 bornmuelleri, Vipera 85 Boromys 193 boryi . Caldwellia 138 Bo5 26. 27 boschungi. Etheostoma 1 1 1 BostncfUhys 113 Boslrychia 226 Bothriembryon 1 34 Bothrops 85 /jo/toe umbratica. C/mrina 228 boucardi. Amazilia 52 bouchardi. Camharus 156 bougainville , Perameles 3 hougainvtilei. Actenoides 53 fcou;. Fissuria 121 bourguignali. Gonospira 135 bourguignaii. Paladilhiopis 123 bourguignatiana, Renea 200 bousfieldi, Gammarus 154 BOVIDAE 26, 192. 222 bovinus. Cyprinodon 104 bowdoini, Mesoplodon 23 Bovvfaria 234 bowmani, Stygobromus 155 /jowryeni/.y. Beddomeia 119 boyciana. Ciconia 37 boykiniana. Goniobasis 128 braccatus. Moho 66 bracei, Chlorostilbon 196 brachycepliala. Myonycteris 8 Brachycercus 158 brachycerus. Thestor 182 Brachygalaxias 102 Brachylagus 32 brachylopha, Lophornis 53 Brachylophus 79 Brachypteractas 54 BRACHYPTERACUDAE 53 hrachypterus. Dasyornis 61 Brachyptcryx 60 Brachyleles 12 Brachythemis 162 brachyurus, Accipiter 39 brachyurus. Chrysocyon 15 brachyurus. Ramphocinclus 59 246 BRADYPODIDAE 5 Bradypodion 79 Bradypterus 60 Brady pus 5 Branciiinecla 152 BRANCHINECriDAE 152 Branchinella 153 BRANCHIPODIDAE 153 branickii , Dinomys 31 branickii, Leptosittaca 49 Branta 38 brasiliensis. Amazona 49 brasiliensis. Pteronura 18 brassi. Philemon 66 braueri, Anlipodochlora 161 brazieri. Bothriembryon 134 brazieri. Ostodes 1 1 8 Brazieria 139 bredanensis . Sleno 22 brefimii. Monarcha 62 brelichi. Pygalhrix 14 brenchleyi. Pupina 1 19 Brennania 175 hressanum. Bylhiospeum 121 brevibarbus. Ancliarius 101 brevicauda ishigakiana. Bayadera 232 brevicaudata. Chinchilla 31 brevicaudata. Microgale 5 brevicaudatus, Onchotelson 154 breviceps, Kogia 22 Breviceps 89 brevicincla, Somalochlora 162 brevicornis. Baronia 178 brevidens, Dysnomia 147 brevipalmata, Liloria 87 brevipinnis, Barbus 94 brevirostris, Chasmisles 99 brevirostris, Orcaella 21 brevi rostrum. Acipenser 93 brevis. Adelotus 89 brevis. Avenionia 1 19 ferev/5. C/ie/ia 112 brevis. Coniobasis 128 brevisligmala okinawanus. Chlorogomphus 232 breweri. Antrobia 1 19 frreweW, Microlus 30 breyeri. Teiradactylus 81 briansmilhi, Beddomeia 1 19 briarea, Anelia 183 bridwelli. Nesithmysus 173 bridwelli. Nesosydne 167 broadbenti , Peroryctes 3 brochus. Synlheosciurus 29 bromeliarum, Aglymbus 168 brooksi, Delanymys 29 brooksi learei. Poecilmitis 235 Brotomys 193 broughami, Cupedora 141 browni, Microcylloepus 172 browni, Optioservus 172 brownii. Geocapromys 32 brucei, Campellolebias 103 bruijni. Zaglossus 3 bruijnii, Aepypodius 40 bruinii. Thylogale 4 brumbacki, Aotus 12 brumbyi, Pleurocera 129 bruneauensis. Pyrgulopsis 124 brunei. Tryonia 126 brunnea. Hyaena 17 brunnea, Merycomyia 175 brunneata. Rhinomyias 63 brunnescens. Dubiraphia 172 brunneus brunneus. Chlorogomphus 232 brunneus keramensis. Cfilorogomphus 232 brunneus. Pleropus 191 brunneus, Speirops 65 brunnipennis floridana. Photuris 233 brunnotesselata. Trigonoscula 174 brunus. Hydromantes 91 bryani, Oceanides 166 bryani, Rhyncogonus 208 Bryonia 175 Brychius 168 Bubalus 27 bubulum. Crisiilabrum 141 buccula, Nolropis 96 bucculenlus. Sus 192 Buceros 54 BlICEROTIDAE 54 buckleyi, Micrastur 40 buddii. Aclialinella 201 Budorcas 111 buetlikoferi . Epomops 8 hueltikoferi. Nectarinia 65 buettneri. Leimacomys 192 Bu/o 87, 229 BUFONIDAE 87,229 bulbicercus. Nanodectes 163 bulenta, Problema 111 bulgardaghica. Vipera 85 BULIMINIDAE 133 bulimoides, Achalinella 130 Bulimulus 134. 135 /ju//a. Ningbingia 142 bullocki. Brae fry galaxias 102 buUocki, Telmatobufo 89 Bullockia 101 bulmerae, Aproteles 7 bulolo. Chilalherina 106 bulweri, Discula 144 bulweri. Lophura 42 bungaroides. Hoplocepfujlus 84 bunkeri. Neotoma 30 Bunolagus 32 BUPRESTIDAE 171 Bupresiis 171 burchellanus , Parides 179 burchelU. Aplothorax 167 burchelU, Pseudobarbus 97 burduricus. Aphanius 104 burgi. Pseudobarbus 97 Burmagomphus 160 burnelli. Acneus 172 burnesii, Prinia 63 durm, Victodrobia 126 BURRAMYIDAE 4 Burramys 4 burrowsius. Neochanna 102 burtoni. Percina 112 buruensis. Platynectes 169 buryillum, Crisiilabrum 141 busbyi, Paryphanta 136 busckana. Carolella 177 buselaphus buselaphus. Alcelaphus 222 buselaphus swaynei , Alcelaphus 222 buselaphus tora , Alcelaphus 222 bustamantei, Evarra 198 Bu/^o 39 Buthraupis 66 butleri. Sminlhopsis 3 buxtoni, Tragelaphus 28 byrnei. Dasycercus 3 byronii. Acliatinella 130 Bythinella 120, 121, 200 BYTHITIDAE 103 bythobathes. Tilapia 1 13 cabanisi. Tangara 67 caholi. Tragopan 42 Cacajao 1 2 Cacatua 48 CACATXIIDAE 48 Cacicus 69 Caconemobius 1 64 Cacosiernum 90 cacuminis. Leploperla 165 Caecidotea 154 Caecobarbus 94 Caecocypris 95 caelata, Trichia 143 caelatura, Plegma 139 CAENIDAE 158 caerulea. Cyprinella 95 caeruleostigmata , Chela 95 caesia. Achalinella 201 caespes, Euploea 1 83 caglei. Graptemys 73 cahabae. Notropis 96 caliabensis, Clappia 121 cjfiabensis. Homoeoneuria 158 caiiawbensis. Goniohasis 128 cahila, Caloslomus 99 cahni. Hybopsis 96 ca/iou'. Plerodroma 35 cahuilaensis. Stenopelmalus 163 caiguanabus, Papilio 179 Cairina 38 Cairnstchihys 1 06 caissara. Leonlopithecus 12 calabarensis. Arciocebus 1 1 calabyi, Thylogale 4 Calamaria 83 calamianensis. Axis 25 Calamoecia 153 Calcochloris 6 calculus. Caseolus 144 calderoni. Cobitis 98 caldwelU. Ctenophila 138 Caldwellia 138. 206 caledoni. Aloeides 180 caliculala. Opanara 205 calida calida, Slenelmis 233 calida moapa, Slenelmis 233 calida. Paracoenia 175 Calidris 45 calidus. Barbus 94 californensis. Anodonla 146 californianus, Gymnogyps 38 californianus japonicus. Zalophus 220 californicus dimorphus. Desmocerus 233 californicus scirpensis. Microlus 225 Callaeas 70 CALLAEIDAE 70, 197 Callagur 73 callalhiscus, Leiostyla 132 Callicebus 12, 218 Callimico 1 1 callippe calhppe. Speyeria 236 calliplera, Pyrrhura 50 callistoderma, Boninena 133 callistoderma. Helminlhoglypla 145 callilaenia. Cyprinella 95 Callilhrix 11, 12. 217 CALLURICHIDAE 11.217 callizonus. Jokajdon 137 247 Callophrys 234 Callopisles 81 callotis. Lepus 32 Caloenas 46 calonolus. Simoselaps 84 CaJoprymnus 191 CALOPTERYGIDAE 159, 232 Calopteryx 159 calura, Phascogale 3 calva, Lemniscia 145 calverti. Somalochlora 162 calvus. Bulimulus 134 calvus. Cacajao 12 calvus, Geroniicus 37 calypso, Partula 134 Calyplophilus 66 Calyptura 56 CAMAENIDAE 141.206.231 Camarhynchus 66 CAMBARIDAE 156 Cambarus 156 cambodiana, Arborophila 41 CAMELIDAE 25 camelus, Epigomphus 160 Camel us 25 camensis, Beddomeia 120 camerunense . Enallagma 159 came rune nsi s. FrancoUnus 41 campbelli, Mussonena 142 Campellolebias 103 Campephaga 58 CAMPEPHAGIDAE 58 Campephilus 54 Campephilus 54 campestris. Caloprymnus 191 campioni, AUorhizucha 162 Campolaemus 203 camposensis. Diplomystes 99 Campsicnemus 208 Camplorfiynclms 1 94 Campylopterus 52 cana. Vulpes 15 canadensis, Coregonus 102 canadensis cremnobales, Ovis 223 canadensis frondator. Castor 225 canadensis mexicana. Ovis 223 canadensis mexicanus. Castor 225 canadensis weemsi, Ovis 223 canalis, Sinployea 206 Canariella 144 canariensis. Potamonectes 169 cancellatus, Prosobonia 46 candango, Juscelinomys 30 candeiei, Amychus 172 candicans. Caprimulgus 51 Candida. Pariula 203 Candidula 144 candidum. Ophisiernon 109 caniceps. Psitlacula 50 CANIDAE 15, 192 Cam J 15 cannfluvialilus, Oreomava 137 cansus morosa. Ochotona 226 cansus sorrela. Ochotona 226 cantons, Telespiza 68 CANTHOCAMPTIDAE 153 Canthocamptus 1 53 canus. Optioservus 172 capaccinii, Myotis 9 capax. Poiamilus 149 capellei. Treron 48 capense. Cacosternum 90 Capensibufo 87 capensis. Barbus 94 capensis. Beddomeia 120 capensis. Hippocampus 109 capensis, Microbatrachella 90 capensis. Myxus 1 13 capensis. Turnagra 196 Caperea 20 capiilaris. Goniobasis 128 Ca/7//o 54 CAPITONIDAE 54 Capnia 1 65 CAPNIIDAE 165 Capoeta 95 Capra 27, 222 Capricomis 27, 222 CAPRIMULGIDAE 51 Caprimulgus 51, 52 Caprolagus 32 CAPRONfYIDAE 32, 193 Capromys 32, 193 capsaeformis, Dysnomia 147 capsula, OgasoH'arana 1 17 captivus, Xenoophorus 105 Capn 180 CARABIDAE 167, 208, 233 Carabus 168 caracal michaelis. Caracal 219 Caracal 219 caramba, Paludiscala 123 carbonaria, Cercomacra 55 carcassoni, Mylothris 180 carcharias, Carclmrodon 93 Carcharodon 93 Carcinoscorpius 151 Carduelis 69 Care/za 202,203 caretla. Caretla 75 Caretta 75 CARETTOCHELYIDAE 76 Carettochelys 76 caribaea, Columba 46 caribaeus. Vireo 69 cartel. Typhlops 198 cariei. Unio 149 carinata, Cyclura 80 carinata. Deinacrida 163 carinata, Erinna 129 carinata. Tropidopfiora 200 carinatum. Electron 53 carinatus. Neoplanorbis 130 carinella. Perdicella 132 carinofausta. Actinella 144 Carinotrachia 141 carinulata. Bythinella 121 cariosa. LampsiUs 147 carlhubbsi. Mesoplodon 23 carnarvonensis. Jardinella ill Carolella \11 caroli. Pseudocheirus 4 caroli, Sarotherodon 113 carolinae. Trochomorpiia 139 carolinarum. Sturanyella 1 18 carolinensis, Conuropsis 195 carolinensis, Omphalotropis 127 carolinensis. Papilio 179 carolitertii , Leuciscus 96 carolynnae, Aloeides 180 Carpococcyx 50 Carpodectes 56 Carpornis 56 CARPOSINIDAE 177 carranzae. Mexipyrgus 122 carruai, Diploglossus 82 carrutherst. Funisciurus 28 carsomana. Carinotrachia 141 cartilagonodus. Otopteropus 8 carunculata. Paradigalla 71 carunculatus. Grus 43 carunculatus , Phalacrocorax 36 carunculatus, Philesturnus 70 Caruncultna 146, 147 CARYODIDAE 136 caryophyllacea, Rhodonessa 194 Casarea 83 Caseolus 144 caspica. Phoca 18 cassida, Leiostyla 203 cassini. Gymnoslinops 69 cassini. Magicicada 167 cfli/a, Achatinella 201 castanea, Auriculella 131 castanea. Litoria 87 castanea. Partula 203 castanea, Pithys 56 castaneae. Ectodemia 209 castaneae, Synanthedon 177 castaneela, Argyresthia 209 castaneiventns. Amazilia 52 castor, Pyrgulopsis 124 Cai/or 225 CASTORIDAE 225 Catabasts 99 caiagius, Cambarus 156 Calagonus 25 catamene. Loriculus 49 cataphraclus, Cordylus 81 cataphractus. Crocodylus 11 cataractae, Puntius 97 cataractae ssp., Rhinichthys 229 ca/a.v, Enogaster 186 CATHARTIDAE 38 catherina. Gyliotrachela 133 catherinae. Melanotaenia 107 Calinella 138 Catocala 186 catodon, Physeter 22 Catopuma 16 CATOSTOMIDAE 99, 198. 229 catostomus lacustris. Catostomus 229 Catostomus 99, 229, 230 Calreus 41 ca//a. Lemur 10 caucasica, Capra 27 caucasica, Mertensiella 92 caudalis. Leucorrhinta 162 caudatus evansi. Nemorliaedus 223 caudatus, Naemorhedus 28 caudatus, Spelaeornis 64 caudiverbera. Caudiverbera 88 Caudiverbera 88 caudocarinatus. Microphis 109 caudovitlatus. Tetracenlrum 109 Cauque 1 06 cavagnaroi. Bulimulus 134 Cavaticovelia 166 cavaticus, Echinodillo 154 cavernicola. Aspiduchus 162 cavernicola. Clarias 101 cavernicola. Eleutherodactylus 88 cavernicola. Spelungula 152 cavicola. Thaumatogryllus 164 cavifrons. Amblopliles 1 10 cavirostris, Ziphius 24 248 cazieri, Cicindela 168 cazorlensis , Potamonectes 169 CEBIDAE 12.217 cebifrons, Sus 25 cebuensis. Copsychus 61 Cebus 12. 218 Cecilia, Ophiogomphus 161 ceciliae. Phylloscartes 57 Cecilioides 135. 204 cedistia. Partula 203 celebensis. Miratesia 130 celebensis. Nomoramphus 106 celebensis, Scolopax 46 celebensis, Telmatherina 108 Celerio 236 Celestus 82, 198 cellicus, Metalrichoniscoides 154 centralasicus. Caprimulgus 5 1 centralis. Cooperconcha 141 centralis. Craterocepfialus 107 CEr>rrRARCHIDAE 110.230 CE>rrROPAGIDAE 153 Centropus 50, 51 Cepahlophus 27 Cepfialaeschna 160 Cephalokompsus 95 Cephalophus 21, 222 Cephalopterus 56 Cephalorhynchus 20 Ceraclea ill CERAMBYCIDAE 173,208.213,233 Cerambyx 173 CERASTUIDAE 203 Ceratella 158 ceratina. Helix 145 Ceratophora 79 Ceratotherium 25. 221 Cercocebus 218 Cercomacra 55 CERCOPITHECIDAE 13.218.239 Cercopithecus 13.218 Cercyonis 235 cerdo. Cerambyx 173 Ceriagrion 159 Ceriferella 167 ceromatica, Pyreferra 186 cerverai, Cyanolimnas 43 cerverai. Ferminia 59 cervicapra, Anlilope 26 cervicornis, Macrodonlia 173 CERVIDAE 25. 192. 221 Cervu5 26, 192. 221, 222 Cesonia 152 ce5/u5, Achalinella 130 CETORHINIDAE 93 Cetorhinus 93 ceuthma. Mautodonllia 205 chaca, Kedestes 111 Chaeropus 191 Chaetarthria 170 Chaelomys 31 Chaeloptila 196 Chaetornis 60 Chalcalburnus 95 chalconotus, Pfialacrocorax 36 Chalicodoma 187 chalumnae, Latimeria 116 CHAMAELEONIDAE 79 chamissonis, Philodryas 84 chantrei, Aphanius 104 chaostola leucophaea, Antipodia 233 chapmani. Dobsonia 191 CHARACIDAE 99, 230 Characodon 105. 199 CHARADRUDAE 45. 195 Charadrius 45 Charaxes 185. 236 chariessa, Apalis 60 Charina 228 charitonius peruvianas, Heltcomus 236 charltonii, Arborophila 41 Charmosyna 48, 195 cliaronda, Sasakia 185 CHAROPIDAE 137,206 Charpentieria 133 Chasmisles 99, 198, 230 chasmodactylus, Cambarus 156 c/taunax. Vilrinula 206 Chaunoproclus 197 cheatumi, Tryonia 126 cheiligona. Leiostyla 132 cheiranticola, Discula 144 Cheirodon 99 CHEIROGALEIDAE 10 C/ie/fl 95 CHELIDAE 77 Chelonia 75 CHELONIIDAE 75 CHELYDRIDAE 73 C/iera;c 157 chemei, Synallaxis 55 cherriei. Thripophaga 55 Chersodromia 1 75 C/ie//a 112 chevrolati, Orycles 171 chevrolali, Sandracottus 170 cheynei. Omphalolropis 127 chichijimana, Castrocopta 203 chichijimana. Htrasea 136 chichijimana, Mandarina 142 chichijimana, Ogasawarana 200 chichijimana, Vilrinula 206 chikae, Papilio 179 Chilatherina 106 chilensis, Bufo 87 chilensis, Diplomystes 100 chilensis. Ceochelone 74 Chiloglanis 101 Chilonopsis 204 Chilosloma 144. 206 C/»7o/a 213 chiltoni. Trichomycterus 101 chimaera, Ormthoptera 178 chimaera, Urafelornis 54 Chinchilla 31 ailNCHILUDAE 31 chinensis. Lueiidorfia 178 chinensis, Sousa 21 Chioglossa 92 chiriquila. Palaemnema 160 Chironius 83 Chiropoles 12, 218 Chirostoma 106 chirurgica, Grylloblalla 162 chittenangoensis. Succinea 138 Chlamydogobius 1 1 4 Chlamydotis 44 Chlamyphorus 5 Chlidonias 46 Chloaeltis 164 Chloebia 69 Chlondops 196 chlorinda chlorinda. Pseudalmenus 235 chlorinda conara, Pseudalmenus 235 chloris, Anthus 58 chlorocephala smythi, Cicindela 233 Chlorochrysa 66 Chloroctchla 59 CHLOROCYPHIDAE 158 Chlorogomplms 161. 232 Chlorolestes 159 chloronothos , Zosterops 65 CHLOROPERLIDAE 208 Chloropeta 60 chlororhynchus, Centropus 50 Chlorospingus 66 Chlorostilbon 196 Chlorotalpa 6 choclawensis. Villosa 149 choloensis, Alethe 60 CHONDRDMIDAE 133 Chondrostoma 95 Chortippus 1 64 christenseni. Turgenilubulus 143 christi. Erebia 184 Christ inus 78 Chrotogale 19 Chrotomys 29 CHRYSOCHLORIDAE 5 Chrysochloris 6 Chrysococcyx 51 Chrysocyon 15 chrysogasler, Neophema 50 chrysogaster, Onchorhynclms 103 chrysoleuca. Callithrix 1 1 chrysomelas. Leontopithecus 12 CHRYSOMELIDAJi 173 Chrysomma 60 chrysoparia. Dendroica 68 chrysoplerygius. Psephotus 50 chrysopygus. Leontopithecus 12 chrysopygus, Rhynchocyon 33 Chrysorilis 1 80 chrysosireticus. Hoplodactylus 78 Chrysospalax 6 chthoma, Grallaria 56 chungarensis. Orestias 105 chungarensis. Trichomycterus 10 1 chunyi, Mazama 26 chupaderae . Pyrgulopsis 1 24 churinceanus, Mexipyrgus 123 CHYDORIDAE 152 CICADELLIDAE 167 CICADIDAE 167 cicathcosus. Plethobasus 148 Cichlasoma 112,230 CICHLIDAE 112, 213. 230 Cicindela 168. 233 CICINDELIDAE 168. 233 Ciconia 37, 194 CICONIIDAE 37, 194 Cincinnatia 121 CINCLIDAE 59 Cinclodes 55, 227 Cinclus 59 cincla. Notiomysiis 66 cineracea, Ameiva 197 cinerascens. Aplonis 70 cinerea. Aonyx 17 cinerea. Callaeas 70 cinerea. Mycteria 'il cinerea. Neophoca 18 cinerea, Poospiza 67 cinereiceps. Phyllastrephus 59 cinereifrons. Garrulax 61 cinereum, Etheostoma 1 1 1 249 cinereus. Lophuromys 30 cinereus semotus. Lasiurus 211 Cinetodus 10 1 cingulellum, Chilostoma 144 cinnaberinus. Cucujus 172 cinnamomeipectus, Hemitriccus 57 c i nnamomi nus miyakoe nsi s . Todirhamphus 227 Cinnyricinclus 70 cinyras, Ubythea 209 circumcarinala, Monadenia 146 Ciridops 196 c/r/if / cirnei, Rhynchocyon 226 cime/ hendersoni. Rhynchocyon 226 CmOLANIDAE 154 ciscoides, Pogonichlhys 198 cisterciensorum. Bythiospeum 121 Cisticola 60 Cislolhorus 59 cithna. ParJula 203 CKIIDAE 166 clamosus. Alrichornis 58 clantoni, Stygobromus 155 clappi, Paravilrea 140 Clappia 121 clara. Echymipera 3 c/ara. Hirasea 205 c/ara, Hypolesles 159 r/ara, Oliarces 167 clara , Partula 203 Clara vis 46 C/arifli 101 CLARIIDAE 101 clarkei, Ammodorcas 26 c/arjb' intermedius, Catostomus 230 c/arfa' nantaimla. Mesodon 231 c/arjb, Rhylida 136 c/arjfei 55/7., Onchorhynchus 230 clarkorum. Lacerla 8 1 clathrata, Quadrasiella 127 clathrata, Tryonia 126 clausa, Goniobasis 201 clausiliaeformis, Sculpliferussacia 135 CLAUSILIIDAE 133.231 clausus irossulus. Mesodon 231 dava, Pleurobema 148 clavalus. Epigomphus 160 Clavicoccus 208 clavigera, Peripatopsis 188 clemenciae, Xipfiophorus 106 clemensi. Punlius 97 Clementina. Slerba 133 Clemmys 73 clenchi. Mesodon 140 cleophile, Danaus 183 clinias. Parantica 183 CLINIDAE 113 C//nu5 113 clipeata. Anculosa 200 clodius shepardii, Parnassius 234 clodius slrohbeeni, Parnassius 234 CLLTEIDAE 94 Clupeoides 94 clymene. Sfenella 21 clypealis. Agabus 168 Clytoctantes 55 Clytorhynchus 60 Cnemidophorus 8 1 coahuila, Mexistenasellus 154 coahuila. Terrapene 74 coahuilae, Durangonella 121 Coahuilix 121 COBrriDAE 98 cobitis. Tiaroga 98 Co6///i 98 coccineus, Loxops 68 coc/ilea. Carelia lOfZ Cochlicopa 1 32 COCHLICOPIDAE 132 Cochliopa 121 Cochliopina 121 Cochoa 6 1 COCHYLIDAE 177 coctei, Macroscincus 197 Codringlonia 144 codringtonii . Codringlonia 144 coelala. Helminthoglypla 145 coeleslis, Hypolhymis 61 COELIAXIDAE 135 Coeliccia 232 Coeligena 52 coelus, Parides 179 Coe/ui 172, 173 Coenagrion 159, 232 COENAGRIONIDAE 159,207,232 COENOBITIDAE 157 Coenocharopa 137 Coenocorypfia 45 Coenonympha 184 Coeranoscincus 8 1 coeruleoalba. Stenella 21 coerulescens, Coracina 58 cognala, Truncilla 149 cognatus, Amphidromus 141 coindemerensis. Nadus 78 Colaptes 54 Coleopliora 209 COLEOPHORIDAE 209 Coleura 9 CO//*"/, Cyclura 80 COLLETIDAE 213 collina. Pleurobema 148 coUingii. Setobaudinia 143 coUinsi, Spindasis 182 colliveri. Cralopa 137 Collocalia 52 colmani , Jardinella 1 22 Colobus 13 colocolo, Oncifelis 16 coloTUis. Rliinomyias 63 colonus. Rfiyacophila 175 coloradensis. Acroloxus 129 coloria, Erythrura 69 Colparion 206 Coluber 83 COLUBRIDAE 83. 198. 228 Columba 46, 47, 195 Columbiana. Fluminicola 121 columbianus. Geocapromys 193 columbica. Cicindela 168 COLUMBIDAE 46. 195 Columbina 47 Colymbetes 168 comata. Presbytis 14 comei. Ogasawarana 1 17 comizQ , Barbus 94 commersoni. 'Scops' 196 commersonii, Cephalorhyncltus 20 commixtus. Caseolus 144 comorana. Amauris 183 comorensis. Rhachis 203 compacta. Anculosa 127 compacta, Partula 203 compacta. Victapfianta 136 compar. Ephemera 158 compassbergae . Thestor 182 complanata. Pseudanodonta 149 complanata. Pupina 1 19 compressa, Bythinella 121 compressa , Leguminaia 148 compunctus, Hydrolarsus 169 comynlas texanus, Everes 234 Conacmella 200 concavospira, Achatinella 130 conchorum. Menidia 108 conchos. Catostomus 99 corwhramis, Desmopachria 168 concinna, Aegialia 170 concinna, Leiostyla 132 concolor coryi. Puma 219 concolor couguar. Puma 220 concolor. Hylobates 14 concolor. Loentipes 1 15 concolor. Nasalis 14 concolor. Neospiza 69 concolor, Salanoia 17 concolor. Xenospingus 68 condila, Tijuca 57 conditor. Leporillus 30 Conepatus 220 configurata. Euploea 183 coT^uenlus, Salvelinus 103 confiisa. Helicoverpa 210 confusa. Partulina 131 congensis. Afropavo 41 congestum. Moxostoma 99 congobelgica. Crocidura 6 Congosorex 6 Congothemis 1 62 conica. Fonscochlea 122 conica, Paludinella 123 conica. Piirantela 123 conica. Samoana 134 conicus. Pyrgulopsis 124 conilis. Plagigeyeria 123 Conilurus 192 Conirostrum 68 connieae. Pseudomugil 108 Connochaetes 11 connollyi. Cecilioides 135 connus. Procambarus 157 Conocepltaloides 163 conoides. Trochomorpha 139 Conolophus 79. 80 conorhynchus. Tetranesodon 101 Conotltraupis 66 conoveri, Leptotila 47 conradi. Stygobromus 155 Conraua 90 consanguis. Gomphurus 160 consimilis. Mauiodontha 205 consimiUs, Oliarus 166 consobrina. Mautodontha 205 coniori. Caseolus 144 constanciae. Cynolebias 103 consianzae. Liolaemus 80 constricta. Aaadonta 136 constrictus, Somatogyrus 125 conslrictus. Trissexodon 145 conligua. Trochomorpha 140 continuatalis. Hedylepta 209 contorla. Ochrotrichia 176 contortus. Letomola 137 contracia. Parartemia 153 contractus. Brotomys 193 Conuropsis 1 95 250 Cookeconcha 136 cookei, Omphalotropis 127 cookei. Orangia 205 cookei, Thaanumella 127 cookeorum. Pseudopsectra 167 cookii, Pierodroma 35 Cooperconcha 141 cooperi. Stygobromus 155 cooperianus, Plethobasus 148 coosaensis, Somatogyrus 125 Cophura 175 Copris 171 coprolheres. Gyps 39 Copsychus 61 coquereli. Microcebus 10 cor, Fusconaia 147 Coracina 58, 59 corais couperi, Drymarchon 228 CORALLHDAE 239 Corallium 239 corayi, Lacconectus 169 cordacea comptena, Heleronympha 236 Cordelia. Euploea 183 Cordulegaster 161 CORDULEGASTERIDAE 161.232 CORDULnDAE 161,232 CORDYLIDAE 81 Cordylus 81 coreena, Jardinelia 122 Coregonus 102. 103, 199 Coreobagrus 100 coriacea, Dermocfieiys 76 coriacea, Moapa 96 cornea, Amastra IQfl corneocostata . Leiostyla 132 corneovirens. Badisles 141 Cornigomphus 160 cornuta. Cyclura 80 comula, Fulica 43 cornulus. Trimeresurus 85 corona. Melanolaenia 107 coronatum blainvillei. Phrynosoma 228 coronalus. Eulemur 10 coronalus, Harpyhaliaetus 39 coronatus. Malurus 62 coronalus occidentalis. Onychorhynchus 227 corpulenla, Pleurocera 129 corroboree, Pseudophryne 89 corrugata, Jardinelia 122 corrugalus, Aceros 54 corsac, Vulpes 15 Corsica. Cyrnotheba 144 CORVIDAE 71 corvina. Aplonis 197 corvina. Terpsiphone 64 Corvus 71 cosmetus, Palikirus 137 Cossypha 61 coslata. Craspedoma 118 coslatus, Xylololes 208 coslipennis, Deronectes 168 costus, Turgenilubulus 143 Cotinga 56 COTINGIDAE 56. 227 colrelli. Chrysorilis 180 COTTIDAE 109, 199 C0//U5 109. 199 Colurnicops 43 Colurnix 194 Coua 196 couchianus. Xiphophorus 106 courseni. Synallaxis 55 coH'ara, Cliaraxes 185 coxeni, Hedleya 1 19 Coxiella 121 CRACIDAE 41 cragini, Etiieosioma 1 1 1 Cralopa 137 crameri, Oregonichlhys 97 CRANGONYCTIDAE 155, 207 Crangonyx 155 CRASEONYCTERIDAE 9 Craseonycleris 9 Craspedoma 1 1 8 crassa. Anculopsis 111 crassa. PartuUna 202 crassalus. Ochthebius 170 crassicauda. Gila 198 crassicauda omnivora. Bdeogale 220 crassidens. Pseudorca 21 crassilabris. Diplommatinaa 118 crassilabris. Parlula 203 crassilabris. Somatogyrus 125 crassilabrum. Amastra 202 crassula. Auriculella 131 craiiuj, Acanlhorutilus 94 crassus. Somalogyrsus 125 frai5uj, (/nio 149 Cralerocephalus 107 Craterodiscus 141 Craieromys 29. 192 crawfordi. Torre sitrachia 143 Crojr 41 creaseri. Kinosternon 73 creatopus. Puffinus 36 crenala.Crocidura 6 crenalella. Goniobasis 128 Crenichlhys 104 creon, Theskelomensor 137 crepidus. Epigomphus 160 crescenta. Aegialia 170 cretica. Macrothele 151 crejT, CrejT 43 Crej 43 cribrellum, SyriclUus 111 crinifrons, Muntiacus 26 Criniger 59 crinigera, Agrolis 209 crispus. Pelecanus 36 crislalis. Pyrgulopsis 124 cristata, Calyplura 56 cristata, Genetta 19 cristata, Goura 47 cristata, Gubernatrix 67 cristata. Tadorna 38 cristatus, Amblyrhynchus 79 cristicauda, Dasycercus 3 Cristilabrum 141 crocalus, Neurergus 92 crocea. Tridacna 150 Crocias 61 Crocidura 6, 7 crockeri, Laticauda 84 CROCODYLIDAE 77 Crocodylus 77, 78 croesus, Ornit/wptera 178 Cro/Via 114 Crowarc/ju5 220 Crossidius 233 crossleyi. Atelornis 53 Crossleyia 61 crossoptilon, Crossoptilon 41 Crossoptilon 4 1 Crotalus 85, 229 crowleyi. Parantica 183 cruciger, Lagenorhynchus 21 cruenlala, Pyrrhura 50 Crypsirina 7 1 Cryptazeca 132 crypticus. Ritanlus 169 CRYFTOBRANCHIDAE 91 Cryptochia 1 76 Cryplochloris 6 Cryptomastix 140 Cryplomys 31 Cryptoprocta 1 9 Cryplurellus 35. 226 CTENEIDAE 152 CTENODACTYLIDAE 31 Ctenoglypta 206 Ctenophila 138 Ctenophorus 79 Ctenotus 81 Cua/ac 104 cubana, Anelia 183 cubanus, Solenodon 5 cubensis, Tyrannus 57 CUCUJIDAE 172 Cucujus 172 CUCIILIDAE 50, 196 cucullata, Carduelis 69 cucullata. Crypsirina 71 cucullata. Grallaricula 56 cucullatus. Raphus 195 cu/uf. Chasmistes 99 culvert, Antrobia 1 19 culvert. Lirceus 154 cumberlandensis, Phoxinus 97 cumingi. Phloeomys 30 cumingiana. Carelia 202 cumingianus. Ancylastrum 130 cumingii. Puntius 97 cummingi. Palaemonetes 156 cumulus. Oreokera 137 cuneata, Partula 203 cuneolus. Fusconaia 147 Cuon 15 Cuora 73 Cupedora 141 cupreus ornatus. Callicebus 218 Curaeus 69 curasoae, Leplonycteris 9 CURCULIONIDAE 173, 208, 213, 233 cur/j, Liolaemus 80 currierianus. Somatogyrus 125 cursor. Liopliis 84 curto. Achatinella 130 cur/a. Echiopsis 84 cur/a. Leplobotia 98 cur/a. Utfiasia 129 cur/a, Pleurocera 129 curtipes. Ectemnius 187 curtisii. Oxygastra 162 curium, Pleurobema 148 curvipes. Hygrotus 169 cuvieri. Gazella 11 cuvieri. Oreslias 105 cyanea, Paratherina 108 cyanocephala, Starnoenas 48 cyanogenia, Eos 48 Cyanolimnas 43 Cyanolyca 71 cyanomichla, Margaronia 185 cyanophrys, Eupherusa 52 Cyanophrys 180 251 cyanopis, Columbina 47 Cyanopsitta 49 Cyanoramphus 49, 195 Cycleplus 99 Cyclocephala 171 Cyclocosm ia 152 Cydodina 81 CYCLOPHORIDAE 118.200 Cyclophorus 200 cyclopis. Macaca 13 Cycloptilum 1 64 cyclostomaformis, Lioplax 1 1 9 CycMiuru^ 200 cyclotis. Nyctimene 8 cyclura, Cyclura 80 Cyclura 80 Cyclyrius 180 Cygnus 1 94 Cylichnidia 135 Cylindraspis 197 cyUndrella, Gonospira 135 cylindrellus, Carunculina 146 cylindrica. Amastra 132 cylindrica. BythineUa 121 cylindrica strigiUata, Quadrula 149 cylindricornis. Capra 27 Cylindroverlilla 1 33 Cylindrus 144 Cylloepus 172 cymalolaenia, Percina 112 Cymbiodyta 170 Cymolhoe 185. 236 cynocepfialus. Thylacinus 191 Cynogale 1 9 Cynolebias 103 Cynomys 28 Cyornis 61 cypfia, Gila 95 C^'PRIDINIDAE 153 cypriensis. Coluber 83 Cyprinella 95 CYPRINIDAE 94, 198. 229 Cyprinodon 104, 199. 230 CYPRINODONTIDAE 104. 199. 230 Cyprinus 95. 198 Cyprogenia 147 Cypseloides 52 Cymotheba 144 cyrtandrae. Nesosydne 167 cyrtandricola, Nesosydne 167 Cyrlopellis 1 66 C^-Zora 119 Dacnis 66, 67 dacotae, Hesperia ill dacotiae, Saxicola 63 Dactylopsila 5 dahli, Phrynops 11 Daihinibaeneies 163 dalhousiensis. Craterocephalus 107 Da//a 177 £/a//(. Phocoenoides 22 dama, Gazella 27 Dama 26 Damaliscus 27, 223 iiam(. Parelroplus 1 1 2 damii. Xenopirostris 59 dammah. Oryx 28 Damochlora 141 DANAIDAE 183 Danaus 183 dam. Hyphydrus 169 £>an/o 95 danjoui. Jabouilleia 61 dannalli. Paranlica 183 danubialis, Lobaunia 122 daphne, Poecilmitis 182 Daphnia 152 DAPHNIDAE 152 darevskii. Vipera 85 darlingloni, Riekoperla 165 danvini. Bulimulus 135 danvini. Nesoryzomys 192 danvinii. Rhinoderma 90 daryi, Adelp/ucos 83 Dasycercus 3 dasycneme. Myotis 10 dasymallus, Pleropus 8 Dasyornis 6 1 DASYPODIDAE 5 DASYURIDAE 3 Dasyurus 3 Daubentonia 1 1 DAUBENTONCDAE 11 dauricus. Huso 93 davidi, Arborophila 41 davidi, Paranlica 1 83 davidianus. Andrias 91 davidianus. Elaphurus 26 davidianus. Paradoxornis 62 davisi. Farula 176 davisi, Pyrguiopsis 124 davisoni. Pseudibis 38 da^'/ , Hypseleolris 1 1 3 rfa^'/. Nyctimystes 88 deaconi, Rhinichthys 198 dearolfi, Crangonyx 155 deburghiae. Tropidopfiora 1 19 decasligma. Platynecles 169 decemiineala . Mungoticiis 17 deceplor. Leptogryllus 164 rfec/a. Hydroptila 175 deciphens. Somatogyrus 125 decipiens. Achatinella 130 decisum, Pleurobema 148 declivis, Vallonia 133 decora. Achatinella 201 decora. Paradisaea 71 decorata. Lasmigona 148 decorala. Trachemys 74 decorticata. Sinployea 206 decorus, Hydaticus 168 dedeckkeri. Canthocamptus 153 dedecora. Ptychalaea 133 defilippiana. Pterodroma 35 degenerata. Leiostyla 132 degodiensis. Mirafra 58 Deinacrida 1 63 Deinocossonus 1 73 Deinomimesa 187 dejeclus. Stygobromus 155 delalandei. Coua 196 Delanymys 29 delcourti. Hoplodactylus 197 delectus. Graptodytes 168 delicala, Jacksonena 142 delicalissima. Iguana 80 Oe/ma 79 Deloneura 209 delongi. Mixogaster 175 Df/o5 136 deloustali. Paramesotriton 92 DELPHACIDAE 167 Delphinaplerus 22 DELPHINIDAE 20 delphinuloides. Ceomitra 206 Delphinus 20 delplus. Delptiinus 20 Delfisfes 99 demersus, Splieniscus 35 DENDROCOLAPTIDAE 55 Dendrocygna 38 Dendrohyrax 25 Dendroica 68 Dendrolagus 4 Dendromus 29 Dendroprionomys 29 Dendrortyx 41 Dendrotroclius 1 39 dendyi. Acantlianura 158 Denisonia 84 denningi. Agapetus 175 densirostris. Mesoplodon 23 dentata, Liloria 87 denlalis. Aloeides 180 dentatis dentatis, Aloeides 234 denlatis maseruna. Aloeides 234 denticulata, Branchinella 153 denticulala. Lamprocystis 139 dentiens. Ningbingia 142 denlifera. Partula 134 denliplaga. Euploea 183 depasoapicata. Opanara 205 depressa , Bad isles 1 4 1 depressa. Heosemvs 73 depressicollis. Deronecles 168 depressicorms, Bubalus 27 depressum. Kinoslernon 73 depressus, Natator 76 depressus. Turgenilubulus 143 deraniyagalai. Schismalogobius 115 derasa. Tridacna 150 derbianus derbianus, Tragelaphus 224 derbianus, Oreophasis 41 derbianus, Tragelaphus 28 DERMATEMYDIDAE 73 Dermatemys 73 DERMOCHELYIDAE 76 Dermochelys 76 Dermogenys 106 Deroceras 1 40 Deronectes 168 deseriicola, Psychomastalix 164 deshayesi. Gonospira 135 Desmana 7 desmarestii, Megalomys 192 desmazuresi. Tropidophora 200 Desmocerus 233 desmonda. Mesodonlracliia 142 desmondi teita. Papilio 234 Desmopachria 168 desperatus, Gammarus 154 deleani. Nephrurus 78 detecta, Harmogenanina 139 dewaali. Redigobius 1 15 diaboli, Dionda 95 diaboUcus, Eurostopodus 52 diabolis. Cyprinodon 104 diadema, Cliarmosyna 195 diadema, Cliarmosyna 48 diadema. Helicodiscus 136 diadema, Propithecus 1 1 diametra natalica. lolaus 234 diana, Cercopilhecus 13 f/iana ro/oivav. Cercopitheciis 218 dianae. Ptychodon 205 dianae. Tarsius 1 1 252 diapliana, Samoana 134 diaphanum, Bylhiospeum 121 Diaphlebia 160 diardi, Lophura 42 Diastole 139 diazi. Romerolagus 33 DICAEIDAE 65 Dicaeum 65 dicei, Sylvilagus 33 Dicerorfunus 25 Diceros 25 dichotomus. Blastocerus 25 dichroma. Dionda 95 dicksoni calviniae. Thestor 235 dicksoni dicksoni, Thestor 235 dicksoni. Oxycfiaeta 182 dicksoni, Stygionympha 184 dicksoni. Tsitana 178 dicobolus yarrowi. Catoslomus 230 Dicranopselaphus 172 DICRLTRIDAE 70 Dicrurus 70 didinus. Megalaperyx 193 Didunculus 47 dieffenbachii , Gallirallus 194 dijficilis. Pupina 1 19 Diglossa 67 dikume , Konia 1 1 2 di lata turn. Sympetrum 207 dimidiata, Pomarea 63 diminutus, Comphus 161 dimorpha. Achatinella 201 dimorplia, Palaina 1 18 dinellianus, Pseudocolopteryx 57 dineuloides. Pleurodyles 169 dinniki, Vipera 85 DINOMYIDAE 31 Dinomys 3 1 Dinornis 193 Diomedea 35 DIOMEDEDDAE 35 Dionda 95, 229 dioplrica, Austraioplwcaena 22 Diplogale 19 Diploglossus 82 Diplommatina 1 1 8 Diplommatinaa 1 1 8 DIPLOMMATINIDAE 118,231 diplomphalus , Hirasea 136 Diplomystes 99. 100 DIPLOMYSTIDAE 99 Diplothrix 29 Diplotrema 213 Dipnelix 137 DIPODIDAE 29,225 Dipodomys 29, 225 Z)/r« 186 d(,ya. Punlius 97 discicollis. Agabus 168 DISCIDAE 138,206,231 Discocharopa 137 DISCOGLOSSID.AE 87. 198 Discoglossus 87, 198 discrepans, Ogasawarana 117 discrepans. Oliarus 166 Discula 144. 206 Disculella 144 Diicuj 138, 206 dispar. Lycaena 181 dissimilis, Psephotus 50 distans. Amazilia 52 distans, Lethe 1 84 distinguendus, Dryophthorus 208 ditaenia, Gila 95 ditrema, Etheostoma 1 1 1 Ditropis 118 diurnus. Taudactylus 89 diulurna, Pardosa 152 Divellomelon 141 diversa. Isonychia 158 diversipes. Hygrotus 169 diversus, Neochanna 102 Dobsonia 7. 191 dohertyi, Oreolyce 182 dolwrtyi persimilts. Yplhima 236 doliertyi. Ptilinopus 48 dohertyi, Troides 180 doltmi, Paleoxenus 172 dohrni. Palaina 1 18 dohrnii, Ramplxodon 53 dolabelloides, Lexingtonia 148 dolani, Homoeoneuria 158 Dolama 158 (io/e/. Carf //a 202 £/o/e/, Palmeria 68 t/o/e/, Parlulina 131 Doleschallia 236 DOLICHOPODIDAE 208 dolichostoma, Parlula 203 doliolum. Palaina 118 dolloff.Meta 152 Dolomedes 152 Dolophilodes 176 domicella, Lorius 48 domogledi, Metrioptera 163 Donacia 1 73 donosi. Liolaemus 80 dorbignyi huancavelicae. Asthenes 227 dorcas claytoni. Lycaena 235 dorcas dorcas, Damaliscus 223 dorcas, Gazeila 27 dorcas saudiya. Gazeila 223 Dorcatragus 27 Dorcopsis 4 Dorcopsulus 4 Dorcus 170 doretta, Euploea 183 dorianus. Dendrolagus 4 dorothea dorolhea. Trigonoscuta 233 dorotheae. Amytornis 60 dorsalis dorsalis. Cicindela 233 dorsalis, Homoroselaps 83 dorsalis. Lepilemur 10 douglasensis. Stenelmis 172 douglasi, Sminthopsis 3 doyeni. Trigonoscuta 174 dracomontana , Rana 90 draconicus, Chlorolestes 159 dracontlla, Nyctimene 8 DREPANIDAE 196 DREPANIDIDAE 68 Drepanis 196 Drepanoptila 47 Driloleirus 1 5 1 drimica, Ohridohauffenia 200 DROMAHDAE 193 Dromaius 193 dromas, Dromus 147 Dromus 147 Drosophila 208 DROSOPHILIDAE 208 druceanus enlabeni. Charaxes 236 druceanus williamsi. Charaxes 236 dryadopa. Oeoblia 185 dryanderensis. Offachloritis 142 dryas. Cercopithecus 13 dryburghi. Thestor 182 Drymarchon 228 Dryobius 173 Dryococelus 208 Dryocopus 54 Dryophthorus 208 Dryotribus 208 dubaulianus, Aeschrithmysus 173 dubia. Parlulina 131 Dubiraphia 172 dubius drucei. HypoUmnas 236 dubius. Leptoplilos 37 ducalis. Megadytes 208 Ducula 47 dugesi, Thermosphaeroma 154 dugon. Dugong 24 Dugong 24 DUGONGIDAE 24. 192 dulvertonensis, Fluvidona 122 dumerili. Acrantophis 83 dumerilii dumeriUi, Amby stoma 229 dunckeri. Phallostethus 108 dunkeri, Bythinella 121 dunmalli, Furina 84 dunni. Hynobius 91 dunni, Kinosternon 73 dunrobinensis, Fluvidona 122 dunsirei. Carra 95 duplicidentata. Opanara 205 duponti, Conospira 135 Dupucharopa 137 duquesneyi. Celestas 82 rfura gammiei. Lethe 235 Durangonella 121 Durbania 234 durnfordi nicfioH, Charaxes 236 Dusicyon 15, 192 dussumieri, Casarea 83 duthieae, Chlorotalpa 6 dutoiti. Arlhroleptides 198 dultoniana. Lilhasia 129 duvauceli. Cervus 26 duvauceli. Hoplodoctylus 78 duvergeri, Acilius 168 duyvenbodei . Aethopyga 65 dwighlii. Parlulian 131 Dyacopterus 7 dyeriana. Fluvidona 122 Dynastes 233 dyodon, Charpentieria 133 Dysithamnus 55 Dysnomia 147,207,231.232 Dysticheus 174 DYTISCIDAE 168, 208. 233 Dytiscus 168. 233 eachamensis, Melanotaenia 199 £anui 172 eapensis, Nesopupa 133 eastwoodae. Tetradactylus 198 eatoni. Komarekiona 151 eberhardi. Pseudotricula 123 e^H, Epixerus 28 eboraci. Euploea 183 eboratum, Heteraghon 159 ecaudatus, Chaeropus 191 Ecchlorolestes 159 Ecclisomyia 1 76 ECHIMYIDAE 193 echinatus, Cottus 199 ECHINIDAE 188.239 253 echinista, Echymipera 3 Ecbinodillo 154 echinopyge, Canthocamptus 153 echinulata, Discula 144 Echinus 188 Echiopsis 84 echo, Psittacula 50 Echymipera 3 Economidichihys 1 14 Eclemnius 187,236 Eclodemia 209 Eclopistes 195 £dc«o 109 edeni, Balaenoplera IXi Edentulina IM edgbaslonensis, Jardinella 122 ediiha bayensis, Euphydryas 236 editha monoensis, Euphydryas 236 edmundo, Ophiogomphus 207 edwardsi, Lepilemur 10 edwardsi, Loplmra 42 Edwardsia 117 edwardsiana, Grapholilha ill edwardsii, Jasus 239 EDWARDSIIDAE 117 Edwardsina 174 £j9cria 175 effugiens. Actinella 144 egerides, Aloeides 180 Egernia 81, 228 EjreHa 37 Eidoleon 167 eigenmanni, Evarra 198 £ira 220 eisentrauli, Crocidura 6 eisenlrauli, Konia 1 1 2 eisentrauli, Melignomon 54 eisentrauli, Myosorex 1 ejuncida, Hypseleolris 113 Etachislodon 83 E/apfte 83 elapbra, CoUocalia 52 Elaphrus 168 Elaphurus 26 elaphus yarkandensis, Cervus 221 ELAPIDAE 84,229 Elapognalhus 84 Elasmias 131 Efassoma 1 10 ELASSOMATIDAE 110 ftoto, Tryonia 126 ELATERIDAE 172, 213 elatior, Rhodacmaea 130 elator, Dipodomys 29 elatus, Stygobromus 155 fWii. Cervui 26 fWii f7d//. Cervus 221 eW// siamensis, Cervus 111 eleclilis, Kupea 1 85 electro. Idea 183 electra, Peponocephala 21 electra, Videna 140 Electron 53 elegans, Achatinella 201 elegans, Cyprinodon 104 elegans elegans, Laniisoma 227 elegans, Georissa 117 elegans, Gila 95 elegans, Macruromys 30 elegans, Omphatolropis 127 elegans, Ordlrachia 142 Eleolhreptus 52 ELEOTRIDAE 113 Eleotris 1 13 ELEPHANTIDAE 24 elephantopus, Geochelone 74 Elephas 24 Eleulhemis 232 Eleullierodaclylus 88 elevata , Amplirhagada 141 etgini, Spilornis 40 e//.sa, Fabriciana 185 £//u™i 29 ellioli, Syrmaticus 42 e;/io(i;. /"/(/a 57 elliplica, Lilltiabilella 111 Elliptio 147 ELMINTHIDAE 172, 233 Elona 144 elongata, Amastra 101 elongata, Calamoecia 153 elongata, Hemisaga 163 elongata, Indotestudo 74 elongata, Victodrobia 126 elongatula, Omphalotropis 127 elongatulus, Unio 149 elongalus, Acanthorhodeus 94 elongalus, Ambassis 109 elongatus, Cycleptus 99 elongalus, Fluvidona 111 elpenor, Allanlisia 194 elphinstonii, Columba 46 elseri, Bylhiospeum 121 Elseya 11 elusivus, Hydroporus 168 emarginatus, Stygobromus 155 Emballonura 9 EMBALLONURIDAE 9 Emberiza 67 EMBEREIDAE 66 EMBIOTOCIDAE 230 emersoni, Partula 134 emigdionis, Plebejus 182 empedonepia, Telligidea 165 Empelrichlhys 199, 230 empltanum, Polypleclron 42 Empicoris 166 EMPIDIDAE 175 EMYDIDAE 73, 227 Emydura 11 emys, Manouria 74 Enatlagma 159 Endodonia 136 ENDODONTIDAE 136, 204 endymion, Poecilmilis 182 Engaeus 157 Engaewa 157 engonala. Discus 138 ENGRAULIDAE 94 enniensis, Vallonia 133 enoptes smitlii, Eupliilotes 234 ensipennis, Campylopterus 52 enlomosloma, Brazieria 139 Eopenlhes 213 eos. Bulimulus 135 £oi 48 epaminondas, Grapliium 178 Epargyreus 111 Ephemera 158 Ephemerella 158 EPHEMERELLIDAE 158 EPHEMERDDAE 158, 207 ephemerus, Stygobromus 155 EPHYDRIDAE 175 epicentra, Hedylepta 209 epichans. Sturanyella 118 Epicrates 83, 228 Epigomphus 160 Epimachus 1 1 Epiophlebia 160 EPIOPHLEBIIDAE 160 epirrhinos, Hephaestus 1 10 episcopa ssp., Diorukt 119 Epixerus 28 Epomophorus 7, 8 Epomops 8 EQUIDAE 24, 192, 221 £guui 24. 192, 221 erasa, Brazieria 139 £refc/a 184. 235 Eremarionta 145. 231 eremiana, Perameles 191 Eremicluhys 95 eremita, Geronticus 37 eremita, Osmoderma 171 eremita, Sonorella 146 Eremitalpa 6 eremitus, Letocepluilus 197 Eremomela 61 Eremopliilus 101 £rfp(a 206 ERETHEONTIDAE 31 Erelmochelys 76 ericae, Tryonia 126 ericeticola, Lycosa 152 Erikssonia 1 80 ERINACEIDAE 6 erinaceus, Clavicoccus 208 Brinna 129 Eriocnemis 52 Eriogasler 1 86 erosa, Omphalotropis 111 Erpetogomphus 160 errans, Panoquina 111 erskinensis, Allocltaropa 137 erubescens, Barbus 94 Erymnochelys 11 erylhopoma, Pyrgulopsis 124 erylhrocephala, Podocnemis 11 erylhrocephalus, Hylocryplus 55 Erytlvroecia 186 erythrogaster, Cercopitliecus 13 erythronolos, Formicivora 56 erylhroplera, Gallicolumba 47 erythropus, Anser 38 erylhropus saltuarius, Crypturellus 226 erythrotts, Cercopilhecus 13 Erythrotriorchis 39 Erythrura 69 escambia, Fusconaia 147 escliariferus, Bulimulus 135 escobedae, Mexipyrgus 123 esculentus. Echinus 188 esperanza, Papilio 179 esperi, Fagolia 111 Eslrilda 69 ESTRILDIDAE 69 ethelae, Phylolestes 159 Etheostoma HI. 199 £ua 134 Euastacus 157 Euathlus 151 Eubataena 19 euboicus, Barbus 94 Eucerceris 187 Euchloe 234 254 EUCNEMIDAE 172 EUCONULIDAE 138 Eucrenonaspides 1 53 Eucyclogobius 114 Eudoniomyzon 93 euglypta, Glyptorhagada 142 Eulamprus 82, 228 Eulemur 10 Eulemur 10. 217 Eulidia 52 eulima. Cecilioides 204 eu/o , Jardinella 1 22 Eulonchus 1 75 eulophotes. Egretla 37 EUMASTACIDAE 164 Eumeces 82 Eumetopias 18 Eumorsea 1 64 eungella. Euaslacus 157 eungellensis, Taudactylus 89 Eunice 151 Eunicella 1 1 7 EUNICIDAE 151 eunus eunus. Pseudocopaeodes 233 euops. Aratinga 49 eupalor. Euploea 1 83 EtTELMIDAE 186 Eupelmus 1 86 EUPHAEIDAE 232 Eupherusa 52 Euphilotes 234 euphon, Euploea 183 Euphydryas 236 Eupleres 19 Euploea 1 83 euploeomorpha, Tirwnala 184 Eupodolis 44 Euproclus 92 Euproserpinus 1 86 Eupsophus 88 Euptilolis 53 Eurapteryx 193 eurasius. Stenobolhrodes 165 europa tamuna, Lethe 235 europaeus, Mesoplodon 23 europaeus, Pkyllodactylus 79 Eurosiopodus 52 euroxeslus, Tengchiena 139 Eurycea 91 eurycerus isaaci, Tragelaphus 224 eurydice fumosa, Satyrodes 236 EURYLAIMIDAE 54 Eurynorhynchus 45 Euryphura 185 euryprora. Hedylepta 209 eurystoma, Gambusia 105 euryslomus. Satan 100 Eurytides 178,234 Euscarlhmus 57 Euscheman 1 77 Eusthenia 165 EUSTHENIIDAE 165 eulerpe. Euproserpinus 186 Euthalia 185 eutheca, Hirasea 205 Eutrichomyias 196 Eutriorchis 39 eutropia. Cephalorhynchus 20 Euxanthe 185 euzyga, Semotrachia 143 evandaleana. Cupedora 141 £varra 198 evelynae. Carelia 202 £verfj 234 everelli. Aceros 54 everetli, Dicaeum 65 everetti. Melogale 17 everelli. Monarclia 62 everelli. Turnix 43 everelli, Zoolliera 64 exanimus. Kimboraga 142 exaula. Margaronia 185 ejrrava/us. Somatogyrus 125 excel la. Cryplochia 176 excelsior aricomae. Cinclodes 227 excisa. Gyrotoma 201 exigua. Anomala 171 exigua. Jardinella 122 exigua. Partula 203 ejo7i\i. Arganiella 1 19 eximia, Anomala 171 eximius ssp., Cyprinodon 230 exocoeli. Ramphotyphlops 83 exoplala. Mandarina 142 expansa. Auriculella 202 expansa, Podocnemis 11 expansilabris mallolensis. Helminlhoglypla 231 exquisita. Melanoiaenia 107 exquisila. Omphalotropis 127 exquisilus. Colurnicops 43 exsu/. Su/o 87 e.r5u/. Psillacula 196 exlensa. Menidia 108 exlensus. Collus 109 exlincta, Neduba 208 extraneus. Cambarus 156 exulalus. Chilonopsis 204 ezol/i. Boninagrion 159 /afra, Partula 134 fabalis. Villosa 149 Fabriciana 185 fabula. Pegias 148 facia. Micrarionla 145 Fagotia 127 fahirae. Phoxinellus 97 fairbanksensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 fairburni. Anagolus 173 falcirostris. Sporophila 67 falcirostris, Xiphocolaptes 55 Fa/co 40. 194 falconeri. Capra 27 FALCONEDAE 40. 194 fallai, Deinacrida 163 fallax. Beddomeia 120 falsus. Ameleius 158 familiare, Apahpteron 66 familiaris, Acrocephalus 59 fanalensis. Lauria 132 fanovanae. Newloma 62 Farula 1 76 fasciala. Agrolis 209 fasciala. Galidictis 17 fasciala taeniata. Nerodia 228 fascialus, Brachylophus 79 fascialus. Lagoslronhus 4 fascialus. Myrmecobius 3 fasciculispina, Rana 90 fascinans, Goniobasis 128 fasciolalus. Mixophyes 89 fastigata. Lamprocyslis 139 fastuosa. Tangara 61 fastuosus, Epimachus 71 fatrense. Deroceras 140 fausla. Aclinella 144 /aiUSTIDAE 101 Heteropnuestes 101 heleropodus, Stygobromus 155 Heteropoma 126 heteropus. MacHiloides 158 Heierurus, Pltyllodactylus 79 hetlilorum, Cobio 96 hewiisomi, Ideopsis 183 hewiiii. Heleophryne 87 Hexaprolodon 25, 221 HEXATHELIDAE 151 hexodon. Helicodiscus 136 Hickmani. Allanaspides 153 hidamonlanus . Hynobius 91 hieroglyphicum . Isomma 1 6 1 higginsii. Lampsilis 148 /w7/(. Scortum 1 10 hillieri. Divellomelon 141 /i///;7. Argonemertes 1 17 Himanlopus 45 Himeroconcha 1 3 7 himeros. Papilto 179 hindei. Beamy s 29 hindei, Turdoides 64 htneana. Somaforhlora 162 hinkleyi. Somaiogyrus 125 Hinsbyi. Pleuroxia 143 hiostius. Typiiaeus 170 Hippocamelus 26 Hippocampus 1 09 hippocrepis. Polygyra 140 Hippophaes. Hyles 186 HIPPOI'OTAMIDAE IS. 221 hippopus. Hippopus 150 Hippopus 1 50 Hipposideros 9 Hippotragus 192, 223 ///rasffl 136. 204, 205 hiraseana. Boninena 133 Hirasei. Mandarina 142 hirasei. Ogasawarana 200 Hirosei, Morlonagnon 160 hirsulissima. Cylora 1 19 hirsulus, Bulimulus 135 hirsulus, Hydroporus 169 hirsutus. Lagorchesles 4 liiriiceps luteocincla. Perdila 236 HmirDINIDAE 151 Hirudo 151 HmUNDINIDAE 58 Hirundo 58 hispanica, Anaecypris 94 Hispanica. Valencia 105 Hispida botnica, Phoca 220 Hispida ladogensis. Phoca 220 hispida satmensis. P'toca 220 hispidus. Caprolagus 32 hislrio, Eos 48 histrio, HyopHryne 89 hobbil. Syconycteris 9 hobbsi. Crangonyx 155 hochslelieri. Leiopelma 88 hochslelleri, Paryphanla 136 hodgesi. Gomplius 161 hoedlii. Gallicolumba 47 hoesei. Glossogobius 114 hogei. Phrynops 11 Holcobius 111 holocHlora brevipes. Aratinga 226 holosericea. Drepanoptila 47 holsingeri. Fontigens ill holsingeri. Sphalloplana 111 holsti, Parus 64 /10/5//. ^ana 90 holstonia. Lasmigona 148 /lo/fzi. ^arw 90 homalonolus. Paclxypanchax 103 Homarus 239 hombroni. Acienoides 53 homerus. PapUio 179 HOMINIDAE 14,219 Homoeoneuria 158 Homonofa 78 259 Homopholis 78 Homopus 74 Homoroselaps 83 hongii. Placostylus 135 Hongolua 139 honoluluensis. Apterocychus 170 hookeri, Phocarctos 18 hoolock. Hylobates 14 hopkinsi, Pelomys 30 Hoplocephalus 84 Hoplodactylus 78. 197 hopping!, Lytta 173 Horaglanis 101 hombosteli. Lamprocyslis 139 horhdulum, Cyclophorus 200 horridum. Heloderma 82 /lo^ei. DipJogale 19 hosei. Lagenodelphis 20 hospes. Barbus 94 hospiton, Papilio 179 houstonensis, Bufo 87 hova. Acraea 185 howarthi. Caconemobius 164 /toH-ei. Ophiogomphus 161 howeinsulae. Ompiialolropis 127 howelli. Sylvisorex 7 howelli, Trox 170 /low. Coregonus 102 hozgarganlae. Agabus 168 huacalmasicus, Liolaemus 80 huallagae, Aulacorhynchus 54 hubbsi. CoahuiUx 121 hubbsi. Lampetra 93 hubbsi. Moxostoma 99 hubbsi. Noiropis 96 hubbsi, Novumbra 101 hubbsi, Stygobromus 155 Hubbsi na 105 hubrichti. Allocrangonyx 155 hubrichli, Phaeognalhus 91 hubrichti, Stenolrema 140 hucho. Hue ho 103 //uc/io 103 hudsonicus grafiamensis. Tamiasciurus 225 hudsonius luteus, Zapus 225 hugeli, Aulopyge 94 Huleechius 233 hulensis. Acanthobrama 198 hullii, Beddomeia 120 humhloti. Ardea 37 Humbloiia 6 1 humedasae, Polyommatus 182 humei. Sphenocichla 64 humerosus, Somatogyrus 125 humiae, Syrmaticus 42 humilis. Hydroporus 169 hungarica. Paladilhia 123 hungerfordi. Brychius 168 Hungerfordia 118 hurUeri, Damaltscus 27 /mrf^/. Cophura 175 /mr(^/, Melapogon 175 hurtadoi. Gambusia 105 //U50 93 hutchinsi. Kimberleyeleotris 1 14 huttoni. Lyperobius 174 hulloni. Ptilinopus 48 hyacinthinus. Anodorhynchus 49 hyaena barbara. Hyaena 220 Hyaena 17. 220 HYAENIDAE 17,220 hyalieioides. Gammarus 154 hyalina. Diplommalina 1 18 hyalina, Partula 203 hyantis andrewsi. Euchloe 234 hyal liana. Carelia 202 Hybognathus 96 Hybopsis 96 hydaspe conquista, Speyeria 236 Hydalicus 168 /j^-tfe/. Goniobasis 128 Hydraena 170 HYDRAENIDAE 170 HYDROBATIDAE 36 Hydrobia 122 HYDROBIID,\E 119.200 HYDROCENIDAE 117 Hydrocliara 170 Hydrochous 52 Hydrodamalis 192 Hydromanles 91 HYDROPHIIDAE 84 HYDROPHILIDAE 170 Hydroporus 168. 169 Hydropotes 26 Hydropsyche 208 HYDROPSYCHIDAE 208 Hydroptila 175 HYDROPTlLID.\E 175 Hydrosaurus 79 Hydrotarsus 169 Hyelornis 51 HYGROMIIDAE 143 Hygrolus 169, 208 //ya 87 Hylaeus 213 hylasfreyi, Coenagrion 232 wyes 186 HYLIDAE 87. 229 Hylobates 14 HYLOBATIDAE 14 Hylochoerus 22 1 hylochus. Hemitragus 28 Hylocrypius 55 Hylogomphus 161 Hylomyscus 30 Hylonymptia 53 Hylorchilus 59 HYNOBIIDAE 91 Hynobius 91 Hyophryne 89 Hypena 210 hyperion. Poecilmitis 182 H\'PEROLIID.\E 88 Hype roll us 88 Hyperoodon 23 hyperythra. Brac/typleryx 60 hyperythrus Cnemidophorus 81 Hyphydrus 169 Hypnophila 132 hypochroma, Sporophila 67 Hypodryas 185 Hypogeomys 30 Hypolestes 159 hypoleucos, Falco 40 hypoleucus. Capita 54 hypolia. Hirasea 205 Hypolimnas 185. 236 Hypomesus 101 hypomicrus. Nesophontes 191 hypopolia. Lepidochrysops 209 Hypopyrrhus 69 Hypotliymis 61 hypoxanlhus. Neodrepams 58 Hypseleotns 113. 114 Hypst petes 196, 227 Hyndella 150 tn'RIIDAE 150 Hysterocarpwi 230 hystricelloides, Tliaumatodon 136 hyslricosus. Euastacus 157 iasonia. Idea 183 ibadanensis, Malimbus 70 Iberocypris 96 iberus. Aphanius 104 Icaricia 234. 235 icarioides missionensis, Icaricia 234 icarioides missionensis. Plebejus 235 icarioides moroensis. Icaricia 235 icarioides pheres, Icaricia 235 ichikawai, Coreobagrus 100 ICTALLIRIDAE 100 Ictalurus 100 ICTERIDAE 69, 197 icterotis, Ognorhynclms 50 Icterus 69 idaeoides. Graphium 178 idahoensis. Brachylagus 32 idahoensis idahoensis. Oreohelix 231 idahoensis. Pyrgulopsis 1 24 idalia. Speyeria 185 Wfo 183 idenlalus. Stygobromus 155 Ideopsis 1 83 Idiomela 145 Idioslaius 163 /t/o/a. Donacia 173 /^//ca 200 tgnita. Lophura 42 Iguana 80 IGUANIDAE 79. 197,228 Iguanognathus 84 ilieringi. Formicivora 56 (jte/. Maccuiiochella 109 ilicifolia. Phyllodesma 186 iliensis. Ochotona 32 ilhdgei, Acrodipsas 180 imatata . Phreatodrobia 1 23 imbellis. AmmodiUus 29 imberbis. Murtculus 30 imbricata, Eretmochelys 76 imbricata. Meladema 169 imbriferna. Tilapia 113 imeldae. Notropis 96 imitator. Accipiter 39 imitator. Tryonia 126 imitratix. Lampedusa 134 immaculata. Deloneura 209 immaculata. Eremarionta 145 impar, Delma 79 impenms, Alca 195 imperator imperator, Saguinus 217 imperfecta. Caldwellia 138 imperforata , Partula 203 imperialis, Amazona 49 imperialis, Campephilus 54 imperialis, Lophura 42 imperialis. Microcreagris 152 imperialis. Speleomanles 91 imperialis. Teinopalpus 180 Imperlurhatia 136 implicata. Harmogenanina 139 impressa. Goniobasis 201 impressa . Manouria 75 imula. Arubolana 154 260 Incaspiza 67 incisa, Paramiella 1 18 incisus, Glossolepis 107 incurvata. Somafochlora 162 incurvatusallegiianiensis.Ophiogomphus 232 incurvatus. Ophiogomphus 161 indica, Cylindraspis 197 indicQ dealbala. Ralufa 224 indica elphinstom. Ratufa 224 indica, Eupodolis 44 INDICATORIDAE 54 indicus. Melanobatrachus 89 indicus. Tapirus 25 indigo. Peripatoides 188 indioensis cathedralis, Eremarionta 23 1 Indolestes 159 Indopacetus 23 Indotestudo 74 /m/n. //K^r/ 1 1 /m/n" 11 INDRIDAE 11 inepta, Cylindraspis 197 inermis, Hydropoies 26 inermis, Nematogenys 101 inexpectata . Torreornis 68 inexspectata. Tylo 51 infernale, Op/iisternon 109 infernalis. Styx 182 infirma. Assiminea 126 ir^ata. Beddomeia 120 inflala. Trochidrobia 125 inflatula. Diplommatina 1 18 inflatus, Potamilus 149 infuscala, Synallaxis 55 infuscatus, Henicopemis 39 ingens, Dipodomys 29 ingens. Macroiarsomys 30 ingraliami. Geocapromys 32 /nia 23 innesi. Ompfialolropis 127 innotala. Aylhya 38 inopinala. Tfiaumatoneura 159 inopinata. Westrailrachia 143 inornata. Bitis 85 inornata, Columba 46 inornata. Lophura 42 inornata. Uma 80 inornatus. Epicrates 83 inornatus psammophilus. Perognathus 225 insculpta. Carettochelys 76 inseperata. Lylta 173 insignis. Ardea 37 insignis, Hirasea 136 insignis. Potamonectes 169 insignis, Saxicola 63 insignis, Zenkerella 3 1 insolita, Newnfiamia 153 insonus, Sylvilagus 33 Insuetophrymus 89 insulanus. Psacadonotus 164 insularis. Barkudia 81 insularis, Boninthemis 162 insularis. Bothrops 85 insularis, Eupsophus 88 insularis, Gerygone 196 insularis, Junco 67 insularis, Lepus 33 insularis, Macroperipatus 187 insularis, Nesidiolestes 166 insularis, Procyon 18 insularis, Pteropus 8 insulala, Sporophila 67 insulatus, Platymantis 90 Insuliviirina 140 intercisa. Xerarionta 146 interioris, Lucania 104 intermedia, Bythinella 200 imermedia, CallithrLx 12 intermedia, Gila 95 intermedia ijimai, Leucorrhinia 233 intermedia, Psittacula 50 intermedia, Quadrula 149 inlermedius, Crocodylus 78 intermedius. Glossogohius 1 14 inlermedius, Micropteropus 8 iniernigrans. Perisoreus 71 inJerrupta. Goniobasis 128 intersiitialis, Speocirolana 154 interveniens, Goniobasis 128 inihcatus. Carabus 168 inunguis, Tnchechus 24 inuslus. Dendrolagus 4 inutilis, Hemicycia 145 /o 129 lodopleura 56 lolaus 234 lolichthys 96 ioxaniha, Flelcfierana 186 I'p/i/j, Pomarea 63 iphitas, Eurylides 178 Iranocyphs 96 r'rena, Miramella 164 (Vfne. Poecilmilis 182 ireneae. Otus 51 iridescens, Amphorella 204 iriomolensis, Chlorogomphus 161 /ns, Amblysomus 6 /rii. Melanotaenia 107 irregularis. Aaadonla 136 irregularis, Cycloptilum 164 irridescens, Levuana 209 irvineanus. Bothriembryon 134 irvingi, Cesonia 152 invini, Percilla 1 10 isabelae, Graellsia 186 isabellae. Oriolus 70 isarogensis, Rlrynchomys 3 i Ischnura 159 ishidai, Macromia 161 ishigakiana ishigakiana, Planaeschna 232 ishigakiana nagaminei, Planaeschna 232 ishikawae, Rana 90 ishikawai. Onchorhynchus 103 islelae. Napaeus 133 isolala. Jardinella 122 isolaium, Cristilabrum 141 isolatum, Tasmanoplectron 163 isolatus. Pyrgulopsis 124 Isolobodon 193 Isomma 161 Isonychia 158 Isoodon 3 Isopachys 82 Isophya 163 /.we//, Pelomys 30 italowiana, Pleuroxia 143 ileratus, Mixophyes 89 ithaginis, Dorcus 170 It ha mar 166 ITHONEDAE 167 Itodacnus 213 / ve///, Edwardsia 1 1 7 /u'a/nf . Onchorhynchus 103 iwasakii. Pareas 84 Ixalodecles 163 Ixobrychus 1 94 /xos 59 izecksohni, Hyla 87 Jabouilleia 61 Jacamaralcyon 54 Jacksonena 142 jacksonense, Helisoma 130 jacksoni, Bdeogale 17 jacksoni, Steatomys 31 jacksoni. Taenioides 1 15 jacobi, Bulimulus 135 jacobita. Oreailurus 16 jaculinga. Pipile 41 jaegeri. Anetia 183 jagara. Euaslacus 157 jamaicensis. Plicaloperipatus 187 jamesae. Beloneuria 165 jamesi classensi, Lepidochrysops 235 jamesi jamesi, Lepidochrysops 235 jamoerensis. Varia 110 janaslini, Glyptorhagada 142 Janella . Bathyergus 3 1 japonensis. Grus 43 Japomca, Luehdorfia 178 japomcus. Andrias 91 japomcus. Glirulus 3 1 japomcus, Salvelinus 103 Jardinella 122 jarutanini, Schislura 98 jasperi. Eleulfierodactylus 88 Vajuj 239 javanicus. Bos 26 javanicus. Lacconectus 169 javanicus, Leptoptilos 37 javanus. Glischropus 9 javensis. Megalaima 54 jayakart. Hemitragus 28 jayana. Lilbasia 129 jayensis, Elliptio 147 jeanae. Kiwaia 177 jeanneae. Discoglossus 87 jeeba, Phasmodes 164 jeffersoni, Orconectes 156 jefferyi , Lepidochrysops 1 8 1 jefferyi. Pithecophaga 40 jemezanus. Notropis 96 jemlahicus, Hemitragus 28 jenkinsi, Percina 1 1 2 jentinki, Cepiialophus 11 jerdoni. Paradoxurus 19 jesseana, Libellula 162 jesswiseae, Jardinella 122 jewetti. Farula 176 johannae, Coregonus 199 johannis, Carduelis 69 johnii, Trachypithecus 14 johnstoni, Galaxias 102 johnstoni. Genetta 19 Joiceya \ 8 1 Jokajdon 137 _/o//3'/, Daphnia 152 jane si. Goniobasis 201 jonesi. Ptychobranclius 149 jonesianus. Mesodon 140 jonklaasi. Lepidocephalichihys 98 jonklaasi, Sicyopus 1 15 jophon. Atrophaneura 178 jordani, Papilio 179 Josephi. Tyrrheniella 145 261 jouyi, Columba 195 juhatus. Acerodon 7 juhalus, Acinonyx 16 juhatus, Eumelopias 18 juhatus, Rhynochelos 44 juhatus vcnaticus. Acinonyx 219 juddii, Acliatinella 201 jugalis, Oreohelix 138 jugonim. Megaiagrion ^il juhanae. Amhiysomus 6 juhsia, Funduhis 1(M julliem. Ptoharbus 97 juncea, Acfialinella 201 Junco 67 jungermanmae. Pasmaditta 137 junoniae, Columba 46 junori. Eleuiherodactylus 88 Jusceiinomys 30 juveni sanguis, Moitessieria 123 kaaeana, Partulina 131 kaapori. Cebus 12 kaboboensis, Apalis 60 kahutarae, Hoplodactylus 78 kachuga, Kachuga 73 Kachuga 73,74 kaempferi. Hemilriccus 57 kahuziensis. Dendromus 29 kailolae. Craterocepfialus 107 kalalauensis. Carelia 202 Kaiania 166 kalawatseti. Oregonichthys 97 kalimna, Zonocypretta 153 kalinowskii. Nothoprocta 35 kanahense, Oxyloma 138 kanawhae. Etheostoma 1 1 1 kaplani, Aloeides 180 kaplani. Poecilmilis 182 kaplani, Theslor 182 kaputarensis, Cralopa 137 karamojae . Apalis 60 karkloof capensis, Cfiaraxes 236 karlschmidtii, Eleuiherodactylus 88 Karocolens 174 karokorum, Vespericola 141 kasneri, Scetotes 82 katalo, Puntius 98 Katechonemertes 1 1 7 kauaiensis, Nesomimesa 187 kauaiensis, Nesotocus 174 Kawanphila 163 AaznaArovi. Vipera 85 jteayr. Gallicolumha 47 Kedesles 111, 233 kelsoensis, Ammopelmatus 163 kelsoensis. Macrobaenetes 163 kemali. Hemigrammocapoeta 96 kempi, Pedoslibes 87 kempii. Lepidochelys 76 ,tempseyen5(5, Rhophodon 137 /Tenfaa 117 KENKIIDAE 117. 199 Kerivoula 191 jtern, Agrotis 210 kerriae, Crypturellus 35 kerschneri. Hauffenia 122 /reri/wM'/ , Beddomeia 120 kessneri, Beddomeia 120 /fffupa 51 KIIULIIDAE 110 faang holderi. Equus 221 ^/an^ kiang, Equus 221 faang polyodon, Equus 221 kibalensis, Zoothera 64 kieneii. Paretroplus 112 kienen, Teramulus 108 kikuzaloi. Opisthotropis 84 kiliant. Cheirodon 99 kilusa, Apaturopsis 185 Kimberleyeleolris 1 14 kimberleyensis. Barbus 94 kimberleyensis. Hypseleolris 1 14 kimberleyensis, Syncomistes 1 10 Kimboraga 142 Kimminsoperla 165 kinabaluensis. Spilornis 40 Jtin^i. Cylindroveriilla 133 kinlochi, Aaadonta 136 KINOSTERNIDAE 73 Kinosternon 13 kintorei, Egernia 81 kirbyi. Paranlica 184 kirtlandii, Dendroica 68 kishinouyei . Eumeces 82 ^/7ae. Neolnchia 176 kilaiwojimanum. Elasmias 131 Kiunga 107 kivuana.Crocidura 6 Kiwaia 111 kiyi. Coregonus 102 kiyokoae . Kondoraphe 1 1 8 klagesi. Parides 179 klassika, Ideopsis 183 A:/a//(. Tylognatfius 98 kleinmanni, Testudo 75 kleinsclimidli. Erylhrura 69 klemmi, Pseudammcola 123 klossii. Hylobates 14 Knipowilschia 1 15 knudseni, Carelia 202 koarana. Ruatara 205 ATo^u.? 28,223 Jtoc/ii, P/Z/a 58 kocinus, Ramilieithrus Ml koepckeae. Cacicus 69 ATo^/a 22 koiichangae, Rana 90 KOKIRIIDAE 176 kollari. Synallaxis 55 koloana, Spelasorchestia 155 Komarekiona 151 KOMAREKIONIDAE 151 komenskyi. Belgrandiella 120 komodoensis, Varanus 83 jfeona. Chloridops 196 /Tom/oa 139 Kondoconcha 205 kondoi, Paramiella 1 18 Kondoraphe 118 kondorum, Hongvlua 139 kondorum. Kondoa 139 ^onifl 112 koolanensis. Kimboraga 142 kooringensis, Glyplorliagada 142 koratense. Lygosoma 82 kororensis. Semperdon 138 itos/ou'/, Ochotona 32 Kosswigichlhys 105 kosleri. Tryonia 126 kraemeri, Spilocuscus 3 krefflii. Lasiorhinus 3 kretseri. Malpululla 115 krishnai, Horaglanis 101 krueperi devla, Pieris 234 krumholzi. Gambusia 105 jtrH>7;. Adrianichthys 106 krybetes. Beddomeia 120 kubaryi, Corvus 71 kubaiyi. Kubaryietlus 137 kubaryi. Palaina 1 18 Kubaryia 126 Kuharyiellus 137 kubokaiya, Macromia 161 kuehm, Myzomela 66 kuehni.Zosterops 65 kuekenthali, Paranlica 184 kuesleri. Trochomorplia 140 kuhli.Calliihrix 12 /ru/i//a 110 jtu/j//7, Arii 25 itu/i///. Wn/ 48 kufilmanni, Liolaemus 80 itu/m/. Liberiictis 17 kuhnsi. Perdicella 132 kunigamiensis, Oligoaeschna 160 Kunsia 30 /fupca 185 kupeensis, Telophorus 59 Kupeornis 61 ituro/vvae. Goniosaurus 78 Kusaiea 139 kusaieana. Sinployea 138 kuschei, Nesosydne 167 kusnotoi, Megaerops 8 kulikina, Phrantela 123 LaZ^eo 96 labialis. Auslrelaps 84 labialis, Delma 79 Labidura 165 LABIDURIDAE 165 labiosa, Paratlierina 108 labiosus, Cyprinodon 104 lahradorius. Camptorhynchus 194 labridens, Ciclilasoma 1 12 labrusca, Partula 134 Lacconectus 169 laccophiloides. Lacconectus 169 lacera, Lagochila 198 lacernulata . Leucopternis 39 Lacerta 8 1 LACERTIDAE 80, 228 lacertosa. Woodford ia 65 lacheineri. Belgrandiella 120 lachnen. Noturus 100 laciniosa, Actinella 144 lacon. Euploea 183 lacus-coerulet. Tasmanophlebia 158 lacustra. Capnia 165 Lacustrelix 142 lacustris. Cralerocephalus 107 lacustris, Melanotaenia 107 lacustris, Paranaspides 153 lacustris, Taskropsyche 176 ladigesi, Telmatlienna 109 Ladigesocypris 96 Ladronellum 137 /ae/a. Goniohasis 201 laetissima, Ptychodon 205 laevigata. Georissa 1 17 laevigata. Leiostyla 132 laevigata. Omphalotropis Ml laeviusculus. Oclandius 174 lafresnayanus, Gallirallus 194 lafresnayanus. Gallirallus 44 Lagenodelphis 20 Lagenorhynchus 20, 21 Lagocliiia 198 262 Lagorchestes 4, 191 Lagostrophus 4 lagothriclia. Lagolhri.x 13 Lagothnx 13.218 lagotis, Macrotis 3 lagoiricha lugens. LagolhrLx 218 laidlawi. Epiophlehia 160 lakedownensis. Leggadina 30 lamellata, Diplommatina 1 18 lamellicosla. Taheitia 126 Lamellidea 131, 202 lamellosa, Leiostyla 203 Laminella 132 lamlanensis, Himeroconciia 137 LAMNIDAE 93 Lamnifera 134 lamoftei. Micropolamogale 5 Lam pad la 145 Lampedusa 1 34 Lampetra 93. 198. 229 Lamprocystis 139 lamproides, Rhylida 136 lampropeltis, Erpetogomphus 160 Lamprophis 84 Lampstlts 147, 148 LAMPYRIDAE 172, 233 lanaiensis, Drosop/iila 208 lanaiensis. Myadesles 62 lanaiensis. OUarus 166 lanaoensis, Punlius 98 lancelini. Ctenotus 81 lanceolata. Elliplio 147 lanceolalus. Polamonecles 169 LANCIDAE 129 langbiams. Crocias 61 langei, Hyla 87 langei, Onchobarus 174 iangfordi. Parlula 134 langi, Pseudocordylus 81 langstoni langstoni, Shijimiaeoides 235 Laniarius 59 laniger. Avafii 1 1 lanigera. Chinchilla 31 LANRDAE 59 Laniisoma 227 /an/o. Meladema 169 lanioides. Lipaugus 57 Lanius 59 lanosa. Crocidura 6 Lan.v 129 lanyoni. Phylloscartes 37 lanzai. Salamandra 92 laperouse. Megapodius 40 lapicida , Mordacia 93 lapponicus disjunctus. Dyliscus 233 laricis. Oecanthus 164 LARIDAE 46, 195 larselli. Plethodon 91 Larus 46 larvatus, Nasalis 14 laseroni. Georissa 1 17 LASIOCAMPIDAE 186 Lasiorhinus 3 Lasiurus 217 lasius, Bassaricyon 18 Lasmigona 148 /ara, Hemistena 147 lalastei. Rana 90 latens. Spirorbula 145 lateralis, Characodon 105 lateralis euryxanthus, Maslicopliis 228 lateralis. Petrogale 4 lateralis. Rheodes 108 Laterallus 44 latesignala ohliviosa. Cicindela 233 Lalhrolriccus 57 Lalicauda 84 lalicincta, Platysteira 63 laiicosta. Omphalolropis 127 Lalidens 8 latifasciata. Euploea 183 lalifasciatus. Cypnnodon 199 lalifii. Vipera 85 latifrons. Mugilognhius 115 latilabris, Omp/ialotropis 127 latimaculala . Rhinocypha 159 Latimeria 116 LATIMERUDAE 116 laltpes. Borbonibis 194 laitpunctata. Poealia 105 lalissimus. Dytiscus 168 latona, Crocidura 6 /a/o.? concavui. Empelrichlhys 230 /a/oi' /a/05. Empelrichlhys 230 /aro.5 pahrump. Empelrichlhys 230 /a/ro, Birgus 157 laucaensts. Oresltas 105 laucaensis. Trichomycterus 101 launceslonensis, Anoglypla 136 launcesionensis. Beddomeia 120 Lauria 132 laurina. Ningbingia 142 launnea. Leiostyla 132 lanrencei. Cordylus 81 layardii. Mesoplodon 23 laysanensis. Agrotis 210 laysanensis. Hedylepta 209 laysanensis. Hypena 210 /ffy^an^n^/i. Oedemasylus 208 leacockiana. Discula 144 leadbeaten. Gymnobelideus 5 leahi. Cenophantis 209 /ea/i/, Nesosydne 167 /ea/ cheatumi, Slenotrema 23 1 /ear/, Anodorltynchus 49 /fc/ie. /ToZiui 28 /ec/ie robertsi. Kobiis 223 Lechnodus 89 ledanli. Sitta 65 Lednia 165 leechi, Chaelarlhna 170 leechi, Hydroporus 169 lefevrei, Dysnomia 101 legaius. Diplothrix 29 legendrei. Ratsirakia 1 14 Leggadina 30 leguati, Aplianapleryx 194 Leguminaia 148 lehuiensis, Achalinella 201 leichhardti. Scleropages 93 Leimacomys 192 Leiocassis 100 Leioceplialus 197 LEIODEDAE 170 Leiolopisma 82. 197 Leiopelma 88 LEIOPELMATIDAE 88 leiopomus. Coitus 109 Leiopolherapon 1 10 Leiostyla 132, 203 Leipoa 40 Lemiox 148 iemmeri. Lilhophane 186 iemmingii, Chondrostoma 95 lemmingii, Rulilus 98 lemniscalus. Liolaemiis 80 Lemniscia 145 Lemniscomys 30 lemost, Cypseloides 52 lemur. Peltophryne 87 Lemur 10 LEMITRIDAE 10,217 lemunnus gnseimembra . Aoios 217 lendu. Muscicapa 62 lenior. Dysnomia 207 lenlicula . Percina 1 1 2 lenliginosus. Cralerocepltalus 107 /eo persica. Panlhera 219 leonard monlana. Hesperia 233 leonardi, Anomochilus 83 leonardi. Austrocordulia 161 leonina. Penpaiopsis 188 leoninum, Argiagrion 159 Leonlopithecus 1 2 leopardina, Helixarion 139 ieopardinus. Liolaemus 80 Leopardus 16 leopoldi. Caloslomus 99 lepida. Leplacljatina 132 Lepidocephalichtlxys 98 Lepidoclielys 76 Lepidochrysops 181.209.235 lepidodactylus. Procambarus 157 Lepidodaclylus 78 Lepidogalaxias 1 1 LEPIDOGAl^XIIDAE 101. 176 Lepidomeda 96, 198. 229 Lepidopyga 53 Lepidostoma 176 Lepi lemur 10. II Lepomis 230 LEPORIDAE 32,226 leporides, Lagorchestes 191 Leporillus 30, 192 leprosa. Canariella 144 Leptacliatina 132 leptalea. Helenoconcha 206 Leptasthenura 55 Leptaxis 1 45 Leptobotia 98 LEPTOCERIDAE 177,209 leploceros. Gazella 28 leptochila. Parlula 203 LEPTODACn'LIDAE 88 Leptodaclylus 89 Leptodea 148 leptodemas. Megalagrion 159 leptodon. Leptodea 148 Leplogomphus 1 6 1 Leptogryllus 164 Leptonela 152 LEPTONETIDAE 152 Leptonycteris 9 Leptopelis 88 Leploperla 165 Leptoplilos 37 Leptosiilaca 49 leptosomus, Brachypleracias 54 leptostictus , Caseolus 144 Leptotila 47 Lepuj 32, 33 Lepyrium 1 22 Lerisia 82 lermaense. Ambysloma 91 lervia, Ammolragus 26 /t'rv/a ornatus, Ammolragus 222 263 LESTIDAE 159 lesueur. Bellongia 4 lesueuri. Litoria 87 lellia. Aiislroassiminea 126 Lethe 184.235 letholepis. Pohlana 108 letitiae, Popelairia 53 Lelo 111 Letomola 137 letourneuxi. Valencia 105 leucas. Delphinapierus 22 Leuchocharis 135 leucichlliys leucichthys. Slenodus 230 Leuciscus 96 leucocepliala, Oxyura 38 leucochrysella. Coleophora 209 leucogeranus. Grus 43 leucolepis, Phyllastrephus 59 Leucopeza 68 leucophaeus. Collocalia 52 leucophaeus, Hippotragus 192 leucophaeus. Mandrillus 14 leucophaeus. Speirops 65 leucophthalmus. Larus 46 leucopogonis. Ceriferella 167 Leucopsar 70 leucoplera, Prosobonia !95 Leucopternis 39, 40 leucoplerus. Pleropus 8 leucopus, Lepilemur 10 leucopus, Saguinus 12 leucorrhaphe . Achatinella 130 Leucorrhinia 162, 233 leucoryphus. HaHaeetus 39 leucoryphus. Platyrinchus 57 /fucory.r, Ory.r 28 leucotaenia. Papilio 179 leucothoe, Parlula 134 Leuclra 165 LEUCTRIDAE 165 leucura, Macrotis 191 leukops. Rheodyfes 11 leuraensis. Eulamprus 82 levassori, Graphium 178 levilineata, Partula 203 levisthata. Partula 203 levraudi. Lalerallus 44 Levuana 209 Lewinia 44 /i^i'/.y/. ProdoTUria 171 lewisii. Gyrotoma 201 lewisii? , Dysnomia 207 /fwyana, Podocnemis 11 Lexingtonia 148 leytensis. Heosemys 73 Ihoesti. Cercopiihecus 13 Ihuysii. Lophophorus 4 1 Liardetia 139 LIAREIDAE 119 Libellula 162 LIBELLULIDAE 162,207,232 Libellulosoma 161 L/Tiera 205 liberalus. Laniarius 59 libehensis. Brachythemis 162 liberie nsis heslopi. Hexaprotodon 221 liberiensis. Hexaprotodon 25 Liberiictis 1 7 Libythea 209 LIBYTHEIDAE 209 lichenifer. Gymnopholus 174 liclienigera. Pseudemoia 82 Lichmera 66 Lichnanlhe 171 //em/. Taudaclylus 90 lievreana. Westrallrachia 143 ligala. Anculosa 200 lignaria. Paryphanta 136 //7u/c. Oliams 167 ///a, Achatinella 130 iilfordi. Podarcis 81 lilliae. Lepidopyga 53 //ma. Fundulus 104 //ma. Lithasia 129 LIMACIDAE 140 limbata albissima. Cicindela 233 limbalus. Rliantus 169 Limnebius 170 LIMNEPHILIDAE 176 Limnephilus 176 Limnocythere 153 LIMNOCYTHERIDAE 153 Limnodromus 45 Limnogale 5 LIMLILIDAE 151 Limulus 151 lindong. Puntius 98 linearis, Macrancylus 208 lineata. Mogurnda 1 14 lineata pinguicolla. Tympanocryptis 228 lineata. Rhyacoplula 175 lineata. Stenopsychodes 176 linealus. Acanihiops 81 lineolala euzieriana. Macrogastra 231 lineolata, Moitessieria 123 lineolalus, Hacrochlamys 139 linnellii, Sarotfwrodon 1 1 3 linopliora, Harmogenanina 206 linineri, Williamsonia 162 LINYPIIIIDAE 152 Liobagrus 100 Liociclila 6 1 Liolaemus 80 Liophis 84 Lioplax 119 //orui liorus. Chasmistes 230 //oru^ mictus. Chasmistes 230 Lipaugus 57 Lipotes 23 ///a. Antrolana 154 lirata. Anculosa 200 //ra/a. Carelia 202 Lirceus 1 54 Lissodelphis 2 1 Lissodelphis 2 1 listeri. Lepidodactylus 78 Lithasia 129 Lithoglyphus 200 Lithopfiane 186 L/7or/a 87, 88 Litthabitella 122 liltoralis. Formicivora 56 littoralis, Lepidochrysops 181 littoralis, Vrocyon 15 livida. Achatinella 201 livtdus, Carunculina 146 lividus. Paracenirotus 239 livingsionei, Pleropus 8 Z-iza 113 lizardensis. Theskelomensor 137 lobala. Campepliaga 58 Lobaunia 122 lobipennis, Pseudopsectra 167 locardi. Moitessieria 123 lodderae . Beddomeia 1 20 Loddigesia 53 Loentipes 1 15 loewensleini, Lepidochrysops 1 8 1 lohbergeri. Sarolherodon 1 13 /om//. Typhlosaurus 82 longianalis. Bedolia 106 longicaudata . Microgale 5 longicaudatus, Myosorex 7 longicaudatus , Notomys 192 longicaudatus. Spelaeornis 64 longicaudis longicaudis. Lutra 220 longimembris brevinasus. Perognathus 225 longipennis, Neduba 164 longipes, Canlhocamptus 153 longipes. Crocidura 6 longipes. Nesosydne 167 longipes. Potorous 4 longipes, Stygobromus 155 longipes. Xenicus 58 longipinnis, Aclieilognathus 94 longiroslra. Rukia 65 longirostris. Dasyornis 61 longirostris. Slenella 22 longispinis. Gambusia 105 longistyla. Congothemis 162 loocfwensis, Pleropus 191 Lophophorus 41,42 ' Lophopsittacus' 195 Lophopsittacus 1 95 Lophornis 53 Lophura 42 Lophuromys 30 lorata. Achatinella 130 lorenzmuelleri . Liolaemus 80 Loriculus 49 LORIDAE 11 LORHDAE 48, 195 Lorius 48 lotana, Lepidochrysops 181 Lo///a 199 LOmiDAE 199 Icfwei, Pseudocampylaea 206 lowei. Sheppardia 63 loweryi. Xenoglaux 5 1 Loxioides 68 Loxodonta 24 Loxops 68 loyaltiensis, Aspastus 204 Lucania 104 LUCANIDAE 170 luchti. Alrophaneura 178 luciae. Amazilia 52 luciae, Liza 1 13 luciae. Megalomys 192 luciana. Urothemis 162 lucidus. Hemignathus 68 lucifer. Acerodon 191 lucifer, Hemisaga 163 Lucifuga 103 lucifugus, Stygobromus 207 lucina. Crocidura 6 lucius, Ptychoclieilus 97 luckmanii, Planilaoma 137 luconensis. Prionilurus 50 ludia. Crocidura 6 ludlowi. Bhutanitis 178 Luehdorfia 178 lugens. Haplopltaedia 52 /u^o/, Mexipyrgus 123 lugubris. Formica 187 264 luhuana. Mandarina 206 luizae. Asthenes 55 lullulae. Pfialanger 3 lulua. lolaus 180 lumbee. Semolilus 98 lunaris, Dirce 186 lunata. Onychogalea 191 lunatus korrigum, Damaliscus 223 lupus. Canis 15 /upu5. Ictalurus 100 luschani, MerlensieUa 92 Luscinia 61 lusitanica, Chioglossa 92 lusitamcum. Chondrostoma 95 luiaria, Brazieria 139 lulea. Diplommalina 1 18 /u/ea, Partula 203 luteirostris. Zosterops 66 luteofusca, Cupedora 141 luteovinctum. Elheostoma 1 1 1 lutescens, Aloeides 180 LUTODRILIDAE 151 Lulodrilus 151 lutosus. Polyboms 194 /urra /ufra. Lu/m 220 turra 17. 220 lulreola. Muslela 18 lutreolina. Muslela 18 luizae. Liolaemus 80 luxatus, Deltistes 99 luzonensis, Archboldomys 29 /u2on^nj;\s. Misticlultys 1 15 /ya///, Xenicus 196 Lycaeides 235 Lycaena 181, 235 LYCAENIDAE 180.209,234 tycoon 1 5 lycodus. Bulimulus 135 Lycosa 152 LYCOSIDAE 152 lyelliana. Discula 206 LYGAEIDAE 166 lygdamus palosverdesensis. Glaucopsyche 234 Lygodactylus 78 Ly go soma 82 lymani, Carelia 202 LYMNAEIDAE 129 lyncurium. Poecilmitis 182 lyndseyae. Poecilmilis 182 lynnae. Gomphurus 160 Ly/LT 16 lyonelianus, Gibbus 204 lyonnelianum, Craspedoma 1 18 Lyperobius 1 74 Lyriothemis 162 Lyropupa 203 lysithous fiarrisianus. Eurytides 234 Ly/to 173 Afacaca 13,218,239 macaco. Eulemur 10 macaco flavifrons. Eulemur 217 macaco macaco. Eulemur 217 macclinlocki. Discus 138 Maccullochella 109, 110 macdonaldi. Toloaba 1 12 macdonaldii . Notopleris 8 maceljreshi, Driloleirus 151 macgillivrayi. Pierodroma 36 macgregori. Cyclodina 81 machadoi. Insulivitrina 140 maciiiki. Zooihera 64 MACHILIDAE 158 Machiloides 158 mackayi, Anomalopus 81 mackenziei , Stygobromus 155 maclarem, Pungu 1 13 macleari, Rattus 193 macleayi. Dorcopsulus 4 macleayi. Hedleya 1 19 macleayi, Sphaerospira 143 Macquaria 1 1 macquariensis. Maccullochella 109 Macrancylus 208 Macrobaenetes !63 macrocepliala. Acanthochelys 11 macrocepltala. Percina 1 12 Macroceplialon 40 macrocerca. Hylonympha 53 Macroclemys 73 macrodactyla. Oceanodroma 36 macrodactylum croceum. Ambystoma 229 Macroderma 9 macrodon. Onychogomphus 161 Macrodontia 173 Macrogalidia 19 Macrogastra 23 1 Macrognathus 109 macrolepidolus. Pogonichlhys 97 macrolepis, Cyprinodon 104 macrolepis. Leiopotherapon 110 Macromia 161 Macropenpatus 1 87 macropoda. Caecidotea 154 MACROPODIDAE 4. 191 macrops. Breviceps 89 macrops. Nothomyrmecia 187 macroplerus. Vanellus 45 Macro pus 4, 191 macrorhyncha. Saxicola 63 macrorhynchus. Globicephala 20 MACROSCELIDIDAE 33.226 Macroscincus 197 Macrosplienus 62 macrostoma. Lampelra 93 macrostoma. Mulicaria 134 macroslomus. Batrachophrynus 88 Macrotarsomys 30 Macrothele 151 macrolis, Nolomys 192 Macrolis 3, 191 macroura. Thripopliaga 55 MACRO VELHDAE 166 Macruromys 30 macularius ssp., Cyprinodon 230 maculafa, AUotoca 105 maculaia. Cotinga 56 maculata. Denisonia 84 maculafa. Paroreomyza 68 maculalum. Elheostoma 1 1 1 maculalus. Callopistes 81 maculatus. Paretroplus 113 maculalus. Sandracotlus 170 Maculinea 181,235 maculosus. Caprimulgus 5 1 maculosus, Geomalacus 146 maculosus, Glussolepis 107 maculosus. Stallingsia 178 mada. Prioniturus 50 madagascahensis. Acranlophis 83 madagascariensis, Aslacoides 157 madagascariensis, Bedotia 106 madagascariensis. Daubentoma 1 1 madagascariensis. Erymnochelys 77 madagascariensis, Etixanlhe 1 85 madagascariensis, Panlanodon 105 madagascariensis. Sanzima 83 Madanga 65 madeira. Pierodroma 36 maderensis. Disculella 144 madgei. Colpanon 206 Madoqua 28 magambae . Cymothoe 185 magazinensis, Mesodon 140 magenlae, Pierodroma 36 maghrebi. Gerbillus 29 Magicicada 167 magicus albivenlris. Otus 227 magicus insularis. Olus 227 magna. Sitia 65 magmdenta. Cryplomastix 140 magnifica. Aegialia 171 magnifica. Planorbella 130 magnifica. Tuloloma 1 19 magmftcus. Gorsachius 37 magniroslris hypoxanlha. Gerygone 227 magou, Euploea 183 mafiaganus. Pleropus 8 maidae. Euaslacus 157 mailuatensis. Orangia 205 major, Ameiva 197 major. Beamys 29 major. Bradyplerus 60 major, Gryllotalpa 164 major. Hirasea 205 major. Phyllonycleris 191 major. Zooihera 64 majusculus. Pseudomugil 108 makawai, Pogoniulus 54 malabarica. Idea 183 malacense, Polyplectron 42 malachilacea . Triclaria 50 Malacochersus 74 Malacocincla 62 Malacolimax 140 Malacomys 30 Malaconolus 59 malagrida cedrusmonlana . Argyrocupha 234 malagrida malagrida. Argyrocuplia 234 malagrida maryae. Argyrocupha 234 malagrida paarlensis, Argyrocuplia 234 malaitae. Rhipidura 63 malapana. Eulhalia 185 malayanus, Helarclos 19 maldonadoi. Bullockia 101 maleo. Macroceplialon 40 Malimbus 70 mallacoola. Engaeus 157 malleala, Auriculella 131 Malpulutta 115 Malurus 62 mamalak. Puntius 98 mammillifurca, Canlliocampfus 153 manasa, Neplis 185 manalus, Trichechus 24 mandarina, Mandarina 142 Mandarina 142. 206 mandersi, Cyclyrius 180 Mandibularca 96 mandibularis, Dionda 95 Mandrillus 14 Manduca 1 86 manengubae. Crocidura 6 mangoura. Papilio 179 mangslmnensis. Trimeresurus 85 265 mamensis. Perdicella 202 manipurensis. Perdicula 42 manlius. Papilio 179 Manohna 227 manoro. Smerina 185 Manouria 74, 75 man^ieldi, Bhiitanitis 178 mansuetus. Sylvilagus 33 manichuhcum, Crossopiilon 41 mantelii. Porphyria 44 MANTIDAE 162 manul. Olocolobus 16 Maoricicada 1 67 maquassiensis. Crocidura 6 maraena. Prototroctes 102 maraho. Papilio 179 marambaiae . Leplodactylus 89 marcellinus, Eurytides 178 marchei. Mydaus 1 8 marcia. Parantica 184 marcidum. Cupedora 141 margarifa. Felts 16 margarita, Macromia 161 margarita scheffeli. Felis 219 margarita. Somalocltlora 162 margaritacea, Alaena 1 80 margaritacea, Palaua 138 margarifae , Lethe 184 margarilifera durrovensis. Margaritifera 231 margarilifera. Margarilifera 146 margarilifera. Pinclada 239 Margarilifera 146. 231 MARGARITIFERIDAE 146.231 Margaronia 185 marginata, Caperea 20 marginala, Cicindela 168 marginata. Kuhlia 1 10 marginala, Phranlela 123 marginata, Testudo 75 marginipennis. Cicindela 168 mariae. Etheosloma 1 1 1 mariae. Stomatepia 1 13 mahaliciae. Eulonchus 175 marianae, Craleroceplialus 107 mariannae. Hydroporus 169 mariannarum, Ladronellum 137 mariannarum. Taheitia 126 mariannus. Census 26 mariannus. Pteropus 8 mariei. Cyclosurus 200 marieps. Ciiaraxes 185 marinas. Aplochifon 102 maritimus. Ursus 19 Marmaronetta 38 marmorala. Catocala 186 marmorata, Pardofelis 16 marmorala. Uperoleia 90 marmoralus. Cynolebias 103 marmoratus, Oryzias 106 marmoratus, Rivulus 104 marmoratus. Turbo 239 marmorensis. Discus 138 Marmot a 28 maroni, Papilio 179 marquesana. Tatpidon 206 marrianae. Margarilifera 146 marroni carolus. Huleechius 233 marshalli. Badistes 141 marsfialli, Pleurobema 148 marsupiobesa. Elliplio 147 martensiana. Partula 134 War/c.s 17, 220 martigener. Engaeus 157 marlinensis. Neofoma 30 marlinii. Euploea 183 masafuerae. Aphrastura 55 ma5erc/>w HI. 112 Perdicella 132. 202 Perdicula 42 perdila, Hirundo 58 /*ertf/7a 236 perdix. Parlulina 131 peregrina. Polygyra 140 peregusna peregusna . Vormela 220 perexilis. Campolaemus 203 perfuscus, Liophis 84 periglenes. Bufo 87 peringueyi. Ecchlorolesles 159 peringueyi. Phyllodaclylus 79 PERIPATIDAE 187 Peripaloides 188 PERIPATOPSIDAE 188 Peripalopsis 188 periscelis. Carelta 202 Perisoreus 71 perjurus. Eidoleon 167 perkensi. Oceanides 166 perkins. Nesomimesa 187 perkinsi. Machiloides 158 PERLIDAE 165 perlonga, Lyropupa 203 Pernagera 137 pernanus. Maslomys 30 Perognalhus 29. 225 Peromyscus 193, 225 peronii. Dobsonia 1 peronii. Lissodelpliis 21 peronii. Zoolhera 64 Peroryctes 3 PERORYCTIDAE 3 perovalis, Lampsilis 148 perovalum, Pleurobema 149 perpallidus, Notropis 96 perplexa, Tischeria 209 perpurpurea. Villosa 149 perpusilla. Auriculella 131 perroquini, Heterocyclus 122 persephone. Aeshna 160 persephone , Pelrogale 4 persephone . Rhadine 168 persolula, Ptycfiodon 205 personata, Dysnomia 207 personala, Heliopais 44 personala orienlalis, Melogale 220 personalus barbarabrownae . Callicebus 218 personalus. Callicebus 12 personalus melanocliir. Callicebus 218 personalus nigrifrons. Callicebus 218 personalus personalus, Callicebus 218 perspicax, Penelope 41 perspicillala. Lulra 17 perspicillata . Malacocincla 62 perspicillatus. Phalacrocorax 193 perlricosa. Dipnelix 137 peruviana. Tangara 68 peruviana. Vim 48 peruvianus. Mesoplodon 23 peruvianus. Telmalobius 89 Petal ura 161 PETAU'RiDAE 161 Petasina 143 petasus. Armsia 132 PETAITRIDAE 5 Pelaurus 5 pelersi. Rhynchocyon 33 /7e//7/, Glyptophysa 130 /7e///i, Heterocyclus 122 ^e//7/, Parelroplus 1 13 Pelrochroa 111 Pelrodromus 226 Pelrogale 4 Pelroica 63 PETROMYZONTIDAE 93, 198, 229 pellerdi. Beddomeia 120 pelterdi. Fluvidona 122 peucelia penningtoni . Ornipholidolos 235 Pezophaps 195 Pezoporus 50 pfejferi. Calamaria 83 pfeifferi. Bythiospeum 200 pfeifferi. Hedleya 1 19 Phacochoerus 221 Pliaenicophaeus 51 Phaenomys 30 phaeocephalus, Pte^opus 9 Phaeognaihus 91 phaeopygia. Plerodroma 36 phaeosoma . Melamprosops 68 phaeozona , Achalinella 130 pfiaeura. Crocidura 6 phaeus, Optioservus 172 plialacris. Triaenodes 209 PHALACROCORACIDAE 36. 193 Phalacrocorax 36. 37. 193 Plia longer 3 PHALANGERIDAE 3 PHALANGODIDAE 152 Phalanta 185 PHALLOSTETIIIDAE 108 Phallosielhus 108 Plianer 10 Phascogale 3 pliasianella, Beddomeia 120 PHASIANIDAE 41. 194 />/iaj/5 182,235 PHASMATEDAE 208 Pliasmodes 164 Plxaulomys 30 Plielsuma 78, 79. 197 Plienacobius 97 Phenacolimax 140 273 phenosa, Ochrotrichia 176 Piulanthus 187 Phildoria 177 Pfulemon 66 PHILEPrmDAE 58 Phileslumus 70 philiherii. Phalanfa 185 philippensis. Pelecanus 36 philippiana. Newcombia 202 phiUppii. Arclocephalus 18 philippinica, Succinea 138 phillipsi. Carra 95 phillipsi. Tangara 68 /7/11/0. Paranlica 184 Philocasca 176 Philodryas 84 PHILOPOTAMIDAE 176 PHILORHEITHRIDAE 177 Philoria 89 philoriles. Acalyphes 186 Philoliella 235 Philydor 55 philyrina, CaldweUia 206 phiegelhon, Pseudobarbus 97 phlegeihoniis, lolichthys 96 phleophaga . Ectodemia 209 PfiJoeomys 30 Phoboscincus 82 P^joca 18,220 phocaenoides. Neophocaena 22 Phocarctos 18 PHOCIDAE 18, 192. 220 phocoena, Phocoena 22 Phocoena 22 PHOCOENIDAE 22 Phocoenoides 22 Phodilus 51 phoedon, Amauris 183 phorbarUa nana, Papilio 234 phorbanla, Papilio 179 phosphor borealis, Bowkeria 234 phosphor phosphor, Bowkeria 234 photophila, Agrolis 210 Pholuris 233 Phoxinellus 97 Phoxinus 97 Phrantela 123 Phreatodrobia 123 PHREATOICIDAE 154 phreatophila. Prielella 100 phrygia. Xanthomyza 66 Phrynomedusa 88 Phrynops 11 Phrynosoma 228 Phyciodes 185 phyle. Paranlica 184 Pijyllaslrephus 59 phyllocercus. Engaeus 157 Piiyllococcus 208 Phyllodaclylus 79 phyllodes. Mormolyce 168 Pltyllodesma 186 Plryllonycleris 9, 191 Phylloscarles 57 Phylloscopus 63 phylloslegiae. Cyrtopeltis 166 PHYLLOSTOMTDAE 9, 191 Phylolestes 159 p/iyifl , Parlulina 1 3 1 P/iy-sa 130 physalus. Balaenoplera 20 Pfiyseter 22 PHYSETERIDAE 22 PHYSIDAE 130 Phylotoma 57 PHYTOTOMIDAE 57 piacenlinii. Madoqua 28 Picalliaries 63 piceus. Colymbetes 168 piceus. Unas 174 PICIDAE 54 pickeringii, Ducula 47 pickersgiUi. HyperoUus 88 Picoides 54 picta, Anculosa 128 p/cw, Anguispira 136 /7/c/a, OmpJialotropis 127 pictus. Lycaon 15 />/cu5 54 PIERIDAE 180.234 PfVr/i 234 pigra. Aloualta 12 pihapifia. Ponapella 127 pikoensis. Holcobius 172 pilealus. Hyiobales 14 pilealus. Pipriles 57 pilikia, Kubaryia 126 pilligaensis. Pseudomys 31 Pillomena 137 pilosa, Omphalotropis ill pilosus. Hydrotarsus 169 pilosus, Pteropus 191 pilsbryanus. Somatogyrus 125 /* ilsbrycha ropa 1 3 7 pilsbryi. Carelia 202 pilsbryi. Goniobasis 201 pilsbryi. Stenotrema 140 PiVu/a 137 pimanensis. Melanolaenia 108 pimaluae, Cralerocephalus 107 PIMELODIDAE 101 pinaleno, Eumorsea 164 pincliaque , Tapirus 25 Pinctada 239 pindu, Stomalepia 113 Pingalla 110 pinguis, Cyclura 80 PINNOTHERIDAE 158 piperata, Liloria 88 PIPIDAE 90 pipile, Pipile 41 P/pi7e 41 Pipislrellus 191 pipra. lodopleura 56 P/pra 57 PIPRIDAE 57 Pipriles 57 piratarum. Succinea 138 pisciculus, Cheirodon 99 PISIDIID.\E 151 Pisidium 151 pisleri, Pyrgulopsis 124 Pithecia 13 Pithecopiiaga 40 Pi;/(,V5 56 />/«a 57. 58 POTIDAE 57 pitlospori, Karocolens 174 Pitymys 193 pityusensis. Podarcis 81 pizarro, Parides 180 pizzinii. Stygobromus 156 placidus, Noiurus 100 placidus. Sosippus 152 Placoslylus 135 Plagigeyeria 123 Plagiodontia 32. 193 plagiola, Hypena 210 Plagitfimysus 213 Plagoplerus 97 Planaeschna I'M planicauda. Pyxis 75 plamceps, Prionailurus 16 planifrons. Hyperoodon 23 Planilaoma !37 Pianispira 143 Planorbella 130 PL.\NORBIDAE 130 planospira, Sinployea 206 planlarius, Dolomedes 152 planlii. Culella 136 planulata. Hirasea 205 Plalalea 37 Platanisla 23 PLATANISTIDAE 23 platenae. Callicolumba 47 plateni. Aramidopsis 43 platycephalus. Euproclus 92 platycephalus. Salmo 103 platycheilus, Palaina 1 1 8 PLATYCNEMIDAE 232 PL-M^'CNEMIDIDAE 160 Platycnemis 160 />/afy/a 119 Piatymanlis 90 Platynectes 169 platynola, Ceochelone 74 platyops, Polorous 191 Platyrinchus 57 Platysaurus 81 platysayoides. Triodopsis 141 Platysleira 63 PlJ^rV'STICriDAE 160 Plebejus 182.235 PLECOGLOSSIDAE 230 Plecoglossus 230 Plecolus 10 PLECTROTARSIDAE 176 P/e^mo 139 pleione. Taudactylus 90 Plentusia 143 plenum. Pleurobema 149 Pie rotes 8 Pleihobasus 148 Plelhodon 91 PLETHODONTIDAE 91 Pleurobema 148, 149 Pleurocera 1 29 PLEUROCERIDAE 127,200 Pleurodyles 169 Pleuropoma 231 pleurolaenia. Punlius 98 pleuroloma, Paladilhia 123 Pleuroxia 143 PLEXALTilDAE 117 plicaria, Hemicycla 145 plicala. Anculosa 128 Plicaloperipatus 1 87 plicosa. Omplialotropis 200 PLOCEIDAE 69. 197 Ploceus 70 PLOTOSIDAE 101 plumbeus. Dysillmmnus 55 plumbeus. Micrastur 40 p/u/o. Chalicodoma 187 Poblana 108 274 Podarcis 81,228 PODARGIDAE 51 Podiceps 35 PODICIPEDIDAE 35. 193 Podilymbus 193 Podismopsis 1 64 Podocnemis 11 Podogymnura 6 Poecilia 105 POECILIIDAE 105, 199 Poeciliopsis 106 Poecilmiiis 182.235 poecilops miyajimaense . Orlhelrum 233 poecilopterus, Nesoclopeus 44 poeyi. Phyllofxycteris 9 Pogomchthys 97, 198 Pogoniulus 54 Poiana 220 polia. Crocidura 1 poliocerca. Eupherusa 52 polionotus allophrys, Peromyscus 225 poUonotus ammobates. Peromyscus 225 polionotus niveivenlns, Peromyscus 225 polionotus pkasma, Peromyscus 225 polionotus trissyllepsis. Peromyscus 225 poUopareia, Eslnlda 69 polita, Mandarsna 142 polleni. Paratilapia 1 12 poUeni. Xenopiroslris 59 /7o///. Con^?05orfjr 6 ;7o//i. Oxyiapia 1 12 polops, Ameiva 81 Polposipus 173 Polyborus 194 POLYCENTROPODIDAE 176 polychromaticum, Enallagma 159 polyctena, Formica 187 Polygyra 1 40 POLYGY'RIDAE 140.231 Polygyriscus 140 polykomos. Colobus 13 Polylamina 171 polylepis. Anabariltus 94 polymorpfia, Pseudopalaina 118 polyodon, Helenoconclm 206 Polyodon 93 POLYODONTIDAE 93 Polyommalus 182 polyphemi, Onthopfiagus 171 polyphemus. Gopherus 74 polyphemus. Limulus 151 Polyphylla 171 Polypleclron 42 Polytelis 50 Pomarea 63 Pomatias 119 POMATIASEDAE 119,200 Ponapella 127 ponapensis, Dendrotrochus 139 ponapensis. Tornatellinops 132 ponapica, Nesopupa 133 ponapicus, Palikirus 137 ponceleli. Solomys 31 poncelelt, Tribolonoius 82 ponderosa. Cincinnalia 121 ponderosa. Mandarina 142 Pongo 15 pontica, Vipera 85 Ponloporia 23 ponlvillensis, Fluvidona 122 Poospiza 67 Popelairia 53 poptae, Xenopoecilus 106 porcata. Westraltrachia 143 porcellana. Partulina 131 porcellanus. Hippopus 150 porcus. Amasira 202 porosus. Crocodylus 78 porphyretica. Limnocylhere 153 Porphyria 44, 195 porphyrocheila , Aspasius 204 porreclus. Helixarion 139 porloricensis. Isolobodon 193 portosanctana . P seudocampylaea 145 poriosancli, Leptaxis 145 Porzana 44, 195 poseidon. Lepidochrysops 181 Posontes 143 posteri, Pleurocera 129 Poslicobia 200 poslveciis. Caiaxias 102 Polamilus 149 Potamonectes 1 69 Polamopyrgus 1 23 polenziani. Presbylis 14 POTERIIDAL 118 POTOROIDAE 4. 191 Potorous 4. 191 poitsi. Etheosloma 1 1 1 polulentus. Stylurus 161 pouchel. Hemicycla 145 poulsoni. Speoplatyrliinus 103 powellu. Lampsitis 148 poyntoni, Cacosternum 90 praecelcus. Bothriembryon 134 praeclarus. Joiceya 181 praeconis. Pseudomys 3 1 praecox. Melanotaenia 108 praecox. Mordacta 93 praerosa. Aculopsis 200 praelumida . Pilula 137 Praomys 30 pratensislmgncans. Formica 187 praitorum. Rhynchomeles 3 prallorum. Troides 180 Premnoplex 55 Presbylis 14 prespensis. Barbus 94 pretiosa. Calocala 186 pretrei. Amazona 49 preussi. Cercopithecus 13 Pnapella 199 pr/ce/ , Craterodiscus 1 4 1 pricei. Ictalurus 100 Prielella 100 prigoginei. Clilorocichla 59 prigoginei, Nectarinia 65 prigoginei. Phodilus 5 1 primum. Crislilabrum 141 princeps. Coitus 109 princeps. Melidectes 66 principalis. Campephilus 54 pringlei, Aloeides 180 pringlei. Lepidochrysops 181 pringlei. Pilosis 182 pringlei. Thestor 182 Prima 63 Priodonles 5 Prionailurus 16. 17, 219 Prionilurus 50 Prionomys 30 Prionops 59 Pristidactylus 80 Prisloceulhophilus 1 63 pritchardiae , Slenotrupis 174 pritchardias. Pentarthnim 1 74 pritchardii . Megapodms 40 Proandricus 213 Probarbus 97 Problema 177 problemalica. Rhophodon 137 Procambarus 156, 157 Procapra 28 PROCAVIIDAH 25 Procellaria 35 PROCELLARIIDAE 35, 193. 226 procellaris. Agrolis 210 procles. Graphium 178 Procolobus 14,218,219 Procyon 18. 192 PROCYONIDAE 18, 192 Prodontria 171 producta. Amphorella 135 producta, Parlula 204 productus. Hydroporus 169 productus. Nestor 196 Profelis 17 profundicola. Oryzias 106 Progomphus 161 Prolagus 193 pronoti. Mecistogaster 160 propinqua. Dysnomia 207 Propithecus 1 1 proserpina. Cyprinella 95 proserpina . Proserpinus 1 86 Proserpinus 186 Prosobonia 46, 195 protea. Partula 204 PROTEIDAE 92 Proterhinus 213 Proteus 92 Protoploea 184 Protoptila 175 Protolrachia 143 Prototroctes 102. 199 protracta. Partula 204 proluberata . Beddomeia 1 20 provocax. Lulra 17 provosfi. Ochrotrichia 176 proximo. Partulina 131 proximo. Sinployea 206 prunellei. Coeligena 52 pryeri. Megalurus 62 Prymnbriareus 143 przewalskii. Poradoxornis 62 przewalskii. Procapra 28 Psacadonotus 164 PSAMMASPIDIDAE 153 Psammobates 75 psammophila. Sminlhopsis 3 psorolena, Solatopupa 133 pselaphon. Pteropus 9 PSEPHENIDAE 172 Psephenus 111 Psepholus 50. 196 Psephurus 93 Pseudacris 229 Pseudagrion 160 Pseudalmenus 235 P seudammcola 123 P seudanodonta 149 Pseudemoia 82 Pseudemydura 11 Pseudemys 74 Pseud ibis 38 Pseudinon 158 275 Pseudobagrus 100 Pseudobarbus 97 P seudocalyptomena 54 P seudocampylaea 145, 206 PSEUDOaiEmiDAE 4 Pseudocheirus 4 Pseudochelidon 5 8 PSELTDOCOCCIDAE 208 Pseudocolopleryx 57 Pseudocopaeodes 233 Pseudocordylus 8 1 P seudocossyphus 63 Pseudocolalpa 171 Pseudodacnis 67 pseudodolium, Orcula 133 Pseudogobiopsis 1 1 5 pseudoincisus, Clossolepis 107 Pseudois 28 pseudomelaneus, Paranlica 184 PseudomugH 108 Pseudomys 31. 193 Pseudonestor 68 Pseudopalaina 1 18 Pseudophoxinus 97 Pseudophryne 89 Pseudopsectra 167 pseudopuJchella , Aprasia 79 Pseudorasbora 229 Pseudorca 2 1 Pseudoryx 28 PSEUDOSTIGMATIDAE 160 Pseudolricula 1 23 pseudotrolli, Vitrea 140 pseusles. Helenoconcha 206 Psilotreta 111 psittacea. Psilliroslra 68 psittacea, Treron 48 PSITTACIDAE 49, 195, 226 Psittacuia 50, 196 PsitfacuUrostris 50 Psilliroslra 68 Psophodes 63 PSYCHODIDAE 174 Psychomastalix 1 64 psychopompus , Scytalopus 56 Pteralopex 8 PTERIIDAE 239 Plerodroma 35, 36, 193, 226 Pteromys 29 Pleronura 18 PT1EROPODIDAE 7.191,217 Pleropus 8. 9. 191, 217 pterolropiana, Sphelerisla 111 plhonera. Canariella 144 Plilinopus 48. 195 PTILONORhlYNailDAE 70 Plycfialaea 133 Ptychobranchus 149 Ptychocheilus 97 Ply choc hromoides 1 1 3 Plychodon 205 pubescens. Polylamina 171 puda, /'ui/u 26 Fudu 26 Puffinus 36, 226 pulchellus. Acrolophilus 164 pulcbellus. Caprimulgus 52 pulcher, Lacconectus 169 pulcherrima. Achatinella 131 pulcfierrima. Papustyla 143 pulcherrima. Pelalura 161 pulcherrimus. Psepholus 196 pulcherrimus. Psepholus 50 pulchra . A uriculella 1 3 1 pulchra longicauda. Egernia 228 pulchra nigra, Anniella 228 pulchra. Pteralopex 8 pulchrus. Empicoris 166 pulitzeri, Macrosphenus 62 pu//a, Microgale 5 pullus. Carunculina 147 />«ma 219,220 pumila. Gyrotoma 201 pumila, Paranlica 184 pumila ssp., Pseudorasbora 229 pumila, Videna 140 pumilio. Myosciurus 28 pumilus. Pleropus 9 pumilus. Tarsius 1 1 punae. Deinomimesa 187 punclalissima. Knipowilschia 1 15 punclalus, Falco 40 punclalus, Lacconectus 169 punclalus. Spiienodon 78 punclellum, Mecodema 208 PUNCTIDAE 137 punclipennis, Lacconeclus 169 puncli perforata, Maulodonlha 205 punctulispira. Boninosuccinea 138 Pungitius 109 fungu 113 punicea, Columba 47 punicea. Trochidrobia 125 Punlius 97. 98 /TU/X3 . Palaina 1 1 8 pupaeformis. Goniobasis 201 pupiformis. Phrantela 123 /'up/Z/a 132, 203 PUPILLIDAE 132, 203 Pup/na 119 PUPINIDAE 119 Pupisoma 133 pupoides. Bythinella 121 pupoides, Nanocochlea 123 pupukanioe, Aclmtinella 131 pupula, Belgrandiella 120 pupula. Pupilla 132 puritana. Cicindela 168 purpurea. Gila 96 pusilla. Auslrochlorilis 141 pusilla. Galaxiella 102 pusilla. Ocholona 32 pusilla. Palaina 118 pusillior, Hemisloma 122 puslulalus. Hydrosaurus 79 putealis. Stygobromus 156 puteana, Moilessieria 123 pulnamensis, Ochlhebius 170 PYCNONOTIDAE 59. 196. 227 Pycnonolus 59 pycnum, Aphaostracon 1 19 pycrofli. Plerodroma 36 Pygathrix 14, 219 pygmaea. Goniobasis 201 pygmaea. Melanolaenia 108 pygmaea. Panda ka 1 15 pygmaeus, Cotlus 109 pygmaeus, Napaeus 133 pygmaeus. Nycticebus 1 1 pygmaeus. Pongo 15 pygmaeus. Procyon 18 pygmaeus. Somatogyrus 125 pygmeus, Eurynorhynchus 45 pygmeus. Phalacrocorax 37 PYGOPODIDAE 79, 228 PYRALIDAE 185, 209, 213 pyramidata. Gyroioma 201 pyramis, Diplommalina 118 pyramis. Heleropoma 126 pyramus. Poecilmilis 182 Pyreferra 186 pyrenaicQ. Belgrandiella 120 pyrenaica ornata. Ruptcapra 224 pyrenaica pyrenaica. Capra 222 pyrenaica victoriae. Capra 222 pyrenaicus. Calemys 7 pyrenella. Pleurocera 129 Pyrgina 135 Pyrgulopsis 124. 125 pyriforme. Pleurobema 149 Pyriglena 56 pyroeis hersaleh. Poecilmilis 235 pyrohypogasler. Hypopyrrhus 69 pyrrhoceplialus. Pliaenicophaeus 5 1 pyrrhops. Hapalopsillaca 49 Pyrrhura 50 P^JZ/jon 83 Fv.vii 75 quadraginlus. Pardalolus 65 quadrasi. Elasmias 131 quadrasi. Heleropoma 126 quadrasi. Himeroconcha 137 quadrasi. Nesopupa 133 quadrasi. Omplialotropis 111 quadrasi. Succinea 138 Quadrasiella 127 quadricolor. Dicaeum 65 quadricornis, Myoxocepiialus 109 quadricornis, Tetracerus 28 quadrioculatum. Pseudagrion 160 quadripaludium . Mexilliauma 123 quadrivillalus auslralis. Tamias 225 Quadrula 149 quadrulus. Somatogyrus 125 quagga, Equus 192 quarlesi. Bubalus 27 qualhlambae. Pseudobarbus 97 quensledli. Bythiospeum 121 questroana. Amplirhagada 141 quickelbergei, Lepidochrysops 181 quimpenana. Elona 144 Quincuncina 149 Quiscalus 197 quitobaquitae. Tryonia 126 rabieh. Picus 54 rabinoi. Liolaemus 80 rabori, Napolhera 62 rabori. Nyctimene 8 raddei. Viper a 85 radiaia, Geochelone 74 radiata. Parlula 204 radialus. Etylhrotriorchis 39 radiceus. Carpococcvx 50 Radiocentrum 138 radiolala. Parlula 134 radiolosus, Neomorphus 5 1 radiosus, Cyprlnodon 104 rafflesia. Euscheman 177 raffrayana. Emballonura 9 rafmesqueana, Lampsilis 148 rahmi. Lophuromys 30 raiatensis, Parlula 204 raimondii. Phytotoma 57 raineyi. Crocidura 1 rakiurae. Hoplodactylus 78 RALLIDAE 43, 194. 226 276 Rallus 44 ramadeva. Lethe 184 Ramiheithrus 111 RAMPHASTIDAE 54 Ramphocinclus 59 Ramphodon 53 Ramphotyphlops 83 ramsayi, Aspidites 83 ramsayi, Fluviopupa 122 ramuensis. Glossolepis 107 /?ana 90, 198 Rangifer 222 RANIDAE 90, 198 ramformts. Litoria 88 RAPHIDAE 195 Raphiomydas 1 75 ^ap/i«5 195 raptor. Paranyctimene 8 raricosta. Pomatias 1 19 rarum. Aciagrion 159 Rasbora 98 raspaili. Tacheocampylaea 145 rastellus, Syncomistes 1 10 rathbuni, Typhlomolge 92 Ratsirakia 114 rattrayi, Anhydrophryne 90 ffarru5 31, 193 /?a/u/"i3 224 raveneliana, Alasmidonta 146 ravidus. Tardus 196 ravivenlris. Reithrodontomys 31 rayi, Moitessieria 123 razae, Alauda 58 reaperi. Farula 176 rec/a, Westraltrachia 143 recticulus, Ochthebius 170 rectum. Cristilabrum 141 rectunguis. Centropus 5 1 recurvatum, Enallagma 159 RECLliVIROSTRIDAE 45 reddeili. Rhamdia 101 reddelli. Stygobromus 156 redfieldi. Partulina 131 Redigobius 1 1 5 redimita, Xerarionta 146 Redunca 224 REDUVIIDAE 166 reevesii, Syrmaticus 42 regalis, Heliangelus 52 regalis. Hypseleotris 1 14 regani. Chirosloma 106 regani, Neosalanx 101 rehsei, Acrocephalus 60 reibischi, Bulimulus 135 reighardi, Coregonus 102 reisalpense, Bythiospeum 121 Reithrodontomys 31, 226 relevata. Leiostyla 132 relicta. Helenoconcha 137 relicta. Myonycteris 8 relictus, Larus 46 relictus. Platysaurus 81 Relictus 98 remota, Partula 204 remotus. Conocepiialoides 163 remj/, Hypnophila 132 remyi, Suncus 1 Renea 119,200 rc5, Ningbingia 142 rf^fs. Orliialicus 135 resinus, Mandibularca 96 reslriclus. Cisticola 60 reticulata. Amastra 202 reticulata. Eos 48 reticulata. Eusthenia 165 reticulata. Insulivitrina 140 reticulatus. Coeranoscincus 81 reliformis. Bufo 87 Relinella 140 RETROPINNIDAE 102, 199 retusa, Obovaria 148 retusus, Chlamyphorus 5 reventazoni. Palaemnema 160 reverberii. Atelognathus 88 re.v. Balaeniceps 31 rex. Ogasawarana 200 re.r, Percina 1 12 reyniesii. Bylliinella 121 reynoldsi. Neoseps 82 reynoldsiarm, Sphet crista 111 Rftabdornis 65 RHABDORNITHIDAE 65 Rhacliis 203 Rfjadine 168 Rhagada 143 Rivjgomys 3 1 Rfiamdia 101 Rhantus 169, 208 RH.APHIDOPHORIDAE 163 Riieinardia 42 rhencola. Litoria 88 Riieobatrachus 89 Rlieocles 108 Rlieodytes 11 rheophilus, Taudactylus 90 Rhincodon 93 RHINCODONTTIDAE 93 Rhinichlhys 198, 229 Rhinoceros 25 RHINOCEROTIDAE 25,221 Rliinoclemmys 14 RHINOCRYPTIDAE 56 Rhinocypha 158, 159 Rhinoderma 90 RHINODER.VIATIDAE 90 RHINOLOPHIDAE 9 Rfiinomyias 63 Rfunonicteris 9 Rliinoptilus 45 Rhipidolesles 159 Rhipidura 63 Rhithrodytes 170 Rhizosomichthys 1 99 Rhodacanthis 197 Riiodacmaea 130 Rhodeus 229 rhodocorytlia, Amazona 49 Rhodonessa 194 rhombifer, Crocodylus 78 rhombosomoides. Caimsichlhys 106 RHOPALIDAE 166 Rhophodon 137 Rhopornis 56 Rfryacophila 175. 208 RHYACOPHILIDAE 175, 208 Rhyacornis 63 rhynchida. Kenkia 1 17 Rfiyncliochydorus 152 Rhynchocyon 33, 226 Rliyncfiomeles 3 Rhynciiomys 31 Rhynchopsitta 50 Rhyncogonus 174,208.213 RHYNOCHETIDAE 44 Rhynochetos 44 Rhysoconc/ia 205 Rhytida 136 RHYTIDIDAE 136 ricliardsoni liberiensts. Poiana 220 riclmrdsoni, Phranlela 123 rickseckeri. Hydrocliara 170 ricordi. Cyclura 80 nc/a. Hemidaina 163 ridgwayi. Buleo 39 ridgwayi. Tfialurania 53 ridleyi. Hipposideros 9 riedelii, Tanysiptera 53 Riekoperla 165 rijersmai. Alsophis 83 r/7e>/, Cyclura 80 n/cy/ . Poecilmitis 1 82 rimiculus ssp.. Catostomus 230 rimosus. Lemiox 148 ringens. Diplommatina 1 1 8 RIODINIDAE 235 ris/ , Progomphus 1 6 1 rw/ sakishimana. Planaeschna 232 risora. Alectrurus 57 n/a maltonii. Euphilotes 234 ritsemae. Lacconeclus 169 riversiana. Xantusia 79 nvulatus. Trichomyclerus 101 ^/vu/u.y 104 roberli, Alloperla 208 roberti. Gymnuromys 30 roberli. Nesidiolestes 166 roberlsi, Euaslacus 157 roberlsi. Zenacrchopterus 106 robusta, Actinella 144 robusta. Alasmidonta 207 robusta. Dubiraphia 172 robusta. Myslacina 192 robusta. Paniagenia 207 robusta. Pyrgulopsis 124 robusta ssp.. Gila 229 robuslus. Rtvulus 104 rocfiussenii. Scolopax 46 rockefelleri. Neclarinia 65 rockhamplonensis . Sphaerospira 143 rodericana. Alectroenas 195 rodericana. Geonemerles 117 rodericanus. 'Necropsillacu:>' 195 rodericanus. Bebrornis 60 rodericanus. Necrospar 197 rodolphei. Stachyris 64 rodricensis. Pleropus 9 rodriguezensis, Plegma 139 rogersi . Atlantisia 43 Roimonlis 137 rolandiana. Moitessieria 123 Romantchlhys 1 12 Romankenkius 199 Romerolagus 33 ronaldi, Beddomeia 120 roosevelli. Anolis 79 roquellei, Phylloscarles 57 rosae, Amblyopsis 103 rosalia, Leontopilhecus 12 Rosalia 1 73 rosalinda. GerbUlus 29 rosea, Acfialinella 201 rosea. Partula 134 rosei. Capensibufo 87 rose/, Heleophryne 87 roseicapilla. Ptilinopus 48 rosenbergii . Gymnocrex 44 277 roseus. Opislhopalus 188 rosmarus laptevi. Odohenus 220 rossi, Apalaleslea 174 rossi. Thgonoscula 208 rossiana. Paryphanta 136 rossmaessleri, Chilostoma 144 rossouwi, Aloeides 180 rossouwi. The star 182 rostrata rostrala. Aprasia 228 rostratus. Galaxias 102 rostrogaleaius. Engaeus 157 roswellensis. Pyrgulopsis 124 rolanus. Sempeidon 138 rolhschildi. Leucopsar 70 rothschildi. Ornilhoptera 179 rolhschildi. Phalanger 3 rolula, Himeroconcha 137 rolulata. Ohovaria 148 rolundata, Paranlica 184 rolundatus. Sandracollus 170 rotundicauda. Carcinoscorpius 151 rotiindicolUs. Dysticheus 174 rourei. Nemosia 67 rousseloti, Dendroprionomys 29 rowelli bakerensis. Eremarionta 231 lowelH mccoiana. Eremarionta 231 Roweliia 67 rowleyi. Eutrichomyias 196 ro.xellana bieti, PygalhrLx 219 roxellana, Pygathrlx 14 Rualara 205 rubecula, Poospiza 67 rubella. Palaina 118 rubellum. Pleurobema 149 ruhens. Amaslra 132 ruhens. Orthelrum 162 rubescens. Gallicolumba 47 rubicundus, Helixarion 139 rubida. Rhinoclemmys 74 rubiginosa, Prionailurus 16 rubra, Foudia 69 rubranura. Felexamia 167 rubricollis, Clmradrius 45 ruhripes. Odonlopodisma 164 ruhriforques, Anthreptes 65 rubriventer. Eulemur 10 rubrogenys, Ara 49 rubrum. Etheostoma 1 1 1 rubrum, Pleurobema 149 rue hi. Cyornis 61 ruddi. Heteromirafra 58 rudei, Necydalis 173 rw(:^(\s, Helaerina 159 rudis. Heferopholis 78 rudis. Jacksonena 142 rudis. Sinployea 206 rueppelli. Vulpes 15 ru/a, Formica 187 fu/a n/^ra, Aplodonlia 224 ru/a phaea. Aplodonlia 224 ru/a, Trichocichia 64 rufescens, Atrichornis 58 rufescens. Rhagomys 31 ruficauda. Myrmeciza 56 ruficaudatus , Lepilemur 11 ruficeps. Eucerceris 187 ruficeps, Luscinia 61 ruficeps, Paradoxorms 62 ruficollaris, Todirhamphus 53 ruficollis, Aulomolus 55 ruficoUis. Branta 38 ruficollis, Madanga 65 rufifrons, Formicarius 55 rufifrons. Gazelle 28 rufigulans. Hyelornis 51 ru/7na. Ca.-f//a 192 rufipectus. Arborophila 41 rufipennis. Neclarinia 65 rufipes, Phrynops 11 rufivenlris. Alsophts 83 rufivenlris. Saltator 67 rufocinerea , Grallaria 56 rufogularis. Pachyccpiiala 62 rufolavatus. Tachybapfus 35 rufomarginalus. Euscarlhmus 57 rufomerus. Chrysococcyx 51 rufomger, SpUocuscus 4 rufozonata, Pachystyla 206 rufula. Georissa 117 rufum, Rlunoderma 90 ru/uA". Can/\y 15 rugensis, Metabolus 62 rugiferus, Bulimulus 135 rugosa. Deinacrida 163 rugosiceps. Oceamdes 166 ruii:/. /?u/:ia 65 ffujtia 65 rulieni. Miloderes 174 rumppi, Agabus 168 rupicapra asiatica, Ru pica pro 224 rupicapra balcamca. Rupicapra 224 rupicapra carlusiana, Rupicapra 224 rupicapra caucasica. Rupicapra llA rupicapra lalrica. Rupicapra 224 Rupicapra 224 rupicola. Lacerta 81 ru/?/7/, Myomv^ 30 ruschi. Abrawayaomys 29 ruspolii, Tauraco 50 Russalus 138 ruslica, Partula 204 ffun/us 98 ruwenzorii, Micropotamogale 5 ^uM'^nzor/iorfx 7 ruweli, Ploceus 70 ryo^tyuenii.? amamii, Coeliccia 232 ryaAyuenj/i' ryukyuensis. Coeliccia 232 ^WJo/a 139 ryukyuensis asatoi, Stylogomphus 232 ryuAiyi/en^/.s watanabei. Stylogomphus 232 sabahensis. Lacconeclus 169 sabrinus coloralus. Glaucomys 224 sabrinus fuscus. Glaucomys 224 Sacramento, Anihicus 173 Sadleriana 125 sadonis. Sorex 1 saeronius. Bulimulus 135 5a ^a 1 64 sagittalus. Otus 5 1 sagittirostris, Viridonia 197 Saguinus 12, 217 Sfl/^a 224 Saimiri 1 3 saint johru, Maulodontha 205 saAiaramyf. Pachypanchax 103 saladonis. Notropis 96 Salamandra 92 SALAMANDRIDAE 92 salamandroides, Lepidogalaxias 101 5a/ami5 185. 236 salamonis. Gallicolumba 47 SALANGIDAE 101 Salanoia 17 salaziensis. Clenophila 138 salebrosa. Lilhasia 129 salifana. Partula 204 salimalii. Latidens 8 sahnasensis, Lampsilis 148 salinus milleri. Cyprinodon 230 salinus salinus. Cyprinodon 230 5a/mo 103 salmoides ssp-. Micropterus 230 SALMONIDAE 102, 199, 230 salmonis. Beddomeia 120 Salmothymus 103 Saltator 67 saluposi. Mexilana 154 salvadorii. Psittaculirostris 50 salvanius. Sus 25 Salvelinus 103, 199 sambavae. Acraea 185 Samoana 134,204 samoensis. Pteropus 9 sampsoni. Dysnomia 207 sanclacrucis. Nyclimene 191 sanctaecrucis. Zoslerops 66 sanctaehelenae. Cliaradrius 45 sanctaehelenae. Succinea 138 sanclicrucis. Alsophis 198 sandawanum. Graphium 178 sandbergeri, Bylhiospeum 121 Sandelia 115 Sandracollus 1 70 sandrius, Gomphus 161 sandvicensis, Branta 38 ran(iM7ren5/5, Eleotns 1 13 sandwichensis. Porzana 195 sandwichensis. Pterodroma 36 sanfelipensis. Capromys 32 sanfordi. Cyornis 61 sanguinea. Laminella 132 sanguineus. Rhachis 203 sanguinichristi. Pisidium 151 ian/Avon^sc/. Pangasius 100 sankara nar, Neptis 236 santaanae. Catostomus 99 santaecrucis. Gallicolumba 47 santamariae. Cyprinella 95 jan/ove.s/n5, Aplonis 70 Sanzinia 83 Sapheopipo 54 sarasinorum. Tamanka 1 15 sarasmorum. Xenopoecilus 106 saratogae. Belostoma 165 sardus. Prolagus 193 Sarotherodon 113 Sarothrura 44 Sasakia 185 5afan 100 salanas. Colobus 13 salanas salanas. Chiropotes 218 satanas utahicki. Chiropotes 218 SATirRNmiAE 186 satyavati. Lethe 184 SATYR IDAF 184,235 Satyrodes 236 saundersi, Larus 46 sauveli. Bos 27 ^Sauzieri 196 ,vavc.¥(. Aegotheles 196 sawtelli. CoUocaiia 52 Saxicola 63 ^av, Zoraena 161 scalanna. Palaina 1 18 scamandri . Hydrobia 1 22 Scaphirhynchus 93 278 SCARABAEDDAE 170. 233 Scafuriginichlhys 108 Sceloglaux 196 Scelotes 82 Scepomycter 63 schadenbergi , Atrophaneura 178 scliadenbergi. Craleromys 29 schaeferi. Pseudois 28 schalleri. Myosorex 1 schauinslandi , Caconemobms 164 schauinslandii . Monaclms 18 scfiaumi shenandoah. Spiiaeroderus 233 Scliayera 164 scheepmakeri. Coura 47 Schismatogobius 1 15 schistacea. Coracina 58 schistacea. Zoothera 64 Schistura 98, 99 schlegeli. Pseudocheirus 4 schlegelii, Tomistoma 78 schleiermacheri. Polyplectron 42 schneideri. Bills 85 schneideri. Pitta 58 schneideri. Tirade! phe 184 schoellen. Mtcropanchax 105 schoenigi. Paranttca 184 schomburgki. Cervus 192 Schouledenapus 52 schoutedeni , Schouledenapus 52 schreiberi. Lacerla 81 schrencki, Actpenser 93 schrenki, Perca 1 1 1 schuhi, Cinclus 59 schweizen. Vipera 85 SCIAENIDAE 112 SCINCIDAE 81, 197, 228 scindocataracta. Geminoropa 137 sciopteryx, Nesomimesa 1 87 scipio. Erebia 184 scitula antiochensis, Perdita 236 SCILTRIDAE 28, 224 Sciurus 224 sclaleri. Auslroglanis 100 sclateri. Cercopilhecus 13 sclaleri. Clilorotalpa 6 sclaleri. Lophophorus 42 Sclerodermas 186 Scleropages 93 SCOLOPACIDAE 45. 195 Scolopax 46 •5cops' 196 Scortum 1 10 Scolopelia 5 1 Scotorylhra 209 scollae. Dendrolagus 4 scratchleyi. Thryssa 94 scripla callirostris, Trachemys 227 scrofa riukiuanus, Sus 111 Sculpliferussacia 135 sculpturalus, Bulimulus 135 sculpturalus, Megacolabus 174 sculula. Discus 138 scutulata. Cairina 38 Scytalopus 56 secedens, Hyla 87 sechellarum. Copsyclms 61 sechellarum. Foudia 69 sechellensis, Bebrornis 60 sechellensis, Sooglossus 91 sechurae. Dusicyon 15 seclusus, Paracymus 170 sedula. Prololrachia 143 seeberi, Labeo 96 Selasphorus 53 Selenarctos 19, 220 selina. Crocidura 1 selium. Nesidiolestes 166 sellare. Etheostoma 199 semicarinaia. Pariulina 131 semicaudata , Emhallonura 9 semicostata , Ompiialolropis 127 semilirala, Tropidophora 200 semipalmatus. Eleutherodactylus 88 semipalmatus. Limnodromus 45 semiplumbeus . Rallus 44 semoni, Helixarion 139 Semolilus 98 Semotrachia 143 semperasper. Notropis 96 Semperdon 138 semperi. Leucopeza 68 semperi. Paludinella 123 senegalensis, Tricliechus 24 ^enf.v, Todirostrum 57 senicula, Hypena 210 senilis, Cambusia 105 sentaniensis. Chilalherina 106 Sephanoides 53 seplendecim. Magicicada 167 seplendecula, Magicicada 167 septenlrionalis. Lepiiemur 1 1 seplenlrionalis. Ordlrachia 142 seplima . Gompfius 1 6 1 sequoicola consors, Helminlhoglypla 231 sergenli. Somalogyrus 125 seriatus. Psacadonolus 164 Serica 111 SERICOSTOMATIDAE 176 Senculus 70 Serinus 69 serpensinsula. Nadus 78 serra. Barbus 94 Serranochromis 1 13 serviliei. Onconolus 164 SESIIDAE 177 selaroi. Bradypodion 79 seticoslatus. Helerexis 174 selifrons. Xenornis 56 seltlins. Clenophila 138 Selobaudinia 143 Selomedea 138 setosa. Monadenia 146 selosis. Mesacanthotelson 154 selosus, Euaslacus 157 selubalensis. Candtdula 144 sexdenlala . Helenoconcha 206 sexlineata. Melanoiaenia 108 sexnolalus. Dryobius 173 sexluberculaia . Podocnemis 11 seychellensis aldabrensis. Pteropus 217 seychellensis, Coleura 9 seychellensis. Pelusios 11 seychellensis. Tachycnemis 88 Seychellibasis 232 sliafferyi, Meliobba 142 sharpei, Terenura 56 sfiaslae. Hydromantes 91 shenandoah. Plelhodon 91 shepardiana, Elliplio 147 shepherdi. Tasmacetus 24 Sheppardia 63 Shijimiaeoides 235 shorfridgei. Pseudomys 31 shoslione. Pelocons 166 shoupi. Orconecles 156 showalleri. Anculosa 200 showalleri. Goniobasis 128 showalleri. Lepyruim 122 showalleri. Pleurocvra 129 Siacella 166 siamensis. Crocodylus 78 siamensis. Oreoglams 101 sibayi. Silhouellea 1 15 Jicjt/, Terenura 56 Sicydium 115 Sicyopterus 115 Sicyopus 115 sidamoensis, Heteromirafra 58 siemiradzkii . Carduelis 69 sierrana. Telrix 165 Siettilia 208 Sigmodon 226 signala. Belonlia 1 15 signala. Emydura 11 signifer. Stypodon 198 sijuensis. Schistura 99 sikorae. Rheocles 108 silenus. Macaca 13 Silhouellea 115 silindensis. Aelhomys 29 SILPHIDAE 170 SILURIDAE 100 5/7urM5 100 5/7u5, Gambelia 80 ■sj/z/i. Rheobalrachus 89 silvattca. Geoemyda 73 silveri. Clyptorhagada 142 silveslris, Gallinula 43 simatus. Balrachoseps 91 simensts. Cams 15 similis. Engaewa 157 similis. Troglohyplmntes 152 simoni. Aneuretus 186 simoniana. Moilessieria 123 simonyi. Callolia 80 Simoselaps 84 Simoxenops 55 simplex. Branchinella 153 simplex. Crislilabrum 14 1 simplex, Pyrgulopsis 124 Simpsoniconcfia 149 simrothi, Arion 206 simsoniana. Fluvidona 122 simulator. Leiostyla 203 simum, Ceratotlierium 25 simum colloni, Ceralolherium 221 simus. Cyprinodon 104 simus. Hapalemur 10 simus. Kogia 22 simus, Notropis 97 sinaiiicus. Paragomphus 161 sinclairi. Carelia 202 sinensis. Alligator 11 Sinocyclocheilus 98 Sinployea 138, 206 Sinumelon 143 sinuosa. Hirasea 205 5inu5. Phocoena 22 sipedon insularum. Nerodia 228 SIPHLONUREDAE 158,207 Siphonorhis 52 siquijorensis, Ixos 59 Strang, Puntius 98 sirinlarae, Pseudochelidon 58 sirlalis telrataenia. Thamnophis 228 SISORIDAE 101 279 sisyphodemus. Eleutherodaclylus i Siiia 64, 65 SnriDAE 64 silula. Elapfie 83 sivalikensis. Burmagomphus 160 sjoesledti. Papilio 179 Skiffia 105 sleighti. Belocephalus 163 sioatianus. Nephronaias 148 smaragdilts. Tinostoma 209 Smerina 185 Sminlhopsis 3 5m/7/u. Euathlus 151 smithi. Nemacheilus 98 smithi. Siacella 166 5mi7/ii. Thermosphaeroma 154 5mi//u. Trochidrobia 125 smithii. Stygobromus 156 smithi, Neoplanorbls 130 sne///, Thapsia 139 snelsoni. Nolropis 97 5noiW, Myrmotherula 56 snyderae. Tilapia 113 snyderi. Catostomus 99 sodalis. Myotis 10 soemmerringii. Gazella 28 jojt:oj(:en5/s, Anlhus 58 solangiae, Sitta 65 Solaris. Dirce 186 Solatopupa 1 33 solalus, Cercopitiiecus 13 Solenodon 5 SOLENODONTIDAE 5 Soliperla 165 solitaria. Argiocnemis 159 soUlaria, Pezophaps 195 solitaria. Samoana 134 solilarius. Atelognathus 88 soUtarius. Buteo 39 solilarius, Raphus 195 solilarius, Relictus 98 soliiudum. Cristilabrum 141 Solomys 3 1 5o/u^. Pyrgulopsis 125 soluta, Wrayanna 127 Somalochlora 162 Somaiogyrsus 1 25 Somatogyrus 125 sompSiongsi . Barbus 94 somuncurensis. Somuncuria 89 Somuncuria 89 sondaicus. Rhinoceros 25 Sonorella 146 SOOGLOSSIDAE 90 Sooglossus 90, 91 Sorex 7 sorghophilus, Acrocephalus 60 SORICIDAE 6 ioror, Odynerus 187 sororcula, Tyto 51 Sosippus 152 5o/a/ja 21 soumagnei. Tyto 51 5ou£a 21 iowerdyana, Achalinella 131 spadiceus. Dyacopterus 7 spadix, Cephalophus 27 spadix, Dendrolagus 4 spaidingi, Achatinella 201 spaldingi. Ougapia 136 spana. Epargyreus 177 spangleri. Hydroporus 169 Spanglerogyrus 170 sparsa. Quadrula 149 spatfiula. Polyodon 93 spatulatus. Clinus 113 spaiulalus. Onchoielson 154 speciosa bohartorum. Philoliella 235 speciosa. Gambusia 105 Speciosa, Geothlypis 68 speciosa. Stachyris 64 speciosus, Pleropus 9 spectaculum, Cristilabrum 141 spectrum, Osmerus 101 spectrum. Tarsi us 11 S pel raps 65 spekei. Gazella 28 spelaea. Amblyopsis 103 Spelaeodiscus 132 Spelaeornis 64 spelaeotes. Lucifuga 103 spelaeus. Platymantis 90 spelaeus. Speleopenpatus 187 spelaeus. Typhlotriton 92 Spelasorcliestia 1 55 Speleomanles 91 Speleopenpatus 1 87 spelunca, Physa 130 Spelungula 152 spenceri. Bolhriemhryon 134 spenceri, Litoria 88 spenceri, Opisthotropis 84 Speocirolana 154 Speoplatyrliinus 103 Speothos 15 Speyeria 185,236 Spliaerodactylus 79 Spliaeroderus 233 SPHAEROMATIDAE 154 Sphaerospira 143 Splialloplana 117 Spharagemon 164 SPHECIDAE 187.236 SPHENISCIDAE 35 Spheniscus 35 Sphenocichla 64 Sphenodon 78 SPHENODONTIDAE 78 Spheterisia 111 SPHINGIDAE 186.209,236 sphinx. Mandrillus 14 sphyurus. Underwoodisaurus 79 spiculosa, Ceralella 158 spilocephalus stresemanni. Olus 227 Spilocuscus 3. 4 spiloptera. Porzana 44 Spilornis 40 spilola imbricata. Morelia 228 spilota, Mogurnda 1 14 spilola, Tasmanoplegas 176 spina, Damochlora 141 spinachoides. Micropliis 109 spinata. Rhyacophila 175 spinalus. Stygobromus 156 Spindasis 1 82 spinicaudatus. Engaeus 157 spinifer. Austrosaga 163 spinifera. Acanlhinula 132 spinifera. Paralucia 182 spinipennis. Hadramphus 174 spinipes. Trogloltypttantes 152 spinipinnis. Phocoena 22 spinosa. Elliptic 147 spinosa. Heosemys 73 spinosus, Pseudocordylus 81 spirizona, Amastra 132 Spirorbula 145 spirulina. Disculelia 144 spi-W/. Acanthoclielys 11 spLxii. Cyanopsttta 49 5/)(za 197 Spizaetus 40 Spizocorys 58 splendens. Ameca 105 splendens. Buprestis 171 splendens, Cynolebias 103 splendens. Macromia 161 splendens, Pupina 1 19 splendida. Neopliema 50 splendida. Parlulina 131 spodiurus, Pachyramphus 57 spongotroktis. Tilapia 113 sporadica, Orangia 205 Sporophila 67 •sp/' . Cyprinodon 199 5^/7.. Itodacnus 213 Spratellicypris 98 spraiti. Trochoidea 144 spurca. Ptychodon 205 squall da. Spirorbula 145 squamata. Poblana 108 squamatiis. Mergus 38 squamigera. Brachypteracias 54 squamosa. Tridacna 150 squamulosa. Baccalena 141 srilankensis. Punlius 98 stabilei. Retinella 140 Stachyris 64 5/ar>'i, Zelotypia \11 Stagnicola 129 Slallingsia 178 .s/am/nf U5, >\M'aou^ 1 14 stanauli. Noturus 100 slandingi. Phclsuma 79 stapes. Quadrula 149 slarki. Alabamaubria 172 srarjti. Taeniopteryx 165 Starnoenas 48 slarostini, Troglocobitis 99 Steatomys 3 1 stebbinsi, Batrachoseps 91 steerii. Centropus 51 sleerii. Pitta 58 stegaria. Cyprogenia 147 sleinbachi. Parides 180 stembachi, Sarolherodon 1 13 steindachneri . Cichlasoma 112 steinslansana. Elliptio 147 stejnegeri. Hynobius 91 stejnegeri malonei. Trachemys 227 stejnegeri, Mesoplodon 23 stellmacki. Stygobromus 156 STENASELLIDAE 154 S/^nW/a 21.22 Stenelmis 172,233 5/fno 22 Stenobothrodes 165 stenoceplwla. Crocidura 1 Stenodus 230 STENOPELMATIDAE 163 Stenopelmatus 163 STENOPSYCHIDAE 176 Stenopsychodes 1 76 Stenotrema 140, 231 Stenotrupis 174 stephani. Heterelmis 172 280 slephanidisi. Cobitis 98 stephenensis, Anagolus 173 stepheni, Poecilmilis 182 stepheni. Theslor 182 stepheni, Vini 48 stephensi, Dipodomys 29 stephensi. Hoplodactylus 78 Sterkia 133 Sterna 46 sternalis, Engaeus 157 sterrhopteron. Wetmorethraupis 68 j/ewart/^oni. Dysnomia 207 stewartii. Achatinella 1 3 1 sihenele slfienele. Cercyonis 235 sthennyo, Erebia 184 Stictonetta 38 stictoplera, Touil 50 stilbocarpae, Hadramphus 174 stimpsoni. Sicydium 1 15 Stiobia 125 stiversiana miwoka.Helminthoglypta 23 1 stiversiana williamsi. Helminthoglypta 231 stocki. Argonemertes 1 17 slocktonensis. Tryonia 126 Stomatepia 113 Stonemyia 208 stormi, Ciconia 37 slormi, Plethodon 91 slraminea. Palaua 138 sirauchi. Neurergus 92 sireber. Ztngel 112 streckeri illinoensis, Pseudachs 229 streckeri. Lampsilis 148 strengi, Somatogyrus 125 strenuus, Zoslerops 196 STREPTAXIDAE 135. 204 Streptocilta 70 stresemanni. Graphium 178 stresemanni. Merulaxis 56 stresemanni, Zaralornis 57 stresemanni, Zavattariornis 71 striata. Coxiella 121 striata. Paratherina 108 striata, Vitrea 140 sthatipila. Omphalotropis 127 striatulum, Etheostoma 1 1 1 striatum, Leiolopisma 82 striatus. Chaetornis 60 striatus fosteri, Epicrates 228 striatus. Simoxenops 55 strigata kororensis, Palaina 231 strigata. Palaina 1 18 STRIGIDAE 51, 196,227 strigidorsa. Mustela 18 strigirostris, Didunculus 47 Strigops 50 strigosa goniogyra. Oreofwlix 231 striolata. Palaina 1 18 strobila. Pachysaga 164 STROMBIDAE 239 Strombus 239 stropfiium. Odonlophorus 42 5/ru»/. Theslor 182 Strymon 182, 235 Slupidogobius 1 15 Sluranyella 1 1 8 sturdeei. Pipistrellus 191 sturio, Acipenser 93 Sturnella 69 STLTRNIDAE 70, 197 Stygionympha 1 84 Stygobromus 155, 156, 207 stylodon. Erepta 206 Stylogomphus 232 STYLONISCIDAE 154 Styloniscus 154 Stylurus 161 stymphalicus, Pseudophoxinus 97 Stypodon 198 styriaca. Belgrandiella 120 S/y-r 182 subangulata. Lampsilis 148 subaspera, Rana 90 subcalliferus. Caseolus 144 subcavernula. Libera 205 subcrislalus. Conoiophus 80 subcylindrica. Crypiazeca 132 subcylindrica , Lamellidea 131 subdetecta. Harmogenanina 206 subequalum. Thermosphaeroma 154 subflavus. Epicrates 83 subgutturosa marica. Gazella 223 sublaevis. Canlhocamptus 153 sublevata, Semotrachia 143 submaritima, Omphalotropis 127 submissus. HelLrarion 139 subniger. Pteropus 191 subpersonatus. Ploceus 70 subplicala. Idiomela 145 subplicalus. Cfulonopsis 204 subrosirata, Amastra 202 subruficollis. Aceros 54 subsimilis. Epigomphus 160 subsoror. Amastra 202 subspinosus. Chaetomys 3 1 sublecla. Petasina 143 subtiia. Westrallrachia 143 subtilis. Mautodonlha 205 subtilis. Sphalloplana 1 17 subtilis. Stygobromus 156 subtruncatus. Chilonopsis 204 SLIBULINIDAE 204 subviridis. Lasmigona 148 Succinea 138, 206 SUCCnVEIDAE 138. 206 sudetica. Erebia 184 suenoae. Mandarine 142 suevica. Vallonia 133 SUIDAE 25, 192, 221 sukatschewi, Garrulax 61 5u/a. Coracina 58 sulcata. Nesosydne 167 sulewatlan. Paranlica 184 sulfusus. Nysius 166 SULIDAE 36 sulpliuraria, Poecilia 105 sulpliurata, Emberiza 67 sulphurea. Cacalua 48 sulphurius, Hydroporus 169 sumatraensis, Capricornis 27 sumatraensis sumatraensis, Capricornis 222 sumatrana. Lutra 17 sumatrensis. Dicerorhinus 25 sumichrasli, Bassariscus 18 sumichrasti, Hylorc.'iilus 59 sumnerensis, Cygnus 194 suncoides, Ruwenzorisorex 7 Suncus 7 Sundoreonectes 99 superba. Pitta 58 superbum. Spharagemon 164 superciliosa, Ophrysia 194 superficialis. Alaenius 171 supramontes, Speleomantes 91 surda. Touil 50 5u5 25, 192, 221 suspectum. Heloderma 83 suleri. Omphalotropis 127 suteri. Peripaloides 188 sutilosa. Cupedora 141 suttkusi. Scaphirhynchus 93 suturalis. Omphalotropis 127 suturalis. Partula 204 5wa/e5/, Turdus 64 swanepoeli. Lepidochrysops 181 swanepoeli . Poecilmilis 182 swanepoeli, Theslor 183 5vvaz/cus. Lamprophis 84 swezeyt, Aeschrilhmysus 173 ^wezev/. Nesilhmysus 173 swezeyt. Pseudopsectra 167 swezeyi. Zorotypus 165 swierstrai. Chiloglanis 101 swierstrai, Francolinus 41 swiftii. Achatinella 131 swinhoei. Capricornis 27 sivinhoii. Lophura 42 swynnertoni. Swynnertonia 64 Swynnertonia 64 Syconycleris 9 sylhetensis. Kachuga 73 sylvanus. Hygrolus 169 sylvanus. Macaca 13 sylvestris. Gallirallus 44 Sylvilagus 33, 226 Sy I visa rex 1 Sympetrum 207 Synallaxis 55 Synanthedon 111 SYNBRANCHIDAE 109 Syncaris 156, 207 Syncomistes 110 SYNGNATHIDAE 109, 199 Syngnathus 199 SYNLESTIDAE 159 Syniheosciurus 29 Synthliboramphus <^6 syriaca. Calopteryx 159 Syrichtus 111, 178 syrinx. Melisella 111 Syrmaticus 42 SYRPHIDAE 175 szczytkoi. Leuctra 165 TABANIDAE 174. 208 tabellala, Discula 144 Tacheocampylaea 145 tacheoides. Tacheocampylaea 145 Tachybaptus 35 Tachycnemis 88 Tachygia 198 TACHYGLOSSIDAE 3 Tachypleus 1 5 1 taczanowskii . Nothoprocta 35 taczanowskii. Podiceps 35 Tadorna 38 taeniabronchum . Bradypodion 79 taeniata. Anculosa 128 laeniata, Partula 204 laeniatus. Ophidiocephalus 19 Taenioides 1 1 5 taeniolata. Achatinella 131 taeniolata, Palaina 118 TAENIOPTERYGIDAE 165 Taeniopteryx 165 281 tagmichensis, Napaeus 133 lagulichensis, Napaeus 133 Taheilia 126 tahiliensis. Numenius 45 Taipidon 206 laitianum. Pleurobema 149 takedai. Hynohius 91 TALPIDAE 7 talpina. Parlulina 131 Tamanka 115 tamaragense, Conirostrum 68 (amhusisiana. Idea 183 Tam/a^ 224, 225 Tamiasciitrus 225 lanago, Tanakia 98 Tanakia 98 lanasi, Percina 112 Tandanus 101 Tandoma 140 Tangara 67. 68 tanmunana , Turgemlubulus 143 tanneh, Bulimulus 135 tanneri. Vtabaenetes 163 lansaniana, Crocidura 7 lanlilus. Neoplanorbis 130 lantula. Serica 171 lanyceplialus. Calaxias 102 Tanysiplera 53 Taoniscus 35 Taphrolesbia 53 TAPIR IDAE 24 Tapirus 24. 25 tappaniana . Parlulina 1 3 1 laprobana, Parantica 184 larabinii, Pardiglanis 100 tarandus pearyi. Rangifer 222 larapacensis, Tropidurus 80 /artfa, 0//5 45 tarichi. Chalcalburnus 95 larneriaruis, Napaeus 133 larravillensis, AllocSuxropa 137 TARSIIDAE 11 Tarsius 1 1 tasanae. Rana 90 Taskiria 176 Taskropsyche 176 Tasmacelus 24 tasmaniae, Canthocamptus 153 tasmaniae. Megalanura 158 tasmanica. Apteropanorpa 174 tasmanica. Beddomeia 120 tasmanicus, Bolhriemhryon 134 tasmaniensis, Arachnocampa 174 lasmaniensis. Edwardsina 174 Tasmanipafus 1 88 Tasmanophlebia 158 Tasmanopleclron 1 63 Tasmanoplegas 176 tatahca mongolica. Saiga 224 /a/ei, Dactylopsila 5 /a/e/, Premnoplex 55 lalricus. Spelaeodiscus 132 tattawuppana. Clyplorhagada 142 tatlersalli, Propilhecus 1 1 Taudaclylus 89. 90 TauTQCo 50 tavala, Apatania 176 /a>v/7an'/en5/5. Raitus 3 1 taxicolor bedfordi. Budorcas 222 taxicolor taxicolor, Budorcas 222 taxicolor itbelana, Budorcas 222 taxicolor whitei. Budorcas 222 TAYASSUIDAt 25 taylori. Arius 101 taylori. Nofurus 100 tecliformis, Discula 144 TEIIDAE 81, 197 Teinopalpus 180 /f(fa. Cy mot hoe 185 telegrapha. Hedylepla 209 teleius burdigalensis. Maculinea 235 teleius. Maculinea 181 Telespiza 68 telfairii. Leiolopisma 82 telfordi. Crocidura 7 Telmaihenna 108. 109 TELMATHERINIDAE 108 Telmatobius 89 Telmatobufo 89 Telophoms 59 temmincki. Catopuma 16 temminckii . Macroclemys 13 tempe. Thestor 183 /enav. Somatogyrus 125 TENEBRIONIDAE 172 lenebrosa, Carelia 202 tenebrosus. Phyllast re pirns 59 tenella , Auriculella 1 3 1 tenerifensis. Parmacella 140 Tengchiena 139 lennenlii, Ceralophora 79 /cnneii^f n5;5. Phoxinus 97 tennesseensis, Somatogyrus 125 TENRECIDAE 5 tenuicostata. Sinployea 206 tenuimanus. Cherax 157 tenuirostris, Numenius 45 /enu/s, Co//U5 109 tenuis. Pseudobarbus 97 tenuisculpta, Liardelia 139 tenuispira, Amastra 202 Teramulus 108 TERAPOISfTIDAE 110 terebra, Parlulina 131 Terenura 56 teretulus. Phenacobius 97 Terpsiphone 64 terrapen felis. Trachemys 111 Terrapene 74 terrestris, Zoothera 1% terrisi, Rhynchopsilla 50 terryi. Aeschritfimysus 173 tessellafa. Parlulina 131 tessellatus. Cualac 104 tessellum, Syrichtus 178 testudinalis, Discula 144 TESTLIDINDDAE 74, 197, 227 Tej/urfo 75. 227, 228 Tetracentrum 109 Tetracerus 28 telradaclyla, Allactaga 29 lelradactylus sangi. Pelrodromus 226 Tetradactylus 81. 198 Tetranesodon 101 Tetrao 42 tetrax, Tetrax 45 Tetrax 45 tetrica, Discula 206 TETRIGIDAE 165 r^/Kr 165 Tettigarcla 167 TETTIGARCriDAE 167 Tettigidea 165 TETTIGONIIDAE 163. 208 teuszii. Sousa 21 levoroa, Tridacna 151 lexana. CocliHopa 121 texana. Microcreagris 152 lexanus. Asaphomyia 175 /e.tanu.s. Haideoporus 168 /e.vanu5. Limnebius 170 iexamis, Xyrauchen 99 textilis. Amytornis 60 teydea. Fringilla 69 tevsmannii. Treron 48 Tfiaanumella 127 tliaannmi. Acliatinella 201 tfiaidina, Bhulanitis 178 tlialia. Crocidura 7 //w//a. Parlula 204 Tlialurania 53 lliamnobales, Bradypodion 79 THAMNOCEPHALIDAE 153 Thamnomys 31 Tliamnophis 84, 228 Tfiapsia 139 Tliaumatodon 136. 206 Thaumatogryllus 164 Tfiaumaloneura 159 thedana. Torresitrachia 143 tlteodori. Anas 194 Theodoxus 117 THERAPHOSIDAE 151 tlxermae. Zailzeva 172 lliermalis, Pyrgulopsis 125 ihermophilum. Thermosphaeroma 154 Thermophis 84 Thermospftaeroma 154 tliermydromis. Speocirolana 154 //le/o cedarbergae . Plmsis 235 Tlieropithecus 14 Thersiles 143 Theskelomensor 1 37 thessala. Kmpowitschia 1 15 r/ie^j/or 182, 183, 235 //w/fs, Partula 134 tlubetana huangensis, Ochotona 226 ihibetana. Macaca 13 tlubetana sikimaria. Ochotona 226 lliibetanus gedrosianus, Selenarctos 220 llubelanus, Selenarctos 19 tholloni. Mesoperipatus 187 tliomaselli. Edenlulina 204 thomasi betlmne-bakeri. Hemiargus 234 ihomasi. Galagoides 11 thomasi. Microgale 5 thomasi. Ochotona 32 thomasi. Urothemis 162 thomassett. Nesomantis 90 Thomea 135 thomensis. Columba 47 thomensis. Crocidura 7 thomensis, Neciarima 65 tliomensis, Thyrophorella 135 Thomomys 225 ihompsoni. Pyrgulopsis 125 thonglongyai, Craseonycteris 9 tlioracicus. Cliaradrius 45 THRESKIORNITHIDAE 37, 194, 226 Thripopliaga 55 Throscodectes 164 Thryothorus 59 Thryssa 94 ihurslom. Samoana 134 THYLACINIDAE 191 Thylacinus 191 282 Thylogale 4 Thyrophorella 1 35 mYROPHORElXIDAE 135 llrysi. Tilapia 1 13 ttarella, Ceomiira 144 Tiaroga 98 tibialis, Anomala 171 tibiospina, Deinacrida 163 ligerellus, Gobius 115 ligrinum californiense . Ambystoma 229 ligrinus, Leopardus 16 ?(,?r/5. Panlhera 16 Tijuca 57 Tilapia 113 Tiliqua 82 limorensis. Ficedula 61 TINAMIDAE 35. 226 Tinamus 35 Tinosloma 209 liomanensis, Sundoreonecies 99 Tiradelphe 1 84 Tirumala 184 Tischeria 209 TISCHERIIDAE 209 ((Ve/, Lepidochrysops 181 lithonus. Ornilhoplera 179 /(7/i>'i', Synallaxis 55 litteya. Puntius 98 lityoides. Paranlica 184 tlahuacensts. Evarra 198 //a/oc/. /?on<3 198 tobiasi. Hydropsyche 208 tobleri, Euploea 183 toboroi. Papilio 179 Todirhamphus 53. 227 Todiroslrum 57 tohiveana. Parlula 204 tokudae, Mogera 1 lokudae. Pleropus 191 Tokudaia 3 1 tolotomensis. Roimonlis 137 Tolypeutes 5 lomenlosus. Kunsia 30 Tomisloma 78 lomselli, Cupedora 141 ionkeana hecki. Macaca 218 lopsiae. Beddomeia 120 tormentosa. Tetligarcla 167 TornateUinops 132 tornieri. Malacochersus 74 lorobo. Oloplotosus 101 torosus, Dinornis 193 torquata. Delma 79 torqimtus. Bradypus 5 torqualus lucifer. CalHcebus 218 (orqualus, Pedionomus 43 torqualus torqualus. Cercocebus 218 lorrei, Boromys 193 torrenlium, Auslropolamobius 157 Torreornis 68 Torre sitrachia 143 lorreya, Cyciocosmia 152 torridus, Altila 57 lorringlom. Columba 47 TORTRICIDAE 177 torulosa gubernaculum. Dysnomia 232 torulosa rangiana, Dysnomia 232 torulosa lorulosa, Dysnomia 232 /o/ae. Rhizosomichlhys 199 Toloaba 112 7"oii// 50 toweri, Ataeniobius 105 /ou'nes/. Slylurus 161 lownsendi. Arclocephalus 18 lownsendi. Spiza 197 townsendii. Plecolus 10 toxopei. Cliarmosyna 48 loxopei, Paranlica 1&4 Toxoles 112 TOXOTIDAE 112 trabaiis, Villosa 149 Trachemys 74, 227 Trachypilhecus 14 Tragelaphus 28. 224 Tragopan 42 TR.\GULIDAE 221 Tragulus 221 Iranquebarica viridissima, Cicindela 233 transpacific us. Hypomesus 101 Iranssylvanica. Podismopsis 164 Iranssylvanicus, Bienkotetrix 165 transvaalensis. Xenocalamus 84 transver sails. Theodoxus 117 /rai, Puntius 98 ;m5A'( porno. Hyslerocarpus 230 traulmani. Noturus 100 Iraversi. Parypfianla 136 traversi. Petroica 63 treculi. Micropterus 1 10 Tremarclos 1 9 Treron 48 treurensis, Barbus 94 trevelyani. Barbus 94 trevelyani. Chrysospalax 6 Triaenodes 209 Tribolonotus 82 Iricannala, Mclanochelys 74 tricellulare. Heleragrion 159 Tricliastoma 64 TRICHECHIDAE 24 Trichechus 24 rr/f/uo 143, 144 Trichocichla 64 TRiaiOMYCTERIDAE 101. 199 Trichomyclerus 1 1 trichonis, Economidichlhys 1 14 TRICHONISCIDAE 154 trichopus. Zygogeomys 29 thcholis. AUocebus 10 irictnctus, Tolypeules 5 Triclaria 50 tricolor. Ara 195 tricolor. Lyriolhemis 162 Tridacna 150, 151 Tridacna derasa 150 TRIDACNIDAE 150 Iridactyla. Jacamaralcyon 54 tridactyla, Myrmecophaga 5 Indeniala ssp., Lampetra 229 iridentaius. Tachypleus 151 Iridonata, Triaenodes 209 Irifascialus. Nesomimus 59 Trigonopelasles 171 Tngonoscula 174, 208. 233 trimaculalus. Hephaestus 1 10 ttimem, Poecilmilis 182 Irimem soulheyae. Aloeides 234 Trimenia 183 Trimeresurus 85 Tringa 46 trinilatis, Hypolestes 159 tnnofatus orarius, Zapus 225 IriochUus. Raphiomydas 175 Triodopsis 140, 141 TRIONYCHIDAE 77 Inparlilus. Saguinus 12 triplex. Ephemera 158 inpunclala. Euploea 183 tnquelra. Dysnomia 147 trisella. Etheostoma 1 1 1 iriserrala. Cylindraspis 197 Trissexodon 145 //7\s//.s. Parlula 204 irislrami. Oceanodroma 36 Trilhemis 1 62 Triloclets 209 Tritogenia 213 Irivialis. Pyrgulopsis 125 tiivirgata Irilineata. Arctogalidia 220 rrivittata. Kachuga 74 Irocaz. Columba 47 Trochidrobia 125. 126 frochiformis. Beddomeia 120 TROCHILIDAE 52, 196 T'-ochochlamys 139 Trochoidea 144 Trochomorpha 139. 140 TROCHOMORl>Hn)AE 139 TROGIDAE 170 troglocataractus, Nemacheilus 98 Troglocobitis 99 troglodytes, Aphodius 171 troglodytes. Monadenia 146 troglodytes. Pan 14 troglodytes verus. Pan 219 TROGLODYTIDAE 59 Trogloglanis 100 Troglohyphanles 152 TROGONIDAE 53 rro/(^c5 180.234 tropica. Bettongia 4 iropicalis. Monaclms 192 Tropidophora 119,200 Tropidoptera 1 32 Tropidurus 80 Tro-r 170 truchnasi, Nanoplectrus 176 /rut'/. Podogymnura 6 nukana. Trukcharopa 138 Trukcharopa 138 Truncatella 1 26 TRUNCATELLIDAE 126 Truncatellina 133 truncatus. Chlamyphorus 5 truncafus. Ospatulus 97 truncatus, Tursiops 22 Truncilla 149 tryoni. Xerahonta 146 Tryonia 126 tschapecki, Bythiospeum 200 Tsilana 1 78 tuberculata, Insuliviirina 140 tuberculata, Mystacina 10 tuberculatum . Heteropoma 126 luberculatus, Hadramphus 208 tuberculosus. Pedostibes 87 tuerosi. Laterallus 44 tularosa. Cyprinodon 104 Tuloloma 119 tumana. Lednia 165 lumba, Puntius 98 lumida, Beddomeia 120 tumida, Pilsbrycharopa 137 lumidula, Omphalolropis 111 lumidulus. Jokajdon 137 lumuloides. Libera 205 283 tumultuosos, Alsodes 88 lurbinata. Westraltrachia 143 TXTRBINIIDAE 239 Turbo 239 lurbotli, Anagofus 173 Turdoides 64 Tardus 64, 196. 227 Turgenitubulus 143 turgida, Acfiatinella 131 lurgida. Partula 204 lurgidula. Dysnomta 147 lurgidula. Gonospira 136 Turnagra 1 96 turnerae, Beddomeia 120 lumeri. Eremomela 61 lumen, Hubbsina 105 turneri, Posoriles 143 TITRNICIDAE 43 Turnix 43 turretella, Fontigens 122 lurricula. Carelta 203 turricula. Discula 144 lurriplana, Gillenbergeri 145 turritum. Heteropoma 126 Tursiops 22 lurtoni. Chilonopsis 204 turloni. Nesopupa 203 turloni. Unio 149 tuscumbia, Etheostoma 1 1 1 Tuxentius 235 Tylognalhus 98 Tympanocryptis 228 tympanum. Eulamprus 228 Typhaeus 1 70 Typhlatya 156 Typhliasina 103 Typhlobarbus 98 Typhlogarra 98 Typhlomolge 92 TYPHLOPIDAE 83. 198 typhlops, Iranocypris 96 Typhlops 83. 198 Typhlosaurus 82 Typhlothton 92 typica, Coracina 59 typicus. Cerrhosaurus 81 ry/7UJ. Rhincodon 93 TYRANNIDAE 57,227 Tyrannus 57 Tyrrheniella 145 ry/o 51 TYTONIDAE 51 tylonis. Chlorotalpa 6 t/rfema 213 uenoi. Rhinocypfia 159 ulielanus, Cyanoramphus 195 ultima, Telespiza 68 ultramarina. Vini 48 ullramontanum, Pisidium 151 t/ma 80 umbargae, Argiocnemis 159 umbiUcata, Amastra 202 umbilicaia, LUhoglyphus 200 umbiUcata. Phrantela 123 umbilicaia. Pyrgina 135 umbilicatus, Neoplanorbis 130 UMBRIDAE 101 umbrina. Pseudemydura 11 umbrinus emotus, Thomomys 225 t/mi5 174 uncatus, Semperdon 138 uncia. Uncia 17 t/ncifl 17 Undenvoodisaurus 79 undulata. Chlamydolis 44 unicoior cfialltamensis. Haematopus 226 unicolor, Corvus 71 unicoior. Crotalus 85 unicolor, Cyanoramphus 49 unicoior. Mesitornis 42 unicornis, Pauxi 41 unicornis. Rhinoceros 25 unifascialus. BuUmulus 135 unifilis. Podocnemis 11 unilamellala, Mautodontha 205 f/n/o 149 UNIONIDAE 146.207.231 uniplicata. Auriculella IQl unipunclala, Rhyacophila 175 Uperoleia 90 uralensis, Formica 187 Urampliisopus 1 54 urania, Macromia 161 uranidea, Percina 1 1 2 Uranolliauma 183 Uraielornis 54 Vrocissa 7 1 Urocyon 1 5 urophtalmus ericymba. Cichlasoma 230 urophtiialmus. Acantfiocobitis 98 uropygialis, Zosterops 66 urospinosus, Euastacus 157 Urothemis 162 URSIDAE 18, 220 ursina. Lichnanthe 171 ursinii rakosiensis, Vipera 229 ursinus. Dendrolagus 4 ursinus. Melursus 19 f/r5U5 19, 220 usambarae, Charaxes 185 usambarae . Crocidura 1 usambarae. Uranolliauma 183 usdagalun, Lirceus 154 usingeri. Pseudopseclra 167 ussheh. Scolopelia 51 ustulata. Baetica 163 uslulala, Pariulina 131 uslulalus. BuUmulus 135 Ulabaeneles 163 utahensis. Chaelarthria 170 utahensis. Hydroporus 169 utahensis, Limnebius 170 utahensis. Physa 130 utahensis. Siagnicola 129 utahensis. Valvala 119 uvula. Gonospira 136 vae . Felovia 3 1 vagans. Conacmella 200 Valencia 105 valeriae. Pristidactylus 80 valgum. Macrobaenetes 163 valida. Achat inella 201 validus. Dendrofryrax 25 Vallonia 132, 133 VALLONIIDAE 132 valsanicola, Romaniclitliys 1 12 Va/va/a 119 VALVATIDAE 119 va/jrouvercTiJis, Marmota 28 vanderbilti. Malacocincla 62 Vanellus 45 VANGIDAE 59 vanheumi. Melanotaenia 108 vanhyningi, Cincinnalia 121 vanuxemiana. Goniobasis 129 vanzoi. Cnemidophorus 81 vanzolinii. Alsodes 88 vanzoUnii. Saimiri 13 VARANIDAE 83,228 Varanu^ 83, 228 Varecia 10 vaWfl, Partula 134 Varw 110 variabilis, Partula 204 variabilis. Pariulina 131 varians. Goniobasis 201 variata. Gomobasis 129 Varicorhtnus 98 varicosa, Alismodonla 146 variegata. Mesitornis 42 variegata, Mogurnda 1 14 variegala, Nannoperca 1 10 variegata, Tryonia 126 variegata, Varecia 10 variegaticeps, Alcippe 60 variegalus. Dicranopselaphus 172 variegatus, Thaumalogryllus 164 variumbiUcata . Rhysoconcha 205 variui, Caconemobius 164 var/u5. Fregilupus 197 vfli/a. Wy/a 87 valerifloris. Rasbora 98 vcc/en5/5. Nematoslella 1 17 vejdorskyi, Arion 146 velala, Brazieria 139 vellerosus, Colobus 13 velozi, Plagiodontia 193 venalicus, Speothos 15 vendia, Plentusia 143 venezuelensis. Diglossa 67 venus.Leto 177 venu5/u5, Telmatobufo 89 venu^/ui. Thamnomys 31 vepreculae. Hemisaga 163 verecundus. Cyprinodon 104 Veritas. Milyeringa 1 14 vermeilipinnis. Scaluriginichlhys 108 Verm/vora 68 vernalis. Archaeophylax 176 vernoni. Helenodiscus 206 verreauxi, Propitfiecus 1 1 verreauxii. Litoria 88 verrucosa , Eunicella 1 1 7 verrucosa. Lilhasia 129 vf rrucoiuj, Sus 25 verscfiureni. Malacomys 30 versicolor. Amazona 49 versicolor. Columba 195 verlebralis. Rana 90 verlicornis. Epigomphus 160 VERTIGINIDAE 133, 203 Vcrr/^o 133 vertreesi, Ceraclea 177 verfree^/. Ochrotricliia 176 verum. Pleurobema 149 veruj. Procolobus 14 vervierii. Palacanlhilhiopsis 123 vesontiana. Bylhinella 121 Vespericola 141 VESPERTILIONIDAE 9, 191, 217 VESPIDAE 187 vestitus, Phalanger 3 vetiprovidenliae, Poecilia 105 vetulus, Dusicyon 15 velulus. Pleropus 9 vexillarius. Paraxerus 29 284 vexillifer, Lipotes 23 vicina, Meliphaga 66 Victaphanta 136 Victodrobia 1 26 viclori, Lepidochrysops 181 victoria. Acanthaeshna 160 victoria, Goura 47 victoriae. Ploceus 70 victoriae. Sitta 65 victoriana, Setobaudinia 143 victoriensis, Victodrobia 126 victus, Oligoryzomys 192 vicugna. Vicugna 25 V/cu^ni3 25 V/c/em2 140 Vidumelon 143 v/g//. Buceros 54 vilasboasi, Pipra 57 villosa. Nesocryptias 166 V/V/osa 149 villosus, Chrysospalax 6 V/mfra 98 vinacea, Amazona 49 vinaceigula, Egretta 37 vincerui, Chironius 83 vincla, Leiostyla 132 V/ni 48 violescens, Imperturbatia 136 V/pera 85, 229 VIPERID.\E 85. 229 vipio, Grus 43 V/Veo 69 VIREONIDAE 69 v/rficerw. Lampsilis 148 virgata, Anculosa 128 virgata. Sterna 46 virginianus clavium, Odocoileus 222 virginianus, Polygyriscus 140 virginiensis. Artogeia 180 virgulata. Partulina 132 viridans. Achatinella 131 viride, Windbalea 164 viridifacies, Erythrura 69 viridigenalis, Amazona 49 viridis. Aeshna 160 viridis. Bythinella 121 viridis. Elaphrus 168 viridis, Eunice 151 viridis. Helerocrossa 177 Viridonia 197 visagiei. Chrysochloris 6 vitellina, Geocrinia 89 vitellinus. Rheobatrachus 89 vitianus. Ogmodon 84 vitiensis, Bracfiylophus 79 viliensis, Platymantis 90 vitrea, Paludinella 123 Vi7rea 140 VITRINIDAE 140 Vilrinula 206 v/7/a. Mogurnda 1 14 vittata. Achatinella 201 vittata. Amazona 49 vittata, Anculosa 200 vittata. Lepidomeda 96 vittata. Lerista 82 vittata, Partula 204 vitulina mellonae. Phoca 220 vitulina stejnegeri, Phoca 220 Wverra 221 VrVERRIDAE 19, 220 viverrinus. Prionailurus 17 VIVIPARIDAE 119 viviparus. Girardinichthys 105 Viviparus \ 19 vociferoides. Haliaeetus 39 voeitzkowi, Pleropus 9 volans goldmani, Glaucomys 224 volans guerreroensis, Glaucomys 224 vo/(3n5 oaxace/wij, Glaucomys 224 volutina. Stonemyia 208 VOMBATIDAE 3 voratus. Brolomys 193 Vormela 220 vor/e.r. Oreohelix 138 vorticella. Ctenophila 138 vosmaeri. Cylindraspis 197 vulcanorum, Sylvisorex 7 Vulpes 15 vulpina, Adiatinella 131 H'acca/miu'en5/.5, ElUptio 147 tvaccamfni/s. Funduius 104 wagner/, Catagonus 25 iva^mr/, Vipera 85 H'a/iA:eena. Nemours 165 wahnesi. Parolia 71 u'cAen^/s, Gallirallus 194 waldenii. Dicrurus 70 walia. Capra 27 walkeri. Gyrotoma 201 walken. Liolaemus 80 walkeri. Pleurocera 129 walkeri. Potamonectes 169 walkeriana, Helminlhoglypta 145 wallacei, Megapodius 40 wallacii. Habroptila 44 wallengrenii, Trimenia 183 wallicliii. Catreus 41 wallicus. Pezoporus 50 waltoni. Oreohelix 138 wanameni/j. Glossolepis 107 wapiti, Etheostoma 1 1 1 wardi. Psiitacula 196 warneren5/5, Catostomus 99 warreni. Diploglossus 82 walerhouseae . Beddomeia 120 walermayeri. Syngnathus 199 watersi. Sarothrura 44 wattii, Vidumelon 143 watulih, Aethiothemis 162 wawona. Atractelmis 172 webbiana, Lampadia 145 weberi. Dermogenys 106 Weberogobius 1 15 wegnen. Paranlica 184 >vei5/:e/. Paranlica 184 ivefciu'ae, Cincinnatia 121 welaka. Notropis 97 wellardi. Branchinella 153 wellsi, Leptotila Al wengerorum, Stygobromus 156 wernen, Aclialinus 83 werneri, Iguanognathus 84 we55e/en5is, Planispira 143 westermanni. Elachistodon 83 •westlandica, Procellaria 35 Westraltrachia 143 Westriplectes 1 77 M'e/mo/-£'/, Bulhraupis 66 vfe/morei. Rallus 44 Wetmorethraupis 68 iveiva/faaj, Deronectes 168 wejmer/. Papilio 179 whartoni, Ducula 47 whartom. Splmerospira 143 wheeleri. Arkansia 146 wheeleri. Somalogyrus 125 whitakeri, Cyclodina 81 whitei. Ditropis 1 1 8 whiteleggei, Hemistoma 122 whitneyi. Pomarea 63 widdowsoni , Typhlogarra 98 wiedii, Leopardus 16 vv/V^//. Euproserpinus 186 wigginsi, Catostomus 99 wiktori. Malacolimax 140 Wilfredomys 3 1 wilkawillina umbilicata. Glyptorfiagada 231 wilkensi, Mexistenasellus 154 wilkesiella. Phildoria 177 wilkinsi. Nesospiza 67 willardi obscurus, Crotalus 229 williamsi, Kimminsoperla 165 Williamsonia 162 wiliiamsoniana, Aeshna 160 willkommii. Chondrostoma 95 wilmotensis. Beddomeia 120 wilsoni, Hadra 142 wilsoni. Hemignathus 68 wilsoni, Palaina 1 18 wilsoni, Palaua 138 wilsoni perkinsi, Celerio 236 wimmeri. Crocidura 7 Windbalea 164 winifredae. Scepomycter 63 winnecA^ami, Semotracfiia 143 iv'/n/on/. Cryplochloris 6 H'/i^ae. Beddomeia 120 w/i^e/eni/^. Oxyeleotris 1 14 wo///, Bulimulus 135 woUastoni, Leptaxis 145 wolterecki. Paratherina 108 Womersleymeria 158 woodfordi. Nesoclopeus 194 Woodfordia 65 woodi. Triclmstoma 64 woodruff] . Ataenius 171 H'ooi/wm/, Zelotomys 31 H'orces/f n, Tumix 43 Wravflnna 127 wrightae, Rheocles 108 wrightiana. Alasmidonta 146 wroughtoni. Otomops 10 wumizusume. Synthliboramphus 46 wykehami. Lepidochrysops 181 H-yAe/iami, Poecilmitis 182 wyvilliana. Anas 38 xant/iicara. Cyprinella 95 xanthomelas. Megalagrion 160 xaniiiomus. Agelaius 69 Xanthomyza 66 xanthophrys, Crossleyia 61 xanllwphrys. Pseudonestor 68 xanlhops, Forpus 49 Xantusia 79 XANTIISIIDAE 79 xederoides. Throscodectes 164 XENICIDAE 58. 196 Xen/cu5 58, 196 Xenocalamus 84 xenodactylus, Leptopelis 88 Xenoglaux 51 Xenoligea 68 Xenoophorus 105 Xenopirostris 59 285 Xenopoecilus 106 xenopterus, Laierallus 44 Xenopus 90 Xenorms 56 Xenospingus 68 Xenospiza 68 xenoihorax, Leptaslhenura 55 Xenuromys 31 Xerarionia 146 jcerces. Giaucopsyche 209 Xeromys 3 1 xianggensis. Nemacheilus 98 xiphares desmondi. Charaxes 236 xiphares xipfiares. Charaxes 236 xiphidium, Palaina 1 18 Xiphocolaptes 55 Xipholena 57 Xiphophorus 106 xiphos, Throscodectes 164 xyleborus. Semperdon 138 Xylotoles 208 xynoeliclus. Apfiaostracon 119 Xyrauchen 99 yammerana, Kimboraga 142 Yaquicoccus 1 26 yarreilil. Carduelis 69 yarrellii. Eulidia 52 yatesii, AmmoniieUa 136 yayeyamensis, Asiagomphus 160 yayeyamensis, Leptogomphus 161 yerelinana, Lacuslrelix 142 yersini. Carrulax 61 yessahaiiensis, Coenocharopa 137 yildizae. Tiieslor 183 yilongensis. Cyprinus 198 yinnietharra. Clenophorus 79 yniphora. Geochelone 74 yorbalindae. Trtgonoscuia 208 yo Semite nsis yosemitensis, Monadenia 231 yoshiwarana. Ogasawarana 200 youngi, Peltotrupes 171 youngi, Sinpioyea 206 Yplhima 236 yunnanensls, Cuora 73 yunnanensis, Sitla 65 Yunnanilus 99 Zaglossus 3 Zailzeva 172 Zalophus 220 zamicrus, Nesophontes 191 zanzibaricus, Galagoides 1 1 zapahuirensis. Telmalobius 89 zapallarensis, Liolaemus 80 zappeyi. Paradoxornis 62 Zaprochdus 164 Zfl/jus 225 Zaratornis 57 zasliclus. Clenotus 81 Zavattariornis 71 zealandicus . Cyanoramphus 195 zebra. Ceplialophus 27 zebra. Equus 24 zebra. Perdicella 202 ze/^ra zebra. Equus 221 zebrina, Eua 134 zebrina, Maulodontha 205 zebrina. Perdicella 202 zechi, Cryptomys 31 zeehanensis, Beddomeia 120 zeidleri. Fonscocftlea 122 zeidlerorum, Jardinella 122 zelichi. Sporophila 67 Ze/o/om v^ 3 1 Zelotypia 177 Zenacrchopterus 106 Zenaida 48 Zenarclioplerus 106 zenilhicus. Coregonus 102 Zenkerella 31 zerda. Fennecus 15 zerene bebrensii. Speyena 236 zerene hippolyta. Speyeria 236 zerene myrileae. Speyeria 236 zelides. Ballus 178 zibelUna brachyura. Maries 220 ziczac. Agarodes 176 ziegleri, Chilostoma 206 zigzac ponapense, Pleuropoma 231 zigzac zigzac, Pleuropoma 231 zimmert. Synallaxis 55 zimmermanni . Crocidura 1 Zingel 112 zionis. Pirysa 130 ZIPHIIDAE 23 Ziphius 24 zoe, Paraphlebia 159 zonatus, Bostnchtbys 1 13 ZONUIDAE 140 Zonocypretta 1 53 Zoolhera 64, 1% zophonasies. Cambarus 156 Zoraena 161 ZORO'nTIDAE 165 Zorotypus 1 65 ZOSTEROPIDAE 65, 196 Zosterops 65, 66, 196 Zubovslda 165 zuliae, Phrynops 77 zuUichi. Agnades 180 ZYGAENIDAE 209 Zv^o^eomvi 29 zv//. Cryptochloris 6 Zvzom)'^ 31 286 lUCN Species Survival Commission :i08 Survival Commission (bbC) is one o1 six volunteer commissions of lUCN - The World Conservation Union, a union of sovereign states, tiovernment agencies and non-governmental organizations. lUCN has three bash -v.ition objectives: to secure the conservation of nature, and especially of bi > ."jh iI diversity, as an essential foundation of the future; to ensure that where the earth's natural resources are used this is done in a wise, equitable and sustainable way; and to guide the development of human communities towards ways of life that are both of good quality and in enduring harmony with other components of the biosphere. The SSC's mission is to conserve biological diversity by developing and executing programmes to save, restore and wisely manage species and their habitats. A volunteer network comprised of 4,800 scientists, field researchers, government officials and conservation leaders from 169 countries, the SSC membership is an unmatched source of infoir '. i biologic.ii 'I'v ■■ ity and its conservation. As such, SSC meml)ers prov u. i. . ,.,.,. .ij and s< !■ "i.i,. (.ounsel for conservation projects throughout the world and serve as resources to governments, International conventions and conservation organizations. The SSC has long been associated with the Red Data Book concept, which was originated by the former SSC Chair, Sir Peter Scott, in the mid-1960s. The Red Data Books are catalogues of information on sjsecies threatened with extinction, and they aim to focus attention of the plight of the earth's vanishing wildlife. The concept has iieen outstandingly successful and, over two decades later, many national, regional and global Red Data Books have been published, while many more countries are in the process of compiling their own lists of threatened species. The information provided in national and regional compilations Is inevitably more detailed than the global overview produced by SSC. The demand for a simple international list that categorises the status of globally threatened taxa is growing, partly as a result of the Increasing number of relevant international conventions, and it was to meet this need that the first lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals was published In 1986. Further editions appeared in 1988 and 1990, and this edition is a further update of the 1990 version. The SSC is currently in the process of revising and improving the lUCN Red List categories for threatened species, and it is hoped that the next version, to be published in 1996, will be based on the new categories. Produced from the advice of SSC members and the databases of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, the Red List presents, for each species, the scientific name, the English vernacular name (where possible), the lUCN Red List category, and countries of its regular occurrence. In addition, there is an introduc- tory guest essay by Georgina Mace on the process to develop the new lUCN Red List categories, and also a foreword by the current SSC Chair, George Rabb. This edition of the Red List has t>een edited tiy Brian Groombrldge of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Whilst the length of the Red List makes depressing reading, the Information It presents should t>e ,of fundamental value to scientists, manager and decision- makers responsible for conservation programmes. hui a (tee copy ui t)i« cuiiipivtti wMtuiuyuv ul lUCN publications please write to: Unit I idge CB4 ODL, UK lUCN Publications S«tu 219c Huntingdon Ro.oi or lUCN Communications and Corporate Relations Division. Rue Mauvemey 28, CH-1 196 Gland, Switzerland lUCN Tlie Worid Conservation Union '^ SrEciES Survival Commission VIORUJ CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE